Computing with memory: Difference between revisions

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{{short description|Type of computing platform}}

'''Computing with Memorymemory''' refers to computing platforms where function response is stored in memory array, either one or two-dimensional, in the form of [[lookup tablestable]]s (LUTs) and functions are evaluated by retrieving the values from the LUTs. These computing platforms can follow either a purely spatial computing model, as in '''''Field[[field-programmable Programmablegate Gate Arrays'''''array]] (FPGAsFPGA), or a temporal computing model, where a function is evaluated across multiple clock cycles. The latter approach aims at reducing the overhead of programmable interconnect in FPGA by folding interconnect resources inside a computing element. It uses dense two-dimensional memory arrays to store large multiple-input multiple-output LUTs. '''''Computing with Memory'''''memory differs from '''''Computingcomputing in Memory'''''memory or [[Processorprocessor-in-memory]] (PIM) concepts, widely investigated in the context of integrating a processor and memory on the same chip to reduce the memory bandwidthlatency and latencyincrease bandwidth. These architectures seek to reduce the distance the data travels between the processor and the memory. The [[Berkeley IRAM project]] is one notable contribution in the area of PIM architectures.

==Details==

'''Computing with Memory''' refers to computing platforms where function response is stored in memory array, either one or two-dimensional, in the form of lookup tables (LUTs) and functions are evaluated by retrieving the values from the LUTs. These computing platforms can follow either a purely spatial computing model, as in '''''Field Programmable Gate Arrays''''' (FPGAs), or a temporal computing model, where a function is evaluated across multiple clock cycles. The latter approach aims at reducing the overhead of programmable interconnect in FPGA by folding interconnect resources inside a computing element. It uses dense two-dimensional memory arrays to store large multiple-input multiple-output LUTs. '''''Computing with Memory''''' differs from '''''Computing in Memory''''' or [[Processor-in-memory]] (PIM) concepts, widely investigated in the context of integrating a processor and memory on the same chip to reduce the memory bandwidth and latency. These architectures seek to reduce the distance the data travels between the processor and the memory. Berkeley IRAM project is one notable contribution in the area of PIM architectures.

<!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:Memory Logic Block.png|thumb|right|alt=Time-multiplexed execution of mapped application using embedded memory blocks.|Functional block diagram of memory-based computation]] -->

Computing with memory platforms are typically used to provide the benefit of hardware reconfigurabiltyreconfigurability. Reconfigurable computing platforms offer advantages in terms of reduced design cost, early time-to-market, rapid prototyping and easily customizable hardware systems. FPGAs present a popular reconfigurable computing platform for implementing digital circuits. They follow a purely spatial computing model. Since their inception in 1985, the basic structure of the FPGAs has continued to consist of two-dimensional array of Configurableconfigurable Logiclogic blocks (CLBs) and a programmable interconnect matrix .<ref name="Ref 1">K.Compton and S. Hauck, group="RefComputing: A Survey of systems and software", ''ACM Surveys'', Vol. 34, No. 2, June, 2002.</ref>. FPGA performance and power dissipation is largely dominated by the elaborate programmable interconnect (PI) architecture .<ref name="Ref 2">S. group="Ref"M. Trimberger, ''Field Programmable Gate Array Technology'', Norwell, MA: Kluwer, 1994.</ref><ref name="Ref 3">A. Rahman, S. Das, A. P. Chandrakasan, R. Reif, group="RefWiring Requirement and Three-Dimensional Integration Technology for Field Programmable Gate Arrays", ''IEEE Trans. on Very Large Scale Integration Systems'', Vol. 11, No. 1, February, 2003.</ref>. An effective way of reducing the impact of the PI architecture in FPGA is to place small LUTs in close proximity (referred as '''''clusters''''') and to allow intra-cluster communication using local interconnects. Due to the benefits of a clustered FPGA architecture, major FPGA vendors have incorporated it in their commercial products such .<ref name="Ref 4">[http://www.xilinx.com group="Ref"Xilinx Corporation]</ref><ref name="Ref 5">[http://www.altera.com group="Ref"Altera Corporation]</ref>. Investigations have also been made to reduce the overhead due to PI in fine-grained FPGAs by mapping larger multi-input multi-output LUTs to embedded memory blocks. Although it follows a similar spatial computing model, part of the logic functions are implemented using embedded memory blocks while the remaining part is realized using smaller LUTs .<ref name="Ref 6">J. Cong and S. Xu, group="RefTechnology Mapping for FPGAs with Embedded Memory Blocks", Symposium on Field Programmable Gate Array, 1998.</ref>. Such a heterogeneous mapping can improve the area and performance by reducing the contribution of programmable interconnects.

