Digital Addressable Lighting Interface: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Trademark for network-based product}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}

{{primary sources|date=February 2012}}

[[File:Dali laitteet.jpg|thumb|right|DALI equipment is common for network-based lighting systems]]

{{Infobox protocol

| name = Protocol

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{{Infobox connector

| name = Connector

| type = [[lighting]] control

| image =

| logo =

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| manufacturer =

| production_date =

| superseded = [1-10 V/[[0-10 V lighting control|{{nowrap|0–10 V}} lighting control]]

| superseded_by =

| superseded_by_date =

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| pin1 =

| pin1_name = DA (or DA+)

| pin2 =

| pin2_name = DA (or DA-DA−)

}}

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DALI is specified by a series of technical standards in '''IEC 62386'''. Standards conformance ensures that equipment from different manufacturers will interoperate. The DALI trademark is allowed on devices that comply with the DiiA testing and certification requirements, and are listed as either registered (DALI version-1) or certified ([https://www.digitalilluminationinterface.org/certification/ DALI-2]) on the DiiA website. [https://www.digitalilluminationinterface.org/d4i/certification.html D4i certification] - an extension of DALI-2 - was added by DiiA in November 2019.

Members of the AG DALI were allowed to use the DALI trademark until the DALI working party was dissolved on 30 March 2017, when trademark use was transferred to DiiA members. Since 9 June 2017, [[Digital Illumination Interface Alliance]] (DiiA) certifies DALI products.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.digitalilluminationinterface.org/data/downloadables/2/4/diia-acquires-dali-trademarks.pdf|title=DiiA acquires DALI trademarks|last=|first=|date=2017-06-09|website=Digital Illumination Interface Alliance - IEEE Industry Standards and Technology Organization|access-date=2017-07-23}}</ref> DiiA is a Partner Program of [[IEEE-ISTO]].

==Technical overview==

A DALI network consists of at least one application controller, input devices (e.g. sensors and push-buttons), bus power suppliessupply (which may be built into any of the products) as well as input devices (e.g. sensors and push-buttons), control gear (e.g., [[electrical ballast]]s, LED drivers and [[dimmer]]s) that havewith DALI interfaces. Application controllers can control, configure or query each device by means of a bi-directional data exchange. TheUnlike DALI[[DMX512|DMX]], protocolmultiple permitscontrollers devicescan toco-exist beon individuallythe addressedbus. andThe itDALI alsoprotocol allowspermits multipleaddressing devices toindividually, bein addressedgroups simultaneouslyor via group and broadcast messages.[<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.digitalilluminationinterface.org/dali/|title DiiA= Standards - IntroducingDigital DALI]Illumination Interface Alliance}}</ref> Scenes can be stored in the devices, for recall on an individual, group or broadcast basis. Groups and scenes are used to ensure simultaneous execution of level changes, since each packet requires about 25 ms - or 1.5 seconds if all 64 addresses were to change level.

Each device is assigned a unique short address in the numeric rangebetween 0 toand 63, making possible up to 64 control gear plus 64 control devices possible in a basic system. Address assignment is performed over the bus using a "commissioning" protocol built into the DALI controller, usually after all hardware is installed, or successively as devices are added. Data The Device Address is transferredcommonly betweena devicesLED bydriver meanswith ofone anor asynchronousmany LEDs sharing the same level. A DT6 driver is for single color temperature applications, half-duplexa DT8 driver is used for CCT color tuning, serialor protocolRGBWW overmulti acolor applications two-wire bus,for withexample a fixedstrip datawhere transferall ratethe of"pixels" {{nowrap|1200have the [[Bitsame rate|bit/s]]}}color.

Data is transferred between devices by means of an asynchronous, half-duplex, serial protocol over a two-wire bus with a fixed data transfer rate of {{nowrap|1200 [[Bit rate|bit/s]]}}. Collision detection is used to allow multiple transmitters on the bus.

