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'''Community-based program design''' is a social method for designing programs that enables social service providers, organizers, designers and evaluators to serve specific communities in their own environment. This program design method depends on the participatory approach of community development often associated with [[community practice|community-based social work]], and is often employed by [[Community organizing|community organizations]].<ref name="Delgado">{{Cite book|url=http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195112481.001.0001/acprof-9780195112481|title=Social Work Practice in Nontraditional Urban Settings|last=Delgado|first=Melvin|language=en|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195112481|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195112481.001.0001|year=1999}}</ref> From this approach, program designers assess the needs and resources existing within a community, and, involving community stakeholders in the process, attempt to create a sustainable and equitable solution to address the community's needs.
Similar to traditional program design, community-based program design often utilizes a range of tools and models which are meant to enhance the efficacy and outcomes of the
One advantage is a learning experience between a consumer and a social services provider. One disadvantage is a limited availability of resources. The models that can be used for it are:
* the [[Social ecological model|social-ecological model]], which provides a framework for program design, * the [[logic model]], which is a graphical depiction of logical relationships between the resources, activities, outputs and outcomes of a program, * the [[social action model]], whose objectives are to recognize the change around a community in order to preserve or improve standards, understand the social action process/model is a conceptualization of how directed change takes place, and understand how the social action model can be implemented as a successful community problem solving tool, * and [[Program evaluation and review technique (PERT)|program evaluation]], which involves the ongoing systematic assessment of community-based programs. == History ==
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Community practice in social work is linked with the historical roots of the [[History of social work|profession's beginning]] in the United States. More specifically, the history of community-based social work has evolved from the [[Charity Organization Society]] (COS) and the [[Settlement movement|settlement house movements]]. However, during the earlier half of the 20th century, much of this work targeted the mentally ill and focused on [[Institutionalisation#The mentally ill|institutionalization]]. Not until the 1960s did the shift from institutions to communities, known as deinstitutionalization,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.pearsonhighered.com/program/Tausig-Sociology-of-Mental-Illness-A-2nd-Edition/PGM118073.html|title=A sociology of mental illness|last1=Tausig|first1=Mark|last2=Janet|first2=Michello|last3=Sree|first3=Subedi|date=2004|publisher=Pearson|page=188|isbn=9780131114784|oclc=636608234}}</ref> increase the emphasis on community-based program design. Community-based organizations and community-based programs burgeoned because of this. The poor conditions of mental health institutions and an increasing amount of research that illustrated the benefits of maintaining the relationships of the individuals served within the community surfaced to further the growth of community-based programs.
Although social work has been historically defined by these institutionalized and deinstitutionalized periods, informal community design programs have always existed. In fact, informal community-based programs predate human service applications of this approach.<ref name="Delgado" /> In 1990, Bernice Harper illustrated this point in the book ''Social Work Practice with Black Families: A Culturally Specific Perspective'' in regards to [[African Americans|African American]] communities, by writing that: <blockquote>Blacks have always cared for the sick at home, yet it was never labeled 'home care.' Blacks have been dying at home and receiving care in the process, yet it was never called 'hospice care.' Blacks have relieved each other from the caring and curing processes, yet it was never seen as 'respite care.' Blacks have cared for each other in their homes, in their neighborhoods, and throughout their communities, yet it was never referred to as 'volunteerism.'<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Blacks and the health care delivery system : challenges and prospects|last=Harper|first=Bernice Catherine O
== Advantages and challenges ==
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=== Logic model ===
Another common tool of program design that can be employed is the [[logic model]]. Logic models are a graphical depiction of the logical relationships between the resources, activities, outputs and outcomes of a program.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.cals.uidaho.edu/edcomm/pdf/CIS/CIS1097.pdf|title=The Logic Model for Program Planning and Evaluation|last=McCawley|first=Paul F.|date=n.d.|publisher=University of Idaho Extension|page=1|access-date=24 February 2014}}</ref> The underlying purpose of constructing a logic model is to assess how a program's activities will affect its outcomes. This model was first used as a tool to identify performance, but it has been adapted to program planning over time.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Coffman|first1=Julia|title=Learning From Logic Models: An Example of a Family/School Partnership Program|url=http://www.hfrp.org/publications-resources/browse-our-publications/learning-from-logic-models-an-example-of-a-family-school-partnership-program|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123042449/http://hfrp.org/publications-resources/browse-our-publications/learning-from-logic-models-an-example-of-a-family-school-partnership-program|url-status=usurped|archive-date=January 23, 2009|publisher=Harvard Family Research Project|at=para. 3|access-date=16 May 2017|date=January 1999}}</ref>
=== Social action model ===
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== References ==
{{
[[Category:Community organizing]]
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