Anti-French sentiment in the United States and Louisiana: Difference between pages

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Revision as of 03:04, 29 April 2007

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{{Otheruses1|the U.S. State}}

[[Image:Freedom-Fries-Menu.jpg|thumb|260px|[[Freedom fries]] were famous anti-France [[propaganda]] by [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. representatives]] [[Robert W. Ney]] and [[Walter B. Jones]] in 2003.]] It has existed for many years, but most famously came into play when U.S. President [[George W. Bush]] attempted to use these sentiments to garner support for the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]] and [[War on Terrorism]].

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:''For general Anti-French hostility see [[Francophobia]]''

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{{US state |

Name = Louisiana|

Fullname = State of Louisiana<br>État de Louisiane|

Flag = Flag of Louisiana.svg |

Flaglink = [[Flag of Louisiana]] |

Seal = Louisianastateseal.jpg |

Seallink = [[Seal of Louisiana]]|

Map = Map of USA LA.svg |

Nickname = Bayou State, Child of the Mississippi,<br/>Creole State, Pelican State, Sportsman's Paradise,<br/> Sugar State |

Motto = Union, justice, and confidence |

Capital = [[Baton Rouge]] |

LargestCity = [[Baton Rouge]] <ref>{{cite web | title = Estimates of post-Katrina populations | publisher = [[United States Census Bureau]] | date = 2006 | url = http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/emergencies/gulfcoast_impact_estimates.xls}}</ref> |

OfficialLang = ''[[de jure]]'': none<br>''[[de facto]]'': [[English language|English]] & [[French language|French]]|

Languages = [[English language|English]] 91.2%, [[French language|French]] 4.8% |

LargestParish = [[Jefferson Parish]] <ref>{{cite web | title = Estimates of post-Katrina populations | publisher = [[United States Census Bureau]] | date = 2006 | url = http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/emergencies/gulfcoast_impact_estimates.xls}}</ref> |

largest metro area [[New Orleans]] |

Governor = [[Kathleen Blanco]] (D)|

Senators = [[Mary Landrieu]] (D)<br/>[[David Vitter]] (R) |

PostalAbbreviation = LA |

AreaRank = 31^st |

TotalAreaUS =51,885|

TotalArea = 134,382 |

LandAreaUS = 43,601 |

LandArea = 112,927 |

WaterAreaUS = 8,283|

WaterArea = 21,455 |

PCWater = 16 |

PopRank = 22^nd |

2000Pop = 4,468,976 |

DensityRank = 22^nd |

2000DensityUS =102.59 |

2000Density = 39.61 |

AdmittanceOrder = 18^th |

AdmittanceDate = [[April 30]], [[1812]] |

TimeZone = [[Central Standard Time Zone|Central]]: [[UTC-6]]/[[Daylight saving time|-5]] |

Latitude = 29°N to 33°N |

Longitude = 89°W to 94°W |

WidthUS =130 |

Width = 210 |

LengthUS =379 |

Length = 610 |

HighestPoint = [[Driskill Mountain]]<ref name=usgs>{{cite web| year =[[29 April]] [[2005]] | url =http://erg.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html#Highest| title =Elevations and Distances in the United States| publisher =U.S Geological Survey| accessdate = November 6| accessyear = 2006}}</ref> |

HighestElevUS = 535|

HighestElev = 163 |

MeanElevUS = 98 |

MeanElev = 30 |

LowestPoint = [[New Orleans, Louisiana|New Orleans]]<ref name=usgs/> |

LowestElev = -2 |

LowestElevUS = -8 |

ISOCode = US-LA |

Website = www.louisiana.gov

}}

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'''Louisiana''' (pronounced {{IPA|/luːˌiːziˈænə/}} or {{IPA|/ˌluːziˈænə/}}) ([[French language|French]]: ''Louisiane'', [[IPA|pronounced]] [[Image:ltspkr.png]][[Media:Louisiane.ogg|{{IPA|/lwizjan/}}]]) is a [[U.S. Southern States|Southern]] [[U.S. state|state]] in the [[United States|United States of America]]. The capital of Louisiana is [[Baton Rouge]]. The largest [[parish]] is [[Jefferson Parish]]. Louisiana is the only state that has parishes instead of [[counties]]. <!-- Before adding that New Orleans is the 'most visited city', please provide a source. Otherwise, it's original research. -->

==Namesake==

'''Anti-French sentiment''' in the [[United States]], represents a consistent hostility towards the [[Government of France|government]], [[Culture of France|culture]], or [[Demographics of France|people]] of [[France]]. It often takes the form of moral censure corresponding with tensions in [[Franco-U.S. relations]].

