Trino (SQL query engine): Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Open-source distributed SQL query engine}}

{{Infobox software

| name = Trino

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| caption = Trino UI Version 358

| author = Martin Traverso, Dain Sundstrom, David Phillips, Eric Hwang

| released = {{Start date and age|10 November 2013}}

| programming language = [[Java (programming language)|Java]]

| operating system = [[Cross-platform]]

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}}

'''Trino''' is an [[Open-source software|open-source]] distributed [[SQL]] query engine designed to query large data sets distributed over one or more heterogeneous data sources.<ref>{{cite web |title=Overview — Trino 361468 Documentation |url=https://trino.io/docs/361468/overview.html |website=trino.io |access-date=2027 SeptemberDecember 20212024}}</ref>. Trino is commonly used as acan query engine over [[Data_lake|datalakes]] and [[Data Warehouse|data warehouseslake]]s usingthat thecontain [[Hive]]a and [[Listvariety of Apachefile Softwareformats Foundationsuch projects#Activeas projects|Iceberg]]<ref name="iceberg">{{cite web |title=Aboutsimple row-oriented ApacheCSV Icebergand |url=http://iceberg.apache.org/JSON |website=iceberg.apache.orgdata |access-date=18files Septemberto 2021}}</ref>more table formats. In these configurations Trino queries can query data inperformant [[Free and open source software|open]] [[Column-oriented DBMS|column-oriented]] data file formats like [[Apache ORC|ORC]] or [[Apache Parquet|Parquet]]<ref name="hive-connector" /><ref name="iceberg-connector" /> residing on different storage systems like [[Apache Hadoop#Hadoop distributed file system|HDFS]], [[Amazon S3|AWS S3]], [[Google_Cloud_Storage|Google Cloud Storage]], or [[Microsoft Azure#Storage services|Azure Blob Storage]]<ref name="trino-definitive-guide-ch1" /> using the [[Apache Hive|Hive]]<ref name="hive-connector">{{cite web |title=Hive connector — Trino 393 Documentation |url=https://trino.io/docs/393/connector/hive.html |website=trino.io}}</ref> and [[List of Apache Software Foundation projects#Active projects|Iceberg]]<ref name="iceberg-connector">{{cite web |title=Iceberg connector — Trino 393 Documentation |url=https://trino.io/docs/393/connector/iceberg.html |website=trino.io |access-date=25 August 2022}}</ref> table formats. Trino also has the ability to run federated queries acrossthat multiplequery disparatetables in different data sources such as [[MySQL]], [[PostgreSQL]], [[Apache Cassandra|Cassandra]], [[Apache Kafka|Kafka]], [[MongoDB]] and [[Elasticsearch]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Connectors — Trino is393 communityDocumentation driven|url=https://trino.io/docs/393/connector.html and|website=trino.io |access-date=25 August 2022}}</ref> Trino is released under the [[Apache License]].<ref>{{cite web |title=trinodb/trino LICENSE |url=https://github.com/trinodb/trino/blob/master/LICENSE |publisher=Trino |access-date=25 August 2022 |date=25 August 2022}}</ref>

== History ==

Trino was originally designed and developed by Martin Traverso, Dain Sundstrom, David Phillips, and Eric Hwang at [[Facebook]] to allow data analysts to run interactive queries on its large [[data warehouse]] in [[Apache Hadoop]]. The project was originally named [[Presto (SQL query engine)|Presto]] and shares the first six years of development with the Presto project<ref>{{cite web |title=Contributors to trinodb/trino |url=https://github.com/trinodb/trino/graphs/contributors?from=2012-08-05&to=2018-08-05&type=c |website=GitHub |access-date=20 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Contributors to prestodb/presto |url=https://github.com/prestodb/presto/graphs/contributors?from=2012-08-05&to=2018-08-05&type=c |website=GitHub |access-date=20 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref>. Before Presto, data analysts at Facebook relied on [[Apache Hive]], which was too slow for running interctive SQL analytics on their 250 petabyte data warehouse<ref name="2013facebook">{{Cite news|url=http://www.computerworld.com/article/2485668/business-intelligence/facebook-goes-open-source-with-query-engine-for-big-data.html|title=Facebook goes open source with query engine for big data|author=Joab Jackson|date=November 6, 2013|work=Computer World|access-date=April 26, 2017}}</ref>.

