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'''Neural modeling field''' ('''NMF''') is a mathematical framework for [[machine learning]] which combines ideas from [[neural networks]], [[fuzzy logic]], and [[model based recognition]]. It has also been referred to as '''modeling fields''', '''modeling fields theory''' (MFT), '''Maximum likelihood artificial neural networks''' (MLANS).<ref>[http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/he/subject/Engineering/ElectricalandComputerEngineering/ComputerEngineering/NeuralNetworks/?view=usa&ci=9780195111620]: Perlovsky, L.I. 2001. Neural Networks and Intellect: using model based concepts. New York: Oxford University Press</ref><ref>Perlovsky, L.I. (2006). Toward Physics of the Mind: Concepts, Emotions, Consciousness, and Symbols. Phys. Life Rev. 3(1), pp.22-55.</ref><ref>[http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/absprintf.jsp?arnumber=713700&page=FREE]{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}: Deming, R.W.,
Automatic buried mine detection using the maximum likelihoodadaptive neural system (MLANS), in Proceedings of ''Intelligent Control (ISIC)'', 1998. Held jointly with ''IEEE International Symposium on Computational Intelligence in Robotics and Automation (CIRA), Intelligent Systems and Semiotics (ISAS)''</ref><ref>{{usurped|1=[https://archive.today/20130221212719/http://www.mdatechnology.net/techprofile.aspx?id=227]}}: MDA Technology Applications Program web site</ref>
<ref>[http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/search/wrapper.jsp?arnumber=4274797]{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}: Cangelosi, A.; Tikhanoff, V.; Fontanari, J.F.; Hourdakis, E., Integrating Language and Cognition: A Cognitive Robotics Approach, Computational Intelligence Magazine, IEEE, Volume 2, Issue 3, Aug. 2007 Page(s):65 - 70</ref><ref>[http://spie.org/x648.xml?product_id=521387&showAbstracts=true&origin_id=x648]: Sensors, and Command, Control, Communications, and Intelligence (C3I) Technologies for Homeland Security and Homeland Defense III (Proceedings Volume), Editor(s): Edward M. Carapezza, Date: 15 September 2004,{{ISBN|978-0-8194-5326-6}}, See Chapter: ''Counter-terrorism threat prediction architecture''</ref>
This framework has been developed by [[Leonid Perlovsky]] at the [[AFRL]]. NMF is interpreted as a mathematical description of the [[Cognition|mind's mechanisms]], including [[concept]]s, [[emotions]], [[instincts]], [[imagination]], [[thinking]], and [[understanding]]. NMF is a multi-level, [[Heterarchy|hetero-hierarchical]] system. At each level in NMF there are [[Schema (psychology)|concept-models]] encapsulating the knowledge; they generate so-called [[Bottom–up and top–down design|top-down signals, interacting with input, bottom-up signals]]. These interactions are governed by [[Dynamical system|dynamic equations]], which drive concept-model learning, adaptation, and formation of new concept-models for better correspondence to the input, bottom-up signals.
==Concept models and similarity measures==
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