[[Image:FrMo.png|left|27px]]Louisiana ([[New France]]) was named after [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]], one of France's greatest and most powerful kings. When [[René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle]] claimed the territory drained by the [[Mississippi River]] for France, he named it ''La Louisiane'', meaning "Land of Louis".

==Geography==

==Before the Second World War==

[[Image:National-atlas-louisiana.PNG|left|thumb|Map of Louisiana]]

The United States of America was formed in a revolution (also known as the War of Independence) by colonies of the British Crown. Relations between the colonies and France prior to this revolution were therefore shaped by British-French relations. The colonials fought for Britain against France in what is sometimes termed the [[French and Indian War]]. Furthermore the Puritan colonies and Scottish Presbyterians of the inland regions tended toward [[Anti-Catholicism]] and so disliked all Catholic nations. By the same token a few Catholics in the colonies felt uncomfortable with the anti-clerical thought of many French philosophers.

===Topography===

How widespread it was remains uncertain, but during the Revolutionary War and immediately after Americans tended more toward "Francophilia." Many of the French philosophers proved inspirational to the [[Founding Fathers]]. Further [[Thomas Paine]] would later feel admirations for the spirit of Revolutionary France. In [[patriotic]] American contexts of the time, France was characterized as the first [[alliance|ally]] of the [[American Revolution|American revolutionaries]]. When the [[Marquis de Lafayette]] toured the United States in ([[1824]]-[[1825]]), he was accorded a hero's welcome as the first American [[celebrity]], and numerous new settlements were named [[Lafayette]], [[Fayette]] and [[Fayetteville]].

The state is bordered to the west by the state of [[Texas]]; to the north by [[Arkansas]]; to the east by the state of [[Mississippi]]; and to the south by the [[Gulf of Mexico]].

The surface of the state may properly be divided into two parts, the uplands, and the [[alluvial deposit|alluvial]] and coast and swamp regions. The alluvial regions, including the low swamps and coast lands, cover an area of about 20,000 [[square mile]]s (52,000&nbsp;km²); they lie principally along the [[Mississippi River]], which traverses the state from north to south for a distance of about 600 [[mile]]s (1,000&nbsp;km) and ultimately emptying into the [[Gulf of Mexico]], the [[Red River (Mississippi watershed)|Red River]], the [[Ouachita River]] and its branches, and other minor streams. The breadth of the alluvial region along the Mississippi is from 10 to 60 miles (15 to 100&nbsp;km), and along the other streams it averages about 10 miles (15&nbsp;km). The Mississippi flows upon a ridge formed by its own deposits, from which the lands incline toward the low swamps beyond at an average fall of six feet per mile (3&nbsp;m/km). The alluvial lands along other streams present very similar features. These alluvial lands are never inundated save when breaks occur in the levees by which they are protected against the floods of the Mississippi and its tributaries. These floods, however, do not occur annually, and they may be said to be exceptional. With the maintenance of strong levees these alluvial lands would enjoy perpetual immunity from inundation.

[[Harvard University]] professor and former U.S. Assistant Secretary of the Treasury [[A. Piatt Andrew]] summed up this Francophile tradition, when he wrote:

:''"Few in number and limited in their activities, this little band of American ambulance drivers in France is of course insignificant when compared with the tens of thousands of young Frenchmen who crossed the ocean as soldiers and sailors to help America in 1777. To the valor and devotion of these Frenchmen we owe our very existence as an independent nation, and nothing that Americans have done for France during these last hard years of trial can be thought of &mdash; without embarrassment &mdash; in relation with what Frenchmen did for us in those unforgettable years of our peril from [[1777]] to [[1781]]."''