Contrary to the purely spatial computing model of FPGA, a reconfigurable computing platform that employs a temporal computing model (or a combination of both temporal and spatial) has also been investigated <ref name="Ref 7">S. Paul and S. Bhunia, group="RefReconfigurable Computing Using Content Addressable Memory for Improved Performance and Resource Usage", Design Automation Conference, 2008.</ref><ref name="Ref 8">S. Paul, S. Chatterjee, S. Mukhopadhyay and S. Bhunia, group="RefNanoscale Reconfigurable Computing Using Non-Volatile 2-D STTRAM Array", International Conference on Nanotechnology, 2009.</ref> in the context of improving performance and energy over conventional FPGA. These platforms, referred as '''''Memory"memory-based Based Computingcomputing" (MBC)''''', use dense two-dimensional memory array to store the LUTs. Such frameworks rely on breaking a complex function (''f'') into small sub-functions; representing the sub-functions as into multi-input, multi-output LUTs in the memory array; and evaluating the function ''f'' over multiple cycles. MBC can leverage on the high density, low power and high performance advantages of nanoscale memory .<ref name="Ref 8" group="Ref"/>. Fig. 1 shows the high-level block diagram of MBC. Each computing element incorporates a two-dimensional memory array for storing LUTs, a small controller for sequencing evaluation of sub-functions and a set of temporary registers to hold the intermediate outputs from individual partitions. A fast, local routing framework inside each computing block generates the address for LUT access. Multiple such computing elements can be spatially connected using FPGA-like programmable interconnect architecture to enable mapping of large functions. The local time-multiplexed execution inside the computing elements can drastically reduce the requirement of programmable interconnects leading to large improvement in energy-delay product and better scalability of performance across technology generations. The memory array inside each computing element can be realized by [[Content-addressable memory]](CAM) to drastically reduce the memory requirement for certain applications <ref name="Ref 7" group="Ref"/>.

== References ==

<!--- See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes on how to create references using <ref></ref> tags which will then appear here automatically -->

{{reflist|group="Ref"|refs=

<ref name="Ref 1"> K.Compton and S. Hauck, "Computing: A Survey of systems and software", ACM Surveys, Vol. 34, No. 2, June, 2002.</ref>

<ref name="Ref 2"> S.M. Trimberger, "Field Programmable Gate Array Technology", Norwell, MA: Kluwer, 1994.</ref>

<ref name="Ref 3"> A. Rahman, S. Das, A.P. Chandrakasan, R. Reif, "Wiring Requirement and Three-Dimensional Integration Technology for Field Programmable Gate Arrays", IEEE Trans. on Very Large Scale Integration Systems, Vol. 11, No. 1, February, 2003.</ref>

<ref name="Ref 4"> [http://www.xilinx.com Xilinx]</ref>

<ref name="Ref 5"> [http://www.altera.com Altera]</ref>

<ref name="Ref 6"> J. Cong and S. Xu, "Technology Mapping for FPGAs with Embedded Memory Blocks", Symposium on Field Programmable Gate Array, 1998.</ref>

<ref name="Ref 7"> S. Paul and S. Bhunia, "Reconfigurable Computing Using Content Addressable Memory for Improved Performance and Resource Usage", Design Automation Conference, 2008.</ref>

<ref name="Ref 8"> S. Paul, S. Chatterjee, S. Mukhopadhyay and S. Bhunia, "Nanoscale Reconfigurable Computing Using Non-Volatile 2-D STTRAM Array", International Conference on Nanotechnology, 2009.</ref>

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<!-- Deleted image removed: [[:Image:Memory Logic Block.png]] shows the high-level block diagram of MBC. -->

Each computing element incorporates a two-dimensional memory array for storing LUTs, a small controller for sequencing evaluation of sub-functions and a set of temporary registers to hold the intermediate outputs from individual partitions. A fast, local routing framework inside each computing block generates the address for LUT access. Multiple such computing elements can be spatially connected using FPGA-like programmable interconnect architecture to enable mapping of large functions. The local time-multiplexed execution inside the computing elements can drastically reduce the requirement of programmable interconnects leading to large improvement in energy-delay product and better scalability of performance across technology generations. The memory array inside each computing element can be realized by [[content-addressable memory]] (CAM) to drastically reduce the memory requirement for certain applications.<ref name="Ref 7"/>

==See External links also==

* [[Computational RAM]]

* [http://www.example.com/ example.com]

* [[Field-programmable gate array]] (FPGA)

* [[Memoization]]

* [[Reconfigurable computing]]

== References ==

{{Reflist|2}}

[[Category:Computer engineering]]

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