In January 2019, the Trinooriginal Softwarecreators Foundationof [[Presto (formerlySQL query engine)|Presto]], SoftwareMartin FoundationTraverso, Dain Sundstrom, and David Phillips, created a [[Fork (software development)|fork]] wasof the Presto project. They initially kept the name Presto and used the PrestoSQL web handle to distinguish it from the original PrestoDB project. Simultaneously, they announced the Presto Software Foundation. The foundation is a not-for-profit organization dedicated to the advancement of the TrinoPresto open source distributed SQL query engine.<ref name="2019psf">{{Cite web|url=https://www.prweb.com/releases/presto_software_foundation_launches_to_advance_presto_open_source_community/prweb16070792presto-software-foundation-launches-to-advance-presto-open-source-community-815915772.htmhtml|title=Presto Software Foundation Launches to Advance Presto Open Source Community|website=PRWeb|access-date=2019-02-01}}</ref><ref name="2019psf2">{{Cite web|url=https://thenewstack.io/prestos-new-foundation-signals-growth-for-the-big-data-sql-engine/|title=Presto's New Foundation Signals Growth for the Big Data SQL Engine|date=2019-01-31|website=The New Stack|language=en-US|access-date=2019-02-01}}</ref>

Martin, Dain, David, and Eric began development in 2012 and they deployed an initial version later that year. Later, Facebook announced its release as open source late Fall of 2013<ref name="2013facebook" /><ref name="2013facebook2">{{Cite news|url=https://gigaom.com/2013/06/06/facebook-unveils-presto-engine-for-querying-250-pb-data-warehouse/|title=Facebook unveils Presto engine for querying 250 PB data warehouse|author=Jordan Novet|date=June 6, 2013|work=Giga Om|access-date=April 26, 2017}}</ref>. As Presto gained popularity, many well known companies, such as [[Netflix]] <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://techblog.netflix.com/2014/10/using-presto-in-our-big-data-platform.html|title=Using Presto in our Big Data Platform on AWS|authors=Eva Tse, Zhenxiao Luo, Nezih Yigitbasi|date=October 7, 2014|work=Netflix technical blog|access-date=April 26, 2017}}</ref>, [[AirBnB]] <ref>{{cite web |title=Airpal: a Web UI for PrestoDB |url=https://medium.com/airbnb-engineering/airpal-a-web-based-query-execution-tool-for-data-analysis-33c43265ed1f |website=Medium |access-date=20 September 2021 |language=en |date=4 April 2016}}</ref>, among others, disclosed they used Presto in both on premise and cloud deployments at equivalent petabyte scales. In late 2016, Amazon released that it would provide Presto as a service called Athena <ref>{{cite web |title=AWS Launches Amazon Athena {{!}} Amazon.com, Inc. - Press Room |url=https://press.aboutamazon.com/news-releases/news-release-details/aws-launches-amazon-athena |website=press.aboutamazon.com |access-date=20 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref>.

In lateDecember 20182020, aPrestoSQL disagreementwas around the stewardship of Presto between the founders and Facebook formedrebranded as Facebook management pushed to have tighter control over the projectTrino. ThisThe moveTrino includedSoftware givingFoundation, automaticcode committershipbase, rightsand toall Facebookother developersPrestoSQL withoutassets priorwere experiencerenamed withas thepart project. Shortly after Facebook management moved forward with these changes,of the creators left the original Presto project to create a forkrebrand.<ref name="2020rename">{{cite web |last1=Traverso |first1=Martin |last2=Sundstrom |first2=Dain |last3=Phillips |first3=David |title=We’reWe're rebranding PrestoSQL as Trino |url=https://trino.io/blog/2020/12/27/announcing-trino.html |website=trino.io |access-date=7 September 2021 |language=en |date=27 December 2020}}</ref> This fork was also initially named Presto, so to differentiate them, users called the original project PrestoDB and the fork PrestoSQL named after their respective web addresses, https://prestodb.io and [https://trino.io https://prestosql.io]. It is worth noting that this split has striking similarities to the [[Jenkins (software)#History|Jenkins and Hudson split]].

Presto and Trino waswere originally designed and developed by Martin Traverso, Dain Sundstrom, David Phillips, and Eric Hwang at [[Facebook]] to allow data analysts to run interactive queries on its large [[data warehouse]] in [[Apache Hadoop]]. The project was originally named [[Presto (SQL query engine)|Presto]] andTrino shares the first six years of development with the Presto project.<ref>{{cite web |title=Contributors to trinodb/trino |url=https://github.com/trinodb/trino/graphs/contributors?from=2012-08-05&to=2018-08-05&type=c |website=GitHub |access-date=20 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Contributors to prestodb/presto |url=https://github.com/prestodb/presto/graphs/contributors?from=2012-08-05&to=2018-08-05&type=c |website=GitHub |access-date=20 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref>. BeforeTo Presto,learn datamore analystsabout atthe Facebookearlier reliedhistory onof [[Apache Hive]]Trino, whichyou wascan tooreference slow for running interctive[[Presto (SQL analytics on their 250 petabyte data warehouse<ref name="2013facebook">{{Cite news|url=http://www.computerworld.com/article/2485668/business-intelligence/facebook-goes-open-source-with-query-engine-for-big-data.html|title=Facebook goes open source with query engine for big data)#History|author=Joabthe Jackson|date=NovemberPresto 6,history 2013|work=Computer World|access-date=April 26, 2017}}</ref>section]].