The uplands and contiguous hill lands of the north and northwestern part of the state have an area of more than 25,000 square miles (65,000&nbsp;km²), and they consist of prairie and woodlands. The elevations above sea-level range from 10 [[foot (unit of length)|feet]] (3&nbsp;m) at the coast and swamp lands to 50 and 60 feet (15–18&nbsp;m) at the prairie and alluvial lands. In the uplands and hills the elevations rise to [[Driskill Mountain]] the highest point in the state at only 535 feet (163&nbsp;m) above sea level. Only two other states in the union, Florida and Delaware, are geographically lower than Louisiana, though several other states, such as [[Kansas]] and [[Nebraska]], are geographically flatter.

Anti-French feelings did not exist at that time in such a friendly climate.

Besides the navigable rivers already named (some of which are called bayous), there are the [[Sabine River (Texas-Louisiana)|Sabine]], forming the western boundary, and the [[Pearl River (Mississippi-Louisiana)|Pearl]], the eastern boundary, the [[Calcasieu River|Calcasieu]], the [[Mermentau River|Mermentau]], the [[Vermilion River (Louisiana)|Vermilion]], the [[Bayou Teche|Teche]], the [[Atchafalaya River|Atchafalaya]], the [[Boeuf River|Boeuf]], the [[Bayou Lafourche|Lafourche]], the [[Courtableau River|Courtableau]], the [[Bayou D'Arbonne|D'Arbonne]], the [[Macon River|Macon]], the [[Tensas River|Tensas]], the [[Amite River|Amite]], the [[Tchefuncte River|Tchefuncte]], the [[Tickfaw River|Tickfaw]], the [[Natalbany River|Natalbany]], and a number of other streams of lesser note, constituting a natural system of navigable waterways, aggregating over 4,000 miles in length, which is unequalled in the United States. The state also has 1,060 square miles (2,745&nbsp;km²) of land-locked bays, 1,700 square miles (4,400&nbsp;km²) of inland lakes, and a river surface of over 500 square miles (1,300&nbsp;km²).

Despite the positive view some Americans had of [[The French Revolution]] it awakened or created Anti-French feelings among many [[Federalist]]s. An ideological split was already emerging between Francophobe and Francophile sentiment, with [[John Adams]], [[Alexander Hamilton]] and their fellow [[Federalist]]s taking a skeptical view of [[France]], even as [[Thomas Jefferson]] and other [[Democratic-Republicans]] urged closer ties. As for the Revolution many or most Federalists denounced it as far too radical and violent. Those on the Democratic-Republican side disliked its excesses, but remained hopeful it would make France a progressive and liberal nation. Hence the division between conservative and liberal on France perhaps began that early.

===Climate===

Adding to the mix in the [[1790s]], the French, under a new post-revolutionary government, accused the United States of collaborating with the English and proceeded to impound UK-bound US merchant ships. Attempts at diplomacy led to the [[1797]] [[XYZ Affair]] in which three French agents approached American delegates requesting a tribute of $250,000. This led to a state of [[Quasi-War]], an undeclared war fought entirely at sea between the United States and France from [[1798]] to [[1801]]. Relations deepened after the rise of [[Napoleon]] and the election of [[Thomas Jefferson]] culminating with the [[Louisiana Purchase]] in [[1803]]. After the Anglo-American [[War of 1812]], during which British military forces burnt the [[White House]] in Washington, France became a main ally of the United States.