A single pair of wires comprise the [[Bus (computing)|bus]] used for communication to all devices on a DALI network. The network can be arranged in a bus or star [[network topology|topology]], or a combination of these. Each device on a DALI network can be individually addressed, unlike DSI and 0–10V devices. Consequently, DALI networks use fewer wires than DSI or 0–10V systems.

A single pair of wires comprisecomprises the [[Bus (computing)|bus]] used for communication to all devices on a DALI network. The network can be arranged in a bus or star [[network topology|topology]], or a combination of these. Each device on a DALI network can be addressed individually addressed, unlike DSI and 0–10V devices. Consequently, DALI networks typically use fewer wires than DSI or 0–10V systems.

The bus is used for both signal and power. A power supply provides up to 250&nbsp;mA at typically 16&nbsp;V DC; each device may draw up to 2&nbsp;mA unless bus-powered.{{r|da|p=20,35}} While many devices are mains-powered (line-powered), low-power devices such as motion detectors may be powered directly from the DALI bus. Each device has a [[bridge rectifier]] on its input so it is polarity-insensitive. The bus is a [[wired-AND]] configuration where signals are sent by briefly shorting the bus to a low voltage level. (The power supply is required to tolerate this, without supplying more than 250&nbsp;mA.)

The bus is used for both signal and bus power. A power supply provides a current limited source of up to 250&nbsp;mA at typically 16&nbsp;V DC; each device may draw up to 2&nbsp;mA unless bus-powered.{{r|da|p=20,35}} While many devices are mains-powered (line-powered), low-power devices such as motion detectors may be powered directly from the DALI bus. Each device has a [[bridge rectifier]] on its input so it is polarity-insensitive. The bus is a [[wired-AND]] configuration where signals are sent by briefly shorting the bus to a low voltage level. (The power supply is required to tolerate this, withoutlimiting supplyingthe morecurrent thanto 250&nbsp;mA.)

Although the DALI control cable operates at [[Extra-low voltage|ELV]] potential, it is not classified as [[SELV]] (''Safety'' Extra Low Voltage) and must be treated as if it has only basic insulation from mains. This has the disadvantage that the network cable is required to be mains-rated, but has the advantage that it may be run next to mains cables or within a multi-core cable which includes mains power. Also, mains-powered devices (e.g., LED drivers) need only provide [[Insulation system#Categories of insulation|functional insulation]] between the mains and the DALI control wires.

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The network cable is required to provide a maximum drop of {{nowrap|2 volts}} along the cable.{{r|da|p=19}} At 250&nbsp;mA of supply current, that requires a resistance of ≤&nbsp;{{val|4|u=Ω}} per wire. The wire size needed to achieve this depends on the length of the bus, up to a recommended maximum of {{val|2.5|ul=mm2}} at 300&nbsp;m when using the maximum rating of bus power supply.

The speed is kept low so no [[Electrical termination|termination resistors]] are required,<ref name=da>{{cite web |url=http://www.dali-ag.org/c/manual_gb.pdf |title=Digital Addressable Lighting Interface |publisher=DALI AG, Activity Group, ZVEI-Division Luminaires |website=DALI |date=September 2001 |accessdateaccess-date=12 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurlarchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627012349/http://www.dali-ag.org/c/manual_gb.pdf |archivedatearchive-date=27 June 2013 }}</ref>{{Rp|21}} and data is transmitted using relatively high voltages ({{val|0|4.5|u=V}} for low and {{val|16|6.5|u=V}} for high{{r|da|p=19}}) enabling reliable communications in the presence of significant electrical noise. (This also allows plenty of headroom for a bridge rectifier in each slave.)

Each bit is sent using [[Differential Manchester encoding|Manchester codeencoding]]d (a "1" bit is low for the first half of the bit time, and high for the second, while "0" is the reverse), so that power is present for half of each bit time. When the bus is idle, itthe isvoltage highlevel voltageis allcontinuously the timehigh (which is not the same as a data bit). Frames begin with a "1" [[start bit]], then 8 to 32 data bits inwith msbit-firstthe ordermost significant bit first (standard [[RS-232]] ishas the least significant bit lsbit-first), followed by a minimum of 2.45&nbsp;ms of idle.