In January 2019, the Trino Software Foundation (formerly Presto Software Foundation) was announced. The foundation is a not-for-profit organization dedicated to the advancement of the Trino open source distributed SQL query engine.<ref name="2019psf">{{Cite web|url=https://www.prweb.com/releases/presto_software_foundation_launches_to_advance_presto_open_source_community/prweb16070792.htm|title=Presto Software Foundation Launches to Advance Presto Open Source Community|website=PRWeb|access-date=2019-02-01}}</ref><ref name="2019psf2">{{Cite web|url=https://thenewstack.io/prestos-new-foundation-signals-growth-for-the-big-data-sql-engine/|title=Presto's New Foundation Signals Growth for the Big Data SQL Engine|date=2019-01-31|website=The New Stack|language=en-US|access-date=2019-02-01}}</ref>

Trino is used in many data platforms and products from cloud providers and other vendors. Customization of these products varies from pure Trino usage to heavily customized systems to run a data platform or integration in specialized data platforms for usage with specific data. [https://trino.io/users Examples include Amazon Athena, Starburst Galaxy, Dune, and many others.]

In September 2019, Facebook donated PrestoDB to the [[Linux Foundation]] establishing the Presto Foundation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.linuxfoundation.org/press-release/2019/09/facebook-uber-twitter-and-alibaba-form-presto-foundation-to-tackle-distributed-data-processing-at-scale/|title=Facebook, Uber, Twitter and Alibaba form Presto Foundation to Tackle Distributed Data Processing at Scale|access-date=2019-11-12}}</ref> Neither the creators of Presto, nor the top contributors and committers, were invited to join this foundation.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://github.com/trinodb/trino/issues/380#issuecomment-557691046|title=What's the relationship between prestosql and prestodb?|date=2019-11-22}}</ref><ref name="2020rename"/>

In December 2020, PrestoSQL was rebranded as Trino. <ref name="2020rename"/>

== Architecture ==

[[File:Figure 4-1 Trino architecture.png|thumb|Trino architecture overview with coordinator and workers<ref name="trino-definitive-guide-ch4">{{cite book |last1=Fuller |first1=Matt |last2=Moser |first2=Manfred |last3=Traverso |first3=Martin |title=Trino: The Definitive Guide |chapter=Chapter 4. Trino Architecture |date=2021 |publisher=O'Reilly Media, Inc, USA |isbn=9781098107710 |pages=43–72}}</ref>]]

Trino is written in [[Java (programming language)|Java]]. It contains two types of nodes, a '''coordinator''' and a '''worker'''.

* The coordinator is responsible for parsing, analyzing, optimizing, planning, and scheduling a query submitted by a client. The coordinator interacts with the [[service provider interface]](SPI) to obtain the available tables, table statistics, and other information needed to carry out its tasks.

* The workers are responsible for executing the tasks and operators fed to it by the scheduler. These tasks process rows from data sources and produce results that are returned to the coordinator and ultimately back to the client.

Trino strictly adheres to the [[ANSI]] [[SQL]] standard to include: [[SQL-92]], [[SQL:1999]], [[SQL:2003]], [[SQL:2008]], [[SQL:2011]], [[SQL:2016]]. While adhering to these standards, Trino doesn't implement anything outside of the [[OLAP]] syntax.

Trino supports separation of compute and storage and may be deployed both on premises and in the [[Cloud computing|cloud]].

Trino has a [[distributed|Distributed computing]] [[massively parallel|MPP]] architecture. Trino first distributes work over multiple workers by running ad-hoc partitioning operations or relying on existing partitions in the data of the underlying data store. Once this data has reached the worker, the data is processed over pipelined operators carried out on multiple threads. Another decided characteristic of Trino was the lack of [[fault tolerance]], which avoids the check-in operations involving expensive writes to disk. This leaves queries vulnerable to needing to be restarted if there is a failure. In practice, this is not reported to happen too often.