Louisiana has a [[humid subtropical climate]] ([[Koppen climate classification]] ''Cfa''), perhaps the most "classic" example of a humid subtropical climate of all the Southeastern states, with long, hot, humid summers and short, mild winters. The subtropical characteristics of the state are due in large part to the influence of the [[Gulf of Mexico]], which even at its farthest point is no more than 200 miles (320 km) away. Precipitation is frequent throughout the year, although the summer is slightly wetter than the rest of the year, and there is a dip in precipitation in October. Summers in Louisiana are among the most oppressively hot and humid in the United States with high temperatures from mid-June to mid-September averaging 90°F (32°C) or more and overnight lows averaging around 75°F (24°C). In the summer, the extreme maximum temperature is much warmer in the north than in the south, with temperatures near the [[Gulf of Mexico]] very rarely reaching 100°F (38°C). In northern Louisiana, temperatures can reach above 105°F (41°C) in the summer. Temperatures are generally mildly warm in the winter with highs around New Orleans, Baton Rouge, the rest of south Louisiana, and the Gulf of Mexico averaging 65°F (18°C), while the northern part of the state has average highs of close to 60°F (15°C). The overnight lows in the winter average well above freezing throughout the state, with 45°F (7°C) the average near the Gulf and an average low of around 37°F (3°C) in the winter in the northern part of the state. Louisiana does have its share of cold fronts which can drop the temperatures below 20°F (-8°C) on occasion. Snow is not very common near the Gulf of Mexico, although those in the northern parts of the state can expect one or two dustings of snow per year.

Louisiana is often affected by [[tropical cyclones]] and is very vulnerable to strikes by major hurricanes, particularly the lowlands around and in the [[New Orleans]] area. The unique geography of the region with the many bayous, marshes and inlets can make major hurricanes especially destructive. The area is also prone to frequent thunderstorms, especially in the summer. The entire state averages over 60 days of thunderstorms a year averaging more thunderstorms than any other state except [[Florida]]. Louisiana averages 27 [[tornadoes]] annually, and the entire state is vulnerable to a tornado strike, with the extreme southern portion of the state slightly less vulnerable than the rest of the state.<ref name= "Annual average number of tornadoes"> [http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/img/climate/research/tornado/small/avgt5304.gif] NOAA National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved on October 24, 2006. </ref>

With the influx of [[Irish ethnicity|Irish]] immigrants in the [[1840s]] and the rise of a [[populist]] sub-culture hostile to [[United Kingdom|Britain]], France became a rallying-point, though an ambivalent one, for its [[republicanism]] was tarnished. American cultured classes embraced French styles and luxuries after the [[American Civil War|Civil War]]: Americans trained as architects in the ''[[Ecole des Beaux-Arts]],'' French [[haute cuisine]] reigned at elite American tables, and upper class women in the U.S. followed Parisian clothing fashions. Following [[World War I]], a generation of rich American [[expatriate]]s and [[bohemian]]s settled in [[Paris]]. The stock-market crash and the [[Great Depression]] put a damper on international lifestyles, and a change in temper of internal French politics during the [[interbellum]] sent many politically fastidious Americans home.

===Hurricanes===

The First World War had also brought the British and the Americans closer together; and a centuries-old British reservation against the French was easily revived in a nation descended from British colonies. Reservations against the function of the democratic French parliamentarism, against Catholicism, against perceived French arrogance in negotiating the Treaty of Versailles, etc. weakened the emotional ties between American Francophiles and the French. Additionally, France attitudes against [[Weimar Germany]], combining fear and a wish for dominance after the French traumatic experience of WWI (1.5 million French soldiers killed), were by many seen as an obstacle for a lasting European peace, as it mobilized the Germans into [[revanchism]] and [[militarism]].

*[[September 24]], [[2005]], [[Hurricane Rita|Rita]] (Category 3 at landfall) struck southwestern Louisiana, flooding many southwestern parishes including [[Cameron Parish]] and the city of [[Lake Charles]]. The storm's winds also broke open the already damaged levees in New Orleans, re flooding parts of the city.

*[[August 29]], 2005, [[Hurricane Katrina|Katrina]] (Category 3 at landfall) struck and devastated southeastern Louisiana, while damaged levees in New Orleans flooded the city. The city was virtually closed until October. It is estimated that more than two million people in the [[Gulf Coast of the United States|Gulf region]] were displaced by the hurricane, with more than 1,500 fatalities in Louisiana alone. Public outcry criticized the government at the local, state, and federal levels, citing that the response was neither fast nor adequate. The hurricane and the challenge to protect wetlands are featured in the documentary film [[Hurricane on the Bayou]].

