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The Rod'''rod and Frameframe test''' is a [[psychophysics|psychophysical]] method of testing [[perception]]. It relies on the use of a rod and frame apparatus which uses a rotating rod set inside an individually rotatable drum, allowing an experimenter to vary the participant's frame of reference and thus test for their perception of vertical.
==Rod and Frameframe Illusionillusion== ▼[[File:Rod and Frame Apparatus.png|thumb|Picture 1. A picture taken of the Rod and Frame apparatus ownedoriginally sold by the Stoelting company, and operatednow owned by the Rochester Institute of Technology.]] ▼The rod and frame illusion occurs because of the effect of the orientation of the frame on the rod. In the simplest example of the rod and frame illusion, the illusion will cause the participant to perceive the rod to be oriented [[Congruence (geometry)|congruent ]] with the orientation of the frame.<ref name=Corbett> {{Cite journal | last1 = Corbett and| Ennis,first1 = J. | last2 = Enns | first2 = J. | year = 2006 | title = Observer pitch and roll influence: The rod and frame illusion | journal = Psychonomic Bulletin & Review | volume = 13 | issue = 1 | pages = 160–165 | doi = 10.3758/bf03193828| pmid = 16724784 | doi-access = free }}</ref> When the participant is viewing the rod and frame that are both positioned at 0 degrees (or vertical), hethey or she perceivesperceive the rod as vertical with perfect accuracy. However, when the frame is tilted away from vertical , the participant’sparticipant's perception of vertical is affected. The participant tends to perceive the rod to be tilted in the same direction as the frame is oriented (e.g. , if the frame is tilted in the counterclockwise direction , the rod will also be perceived as being tilted counterclockwise). As the tilt of the frame increases, the participants’participants' perceived vertical increasingly deviates from true vertical. ▼
==Rod and Frameframe Testtest== ▼To perform the rod and frame task, an apparatus consisting of a rod in a square frame is used. An example commercial apparatus can be seen in Picturepicture 1. When the participant is being tested using the apparatus, his/hertheir head is setfastened firmly in the chin rest , whichto canprevent bethe seenparticipant infrom Picturecollecting 2visual cues from outside of the apparatus. The rod and frame are shown in the center of the far end of the apparatus (as seen in Picture 3), which provides a [[frame of reference]] to the participant. Both the participant and the experimenter are able to adjust the orientation of the rod, while only the experimenter can adjust the frame orientation by using the appropriate knobs on the apparatus, as seen in Picturepicture 12. The experimenter is able to see the exact degree measurement of the rod and frame from vertical (as shown in Picture 4), while the participant sees the physical rod and frame inside the apparatus. ▼
The methods of constant stimuli, limits, and adjustment can be used to test the participants, but method of limits is most commonly used in research conducted using the rod and frame task.<ref name= "Wenderoth "> {{Cite journal | last1 = Wenderoth , | first1 = P. | year = 1977 | title = An analysis of the rod-and-frame illusion and its variants | journal = Studies in Perception | pages = 95–141 }}</ref> When using the method of limits , the experimenter sets the orientation of the rod and frame separately and then the participant is asked to adjust the rod orientation until they perceive it to be vertical. Deviation from true vertical can then be determined. Based on which way the frame is tilted, the rod can be viewed as either being tilted in the same direction as the frame (direct effect), or in the opposite direction of the frame (indirect effect). ▼
▲==Rod and Frame Illusion==
▲[[File:Rod and Frame Apparatus.png|thumb|Picture 1. A picture taken of the Rod and Frame apparatus owned and operated by the Rochester Institute of Technology.]]
▲The rod and frame illusion occurs because of the effect of the orientation of the frame on the rod. In the simplest example of the rod and frame illusion, the illusion will cause the participant to perceive the rod to be oriented congruent with the orientation of the frame.<ref name=Corbett>Corbett and Ennis, 2006</ref> When the participant is viewing the rod and frame that are both positioned at 0 degrees (or vertical), he or she perceives the rod as vertical with perfect accuracy. However, when the frame is tilted away from vertical the participant’s perception of vertical is affected. The participant tends to perceive the rod to be tilted in the same direction as the frame is oriented (e.g. if the frame is tilted in the counterclockwise direction the rod will also be perceived as being tilted counterclockwise). As the tilt of the frame increases, the participants’ perceived vertical increasingly deviates from true vertical.
▲To perform the rod and frame task, an apparatus consisting of a rod in a square frame is used. An example commercial apparatus can be seen in Picture 1. When the participant is being tested using the apparatus, his/her head is set firmly in the chin rest, which can be seen in Picture 2. The rod and frame are shown in the center of the far end of the apparatus (as seen in Picture 3), which provides a [[frame of reference]] to the participant. Both the participant and the experimenter are able to adjust the orientation of the rod, while only the experimenter can adjust the frame orientation by using the appropriate knobs on the apparatus, as seen in Picture 1. The experimenter is able to see the exact degree measurement of the rod and frame from vertical (as shown in Picture 4), while the participant sees the physical rod and frame inside the apparatus.