== Use Cases ==

Trino is written in [[Java (programming language)|Java]].<ref name="trino-definitive-guide-ch2">{{cite book |last1=Fuller |first1=Matt |last2=Moser |first2=Manfred |last3=Traverso |first3=Martin |title=Trino: The Definitive Guide |chapter=Chapter 2. Installing and Configuring Trino |date=2021 |publisher=O'Reilly Media, Inc, USA |isbn=9781098107710 |pages=19–24}}</ref> It runs on a cluster of servers that contains two types of nodes, a '''coordinator''' and a '''worker'''.<ref name="trino-definitive-guide-ch4" />

In general, Trino is to be used for [[OLAP]] scenarios instead of [[OLTP]] uses<ref>{{cite web |title=Use cases — Trino 361 Documentation |url=https://trino.io/docs/361/overview/use-cases.html |website=trino.io |access-date=20 September 2021}}</ref>.

* The coordinator is responsible for parsing, analyzing, optimizing, planning, and scheduling a query submitted by a client. The coordinator interacts with the [[service provider interface]] (SPI) to obtain the available tables, table statistics, and other information needed to carry out its tasks.<ref name="trino-definitive-guide-ch4" />

=== Data Lake Query Engine ===

* The workers are responsible for executing the tasks and operators fed to itthem by the scheduler. These tasks process rows from the data sources andwhich produce results that are returned to the coordinator and ultimately back to the client.<ref name="trino-definitive-guide-ch4" />

Trino adheres to the [[ANSI]] [[SQL]]<ref name="trino-definitive-guide-ch1">{{cite book |last1=Fuller |first1=Matt |last2=Moser |first2=Manfred |last3=Traverso |first3=Martin |title=Trino: The Definitive Guide |chapter=Chapter 1. Introducing Trino |date=2021 |publisher=O'Reilly Media, Inc, USA |isbn=9781098107710 |pages=3–17}}</ref> standard and includes various parts of the following ANSI specifications: [[SQL-92]], [[SQL:1999]], [[SQL:2003]], [[SQL:2008]], [[SQL:2011]], [[SQL:2016]], [[SQL:2023]].

Trino was originally created to replace the [[Apache Hive]] runtime while maintaining the ability to query data in [[Apache Hadoop#Hadoop distributed file system|HDFS]] or [[Object storage|object storage]]. Many companies use Trino as a query engine to speed up analytics reads from the data lake.

Trino supports the separation of compute and storage<ref name="trino-definitive-guide-ch1" /> and may be deployed both on-premises and in the [[Cloud computing|cloud]].<ref name="trino-definitive-guide-ch13">{{cite book |last1=Fuller |first1=Matt |last2=Moser |first2=Manfred |last3=Traverso |first3=Martin |title=Trino: The Definitive Guide |chapter=Chapter 13. Real-World Examples |date=2021 |publisher=O'Reilly Media, Inc, USA |isbn=9781098107710 |pages=267–272}}</ref>

=== Federated Query Engine ===

Trino has a [[distributed|Distributed computing]] [[massively parallel|MPP]] architecture.<ref name="trino-definitive-guide-ch4" /> Trino first distributes work over multiple workers by running ad-hoc partitioning operations or relying on existing partitions in the data of the underlying data store. Once this data has reached the worker, the data is processed over pipelined operators carried out on multiple threads.<ref Another decided characteristic of Trino was the lack of [[fault tolerance]], which avoids the checkname="trino-indefinitive-guide-ch4" operations involving expensive writes to disk. This leaves queries vulnerable to needing to be restarted if there is a failure. In practice, this is not reported to happen too often./>

Trino can combine data from multiple sources in a single query. Using the [[service provider interface|SPI]], Trino connectors can query data sources, including files in [[Apache Hadoop#HDFS|HDFS]], [[Amazon S3]], [[MySQL]], [[PostgreSQL]], [[Microsoft SQL Server]], [[Amazon Redshift]], [[Apache Kudu]], [[Apache Pinot]], [[Apache Kafka]], [[Apache Cassandra]], [[Apache Druid]], [[MongoDB]], [[Elasticsearch]], and [[Redis]]. Unlike [[Apache Impala]] and other prior Hadoop-specific tools, Trino works with any underlying system.

==See also==

* [[Presto (SQL query engine)]]

* [[Big data]]

* [[Data Intensive Computing]]

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== References ==

{{Reflist}}<br/>

== External links ==

* [https://trino.io/foundation.html Trino Software Foundation (formerly Presto Software Foundation)]

* [https://github.com/prestodb/foundation Presto Foundation] (under the [[Linux Foundation]])

[[:Category:SQL]]

[[:Category:Free system software]]

[[:Category:Hadoop]]

[[:Category:Cloud platforms]]

[[:Category:Java platform]]