==Post World War II==

{{further|[[Effect of Hurricane Katrina on Louisiana]] and [[Effect of Hurricane Katrina on New Orleans]]}}

The collapse of Anglo-French Infantry in Dunkerque in [[1940]] under powerful [[Nazi Germany|German]] forces came as a profound shock to Francophilic Americans, who remembered a quite different [[Paris]] through the rosy tints of popular culture. For less Francophilic Americans this collapse seemed rapid enough to start the idea the French are weak or quick to surrender. This is in some respects curious as another imperialist power, [[the Netherlands]], had perhaps a more thorough and rapid conquest by the Nazis. Although at times deemed to be weak or prone to surrender by certain Americans, the Netherlands is rarely a subject of such stereotypes in the US. Of course, the Netherlands had a much smaller (comparably non-existent) military and was not considered a major European power. Additionally, the Dutch Resistance was very active and cooperated closely with the British and US armed forces during the war, whereas elements of the more fractious French Resistance were far less cooperative. The anti-French sentiment was common enough among the GIs that at the end of 1945 the US military authorities thought it necessary to distribute to them the explanatory booklet "[[112 Gripes about the French]]" upon their arrival in France.

*August [[1992]], [[Hurricane Andrew|Andrew]] (Category 3 at landfall) struck south-central Louisiana, killing 4 people, knocking out power to nearly 150,000 citizens and destroying hundreds of millions of dollars of crops in the state.

Soon after the end of [[World War II]], relations between the United States and France began to sour. The French military operations against Algerian terrorism during the [[Algerian War of Independence]] inspired condemnation and horror by many around the world. It contributed to anti-French sentiments in the Islamic world up to the 1990s. In the [[Suez Crisis]] of [[1956]], when General Nasser decided to nationalize the Anglo-French Suez Canal in Egypt, the French angered even idealistic Americans by being seen as an excuse to make an opportunistic grab at a financial resource of a poor nation. The French in 1954 also suffered a humiliating defeat at [[Dien Bien Phu]] at the hands of the Vietnamese, though they were at the time supplied with weapons by the US which considered that they were fighting against [[Communism]]. These events led the United States to push for France to end [[French colonial empire|its colonial empire]].

*[[September 9]], [[1965]], [[Hurricane Betsy|Betsy]] (Category 3 at landfall) came ashore in Louisiana causing massive destruction, being the first hurricane in history to cause one billion dollars in damage (over ten billion in inflation-adjusted USD). The storm hit New Orleans particularly hard by flooding the city, pushing the death toll in the state to 76.

Franco-U.S. relations worsened further under [[Charles de Gaulle]], who rejected any notion of France being lesser than the US and attempted to position France as a counterweight to U.S. power in [[Europe]] and certain parts of the [[Third World]]. This included demanding equal status in [[NATO]], and then pulling out of NATO's integrated military command in 1966 when this was refused. One concern was that the current NATO arrangement had a large number of American troops positioned in France &mdash; France preferred not to have foreign troops under foreign command on its soil.

*August [[1969]], [[Hurricane Camille|Camille]] (Category 5) had a 23.4 ft. storm surge and killed 250 people<!-- this needs help -->. Hurricane Camille officially made landfall in [[Mississippi]], not Louisiana and the worst impacts were felt there.

France also distanced itself from [[Israel]], with which it used to have a very close relationship, and began to be more sympathetic to the [[Palestinian|Palestinians]] and the [[Middle East]]. Israel then sought closer ties with the United States.

*June [[1957]], [[Hurricane Audrey|Audrey]] (Category 4) devastated southwest Louisiana, destroying or severely damaging 60–80 percent of the homes and businesses from [[Cameron, Louisiana|Cameron]] to [[Grand Chenier]]. 40,000 people were left homeless and over 300 people were killed in the state.

France's troubled history in ruling Vietnam helped make the [[Vietnam War]] generally unpopular there. Additionally, the Vietnam war was seen as a colonial war, echoing the unpopular Algerian war that France had waged a few years before. Hence De Gaulle's government began to criticize the US for going on intervening in a nation they had learned to leave. [[Ho Chi Minh]] had made a bid for independence in 1945 with moderate financial support from the United States. The U.S. had withdrawn that support to court French opinion. In retrospect some Americans concluded their government had chosen the wrong loyalty and driven Ho Chi Minh to communism. The very vocal French criticism of later American policies underscored the American perception of unreciprocated friendship and French arrogance.