▲The methods of constant stimuli, limits, and adjustment can be used to test the participants, but method of limits is most commonly used in research conducted using the rod and frame task.<ref name=Wenderoth>Wenderoth, 1977</ref> When using the method of limits the experimenter sets the orientation of the rod and frame separately and then the participant is asked to adjust the rod orientation until they perceive it to be vertical. Deviation from true vertical can then be determined. Based on which way the frame is tilted, the rod can be viewed as either being tilted in the same direction as the frame (direct effect), or in the opposite direction of the frame (indirect effect).
==Evidence==
[[File:Example of Perceived Vertical.jpg|thumb|Picture 2. An image showing a 10-degree frame angle and a 7-degree rod angle. Observers using the apparatus see the rod as vertically oriented. The frame of the page, image border, etc. make it appear tilted here.]]
The frame of reference with respect to studies of the [[visual system]] refers to perceived reference axes. In the rod and frame illusion, there are a number of things that can influence one’sone's frame of reference. Past research has found that one reason people experience the rod and frame illusion is due to visual-[[Vestibular system|vestibular]] interactions.<ref name=Spinelli>{{Cite journal | last1 = Spinelli, Antonicci,| first1 = D. | last2 = Antonucci | first2 = G. | last3 = Daini, and| first3 = R. | last4 = Zoccolotti, | first4 = P. | year = 1995 | title = Local and global visual mechanisms underlying individual differences in the rod-and-frame illusion | journal = Perception & Psychophysics | volume = 57 | issue = 6 | pages = 915–920 | doi = 10.3758/bf03206806| pmid = 7651815 | doi-access = free }}</ref> For instance, when a participant is viewing the rod and frame task while physically tilted, the participant acts as though they are tilted opposite of the orientation of the frame. This suggests that the illusion, in part, is due to the person compensating for their perceived vertical in the direction that is opposite of the frame. Other evidence proposed by researchers that is consistent with this is that, when participants are put on their sides to view the rod and frame task, they rely on their vision when their [[vestibular system|vestibular]] and [[proprioceptive]] senses are incongruent with those of their visual senses.<ref name=Corbett/> These findingfindings suggest that the rod and frame illusion is processed in a type of hierarchy, where visual input is at the top, then vestibular cues, and finally proprioceptive cues. In 2010, Lipshits found that, along with this hierarchy of processing, proprioceptive information, as opposed to gravity, is used by the body to determine which way is vertical.<ref name=Lipshits>{{Cite journal | last1 = Lipshits | first1 = M. | last2 = Bengoetxea | first2 = A. | last3 = Cheron | first3 = G. | last4 = McIntyre | first4 = J. | year = 2005 | title = Two reference frames for visual perception in two gravity conditions | journal = Perception | volume = 34 | issue = 5 | pages = 545–555 | doi = 10.1068/p5358| pmid = 15991691 | s2cid = 41983723 }}</ref> Lipshits says that, when we are not able to use vision to determine which way is vertical, we use other cues based on the axis of our head and body.
In 2010, Lipshits found that along with this hierarchy of processing, that proprioceptive information, as opposed to gravity, is used by the body to determine which way is vertical.<ref name=Lipshits>Lipshits, 2010</ref> The researcher mentions that when we are not able to use vision to determine which way is vertical, people use other cues based on the axis of their head and body.
==See also==
* [[Visual perception]]
* [[Field dependence]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Frames of reference]]
==Sources==
[[Category:Psychophysics]]
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Corbett | first1 = J. | last2 = Enns | first2 = J. | year = 2006 | title = Observer pitch and roll influence: The rod and frame illusion | url = | journal = Psychonomic Bulletin & Review | volume = 13 | issue = 1 | pages = 160-165 | doi = }}
[[Category:Perception]]
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Spinelli | first1 = D. | last2 = Antonucci | first2 = G. | last3 = Daini | first3 = R. | last4 = Zoccolotti | first4 = P. | year = 1995 | title = Local and global visual mechanisms underlying individual differences in the rod-and-frame illusion | url = | journal = Perception & Psychophysics | volume = 57 | issue = 6 | pages = 915-920 | doi = }}
[[Category:Visual perception]]
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Wenderoth | first1 = P. | year = 1977 | title = An analysis of the rod-and-frame illusion and its variants | journal = Studies in Perception | volume = | issue = | pages = 95-141 | doi = }}
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Lipshits | first1 = M. | last2 = Bengoetxea | first2 = A. | last3 = Cheron | first3 = G. | last4 = McIntyre | first4 = J. | year = 2005 | title = Two reference frames for visual perception in two gravity conditions | url = | journal = Perception | volume = 34 | issue = | pages = 545-555 | doi = }}
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