==Device addressing==

A DALI device, such as ana LED driver, can be controlled individually via its short address. InAdditionally, additioneach toDALI thisdevice methodmay be members of control,one DALIto devices16 cangroups, or be arrangeda intomember groupsof inup whichto all16 scenes. All devices of thea samegroup Grouprespond canto interactthe withcommands eachaddressed to the othergroup. For example, a room with 4 ballasts can be changed from off to on in three common ways:

===Single device===

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* DALI Short Address 3 go to 100%

* DALI Short Address 4 go to 100%

This method has the advantage of not relyingrequiring on the limited numberprogramming of scenesgroup availableand inscene eachinformation ballast, or having programmedfor each ballast with the required group numbers and scene information. The fade time of the transition can be chosen on the fly.

ThisIf methoda canlarge havenumber anof undesirabledevices sideneed effectto calledchange "[[Mexicanat Wave]]"once, whennote athat singleonly large40 roomcommands suchper assecond anare auditoriumpossible contains- many ballaststherefore, due64 toindividual networkaddresses latencywould ofrequire the comparatively slow 1200 baud rate of1.5 DALIseconds. For example, a transition fromturning all onlighting to allfixtures off may result in a visible delay between the first and last ballasts switching off. This issue is normally not a problem in rooms with a smaller numbersnumber of ballasts. Groups and Scenes solve that.

===Device groups===

Using the DALI Group previously definedassigned for theto ballasts in the room, if Short Address 1, 2, 3 and 4 are members of Group 1, e.g.:

* DALI Group address 1 go to 100%

This method has the advantage of being immune to thesynchronization "Mexican Wave" effecteffects as described above.

This method has the disadvantage of requiring each ballast to be programmed once, by a DALI master, with the required group numbers and scene information. The fade time can still be configured on the fly, if required.

===Broadcast===

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* DALI Broadcast go to 50%

==Scenes==

==Brightness control==

Devices store 16 programmable output levels as "scenes". AIndividual, singleGroup broadcastor commandALL causesdevices eachcan devicerespond to a global Scene recall command to change to theits previously configured level, e.g. dim lights over the audience and bright lights over the stage. (A programmed outputbrightness level of 255 causes a device not to not respond to a given scene - hence be excluded from scene recall commands.)

DALI lighting levels are specified by an 8-bit value, where 0 means off, 1 means 0.1% of full brightness, 254 means full brightness, and other values are [[logarithmic scale|logarithmically interpolated]] between, giving a 2.77% increase per step. That is, a (non-zero) control byte {{mvar|x}} denotes a power level of {{math|10^{3(''x''−254)/253}}}.

==System Fail brightness==

(A value of 255 is reserved for freezing the current lighting level without changing it.)

A 17th "system failure" scenelevel iscan be triggered by a loss of power (sustained low level) on the DALI bus, to provide a safe fallback if control is lost, a level of 255 excludes the device from this feature.

==Brightness control==

This is designed to match [[Human eye#Dynamic range|human eye sensitivity]] so that perceived brightness steps will have uniform brightness change, and to achieve a uniform brightness between units from different manufacturers.{{r|da|p=21}}

DALI lighting levels are specified by an 8-bit value, wherewith 0 meansrepresenting off, 1 means 0.1% of full brightness, 254 means full brightness, and other values arebeing [[logarithmic scale|logarithmically interpolated]] between, giving a 2.77% increase per step. That isI.e., a (non-zero) control byte {{mvar|x}} denotes a power level of {{math|10^{3(''x''−254)/253}}}.

(A value of 255 is reserved for freezing the current lighting level without changing it.)

==Scenes==

Devices store 16 programmable output levels as "scenes". A single broadcast command causes each device to change to the configured level, e.g. dim lights over the audience and bright lights over the stage. (A programmed output level of 255 causes a device not to respond to a given scene.)

This is designed to match [[Human eye#Dynamic range|human eye sensitivity]] so that perceived brightness steps will haveare uniform brightness change, and to achieveensure acorresponding uniformbrightness brightnesslevels betweenin units from different manufacturers.{{r|da|p=21}}

A 17th "system failure" scene is triggered by a loss of power (sustained low level) on the DALI bus, to provide a safe fallback if control is lost.

==Commands for control gear==

Forward frames sent to control gear are 16 bits long, comprising an address byte followed by an opcode byte. The address byte specifies a target device or a ''special command'' addressed to all devices.

WhenExcept for special commands, when addressing a device, the 7 most significant bits is the device address. The least significant bit of the address byte specifies the interpretation of the opcode byte, with "0" meaning athat targetthe opcode is a (light) level byte follows(ARC), and "1" meaning that the opcode is a command follows.

SeveralMulti important specialpacket commands are used tofor savemore thecomplex datatasks byte- tolike onesetting ofRGB thecolors. These commands use three "data transfer registers" (DTR, DTR1, DTR2 ) which can be read and written or used as a parameter by subsequent commands. For example, copy the current ARC level to DTR, save DTR as a scene. Evidently, the DTR value can be different in different devices.

Address byte (AB) format:

* <code>0AAA AAAS</code>: Target device 0 ≤ A < 64.

* <code>100A AAAS</code>: Target group 0 ≤ A < 16. Each control gear may be a member of any or all groups.

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* <code>1100 1100 to 1111 1011</code>: Reserved

Common control gear commands:<ref>[https://webstore.iec.ch/searchform&q=62386-102 IEC 62386-102]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rayzig.com/manual/rayzig.html?112DALIcommands.html|title=Rayzig version 2.207|access-date=13 November 2020|archive-date=13 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113182940/http://www.rayzig.com/manual/rayzig.html?112DALIcommands.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>https://www.nxp.com/files-static/microcontrollers/doc/ref_manual/DRM004.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113152849/https://www.nxp.com/files-static/microcontrollers/doc/ref_manual/DRM004.pdf |date=13 November 2020 }} {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref>

Common control gear commands:<ref>[https://webstore.iec.ch/searchform&q=62386-102 IEC 62386-102]</ref>

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed sortable"

! Value (Hex) !!Command !! Description !! Answer

|-

| ||'''Control commands''' || ||

|-

| AB || DAPC (level) || Sets targetLevel (0-255254) to device(s) at address AB using the current fade time, or stops a running fade (255). <span style="color:red">[S bit must be 0]</span>||

|-

| 00 || OFF || Set targetLevel to 0 without fading||

|-

| 01 || UP || Starts or continues a fade up for 200ms at the current fade rate||

|-

| 02 || DOWN || Starts or continues a fade down for 200ms at the current fade rate||

|-

| 03 || STEP UP || Increments targetLevel by 1 without fading||

|-

| 04 || STEP DOWN || Decrements targetLevel by 1 without fading||

|-

| 05 || RECALL MAX LEVEL || Set targetLevel to MAX level without fading||

|-

| 06 || RECALL MIN LEVEL || Set targetLevel to MIN levelwithoutlevel without fading||

|-

| 07 || STEP DOWN AND OFF || Decrements targetLevel by 1 without fading, turning off if already at MIN level||

|-

| 08 || ON AND STEP UP || Increments targetLevel by 1 without fading, turning on to MIN level if currently off||

|-

| 09 || GO TO LAST ACTIVE LEVEL || Sets targetLevel to the last active (non-zero) level, using the current fade time.||

|-

| 10+s || GO TO SCENE (sceneNumber) || Sets targetLevel to the value stored in scene sceneNumber, using the current fade time, or no change if the value stored in the scene is 255.||

|-

| ||'''Configuration commands''' || ||

|-

| 20 || RESET || Changes all variables to their reset values.||

|-

| 21 || STORE ACTUAL LEVEL IN DTR0 || Stores the actualLevel (light output level) in register DTR0||

|-

| || IDENTIFY DEVICE || Starts a temporary identification process such as flashing the lamps, making a sound or transmitting an RF beacon.||

|-

| 2A|| SET MAX LEVEL (DTR0) || Changes maxLevel level to DTR0||

|-

| 2B|| SET MIN LEVEL (DTR0) || Changes minLevel level to DTR0||

|-

| 2C|| SET SYSTEM FAILURE LEVEL (DTR0) || Changes systemFailureLevel to DTR0 ||

|-

| 2D|| SET POWER ON LEVEL (DTR0) || Changes powerOnLevel to DTR0 ||

|-

| 2E|| SET FADE TIME (DTR0) || Changes fadeTime to DTR0||

|-

| 2F|| SET FADE RATE (DTR0) || Changes fadeRate to DTR0||

|-

| || SET EXTENDED FADE TIME (DTR0) || Changes the two 4-bit variables extendedFadeTimeMultiplier:extendedFadeTimeBase to DTR0||

|-

| 40+s|| SET SCENE (DTR0, sceneX) || Changes sceneX to the value DTR0||

|-

| 60+g|| ADD TO GROUP (group) || Adds the control gear into the specified group||

|-

| ||'''Query commands''' || ||

|-

| 90|| QUERY STATUS || Asks the control gear for the current status. Reply bits: 0=controlGearFailure; 1=lampFailure; 2=lampOn; 3=limitError; 4=fadeRunning; 5=resetState; 6=shortAddress is MASK; 7=powerCycleSeen||XX

|-

| 92|| QUERY LAMP FAILURE || Asks the control gear if it is currently detecting a lamp failure.|| Yes/No

|-

| A0|| QUERY ACTUAL LEVEL || Asks the control gear what the current actualLevel (output level) is.|| XX

|}

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==D4i==

DiiA published several [https://www.digitalilluminationinterface.org/specifications/download.html new specifications] in 2018 and 2019, extending DALI-2 functionality with power and data, especially for intra-luminaire DALI systems. Applications include indoor and outdoor luminaires, and small DALI systems. The [https://www.digitalilluminationinterface.org/d4i/ D4i trademark] is used on certified products to indicate that these new features are included in the products.

==Colour control (DT8)==

IEC 62386-209 describes colour control gear. This describes several colour types - methods of controlling colour. The most popular of these is Tc (tunable white), and was added to DALI-2 certification in January 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.digitalilluminationinterface.org/news/201/tunable-white-tc-colour-control-is-added-to-dali-2-certification|title=DiiA News|year=2020|website=DiiA Website|publisher=DiiA|accessdateaccess-date=4 March 2020}}</ref>

==Emergency lighting==

IEC 62386-202 describes self-contained emergency lighting. Features include automated triggering of function tests and duration tests, and recording of results. These devices are currently included in DALI version-1 registration, with tests for DALI-2 certification in development. Such DALI version-1 products can be mixed with DALI-2 products in the same system, with no problems expected.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.digitalilluminationinterface.org/dali/comparison.html|title=DALI-2 versus DALI version-1|year=2018|website=DiiA Website|publisher=DiiA|accessdateaccess-date=4 March 2020|archive-date=2 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302132004/https://www.digitalilluminationinterface.org/dali/comparison.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Wireless==

IEC 62386-104<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/33330|title = IEC 62386-104:2019 &#124; IEC Webstore}}</ref> describes several wireless and wired transport alternatives to the conventional wired DALI bus system.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.digitalilluminationinterface.org/news/128/iec-publishes-part-104-of-iec-62386-describes-alternative-transport-including-wireless|title=DiiA News|year=2019|website=DiiA Website|publisher=DiiA|accessdateaccess-date=20 March 2019}}</ref> DiiA is working with other industry associations to enable certification of DALI-2 products that operate over certain underlying wireless carriers.

It is also possible to combine DALI with wireless communication via application gateways that translate between DALI and the wireless protocol of choice. While such gateways are not standardized, DiiA is working with other industry associations to develop the necessary specifications and tests to achieve this. [https://www.digitalilluminationinterface.org/wireless/ DiiA: DALI and Wireless]