===Geology===

France also tried to develop less hostile relations with the communist world in the [[Cold War]] context, including the [[Soviet Union]], while it established military forces meant to oppose a Soviet invasion. In particular, French pursuit of [[nuclear weapon]]s and an independent military capability were also designed to move France away from dependency upon the US (''See: [[Force de frappe]].''). During de Gaulle's time in office, Franco-U.S. relations reached a great low, and there were accusations from American commentators that France was "no longer a [[Western world|Western]] power."

The underlying [[Stratum|strata]] of the state are of [[Cretaceous]] age and are covered by [[Sedimentation|alluvial]] deposits of [[Tertiary]] and post-Tertiary origin. A [[Wetlands of Louisiana|large part of Louisiana]] is the creation and product of the [[Mississippi River]]. It was originally covered by an arm of the sea, and has been built up by the [[silt]] carried down the valley by the great river.

Near the coast, there are many [[salt dome]]s, where [[NaCl|salt]] is mined and oil is often found.

De Gaulle's support for [[Quebec]] independence was partly seen in the U.S. as an unwelcome intrusion of a European power into the affairs of a sovereign country in the Americas, as exemplified by his ''[[Vive le Québec libre speech]]'' in [[1967]], and flying in the face of the [[Monroe Doctrine]], whereby the U.S. vowed never to allow the reestablishment of direct European influence in the Western Hemisphere (although France still directly controls [[French Guiana]] in [[South America]], [[Martinique]], [[Guadeloupe]] and other islands in the Caribbean and [[St. Pierre and Miquelon]] off the coast of [[Newfoundland]] though none of these would in empirical terms be considered significant as would Quebec which, if separate, would be the eighth largest country in the world). This call for the independence of a province of a close ally sharing land borders with the U.S. was seen as a hostile intrusion by a nation that the U.S. saw as a historic friend. De Gaulle's words managed not only to anger the United States, but also Canada and the United Kingdom who saw it as arrogance on the part of De Gaulle.

Owing to the extensive flood control measures along the Mississippi river and to natural subsidence, Louisiana is now suffering the loss of coastal land area. State and federal government efforts to halt or reverse this phenomenon are under way; others are being sought.

De Gaulle's public statements may have done more than his policies to damage long-term public opinion in the United States. "You have to be sure that the Americans will commit all the stupidities they can think of, plus some that are beyond imagination," (''Time'', 8 December 1967). Many in the United States believed such remarks were not only crude but reflected profound ingratitude from a man who owed his position and his nation's freedom to American support. The sting of de Gaulle's insults remained fresh thirty years later when radio personality [[Howard Stern]] declared:

:''I've been picking on the French people for 15 years. I don't like French people. I felt that during World War II, France betrayed us. I believe that what they did was the most cowardly act. That when the Nazis marched into France, the French bent over... When I was over in France recently, Americans are looked at as dirt, as filth. We are the people that liberated them during WWII. They would be Nazis, they would be under the Nazi regime right now. They should only be kissing our asses, singing our praises.'' [http://www.rotten.com/library/culture/american-francophobia/]

===Protected areas===

Florida Congresswoman Ginny Brown-Waite expressed a more genteel yet equally heartfelt reproach with House Resolution 1265 in 2003:

Louisiana contains a number of areas which are, in varying degrees, protected from human intervention. In addition to several stations of the [[National Park Service]], and a federally recognized [[United States National Forest|national forest]], Louisiana itself operates, among other programs, a system of [[state park]]s and recreation areas throughout the state. Administered by the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, the [[Louisiana Natural and Scenic Rivers System]] provides a degree of protection for 48 rivers, streams and bayous in the state.

:''I, along with many other Americans, do not feel that the French Government appreciates the sacrifices our men and women in uniform have made to defend the freedom that the French enjoy today... The remains of our brave servicemen should be buried in patriotic soil, not in a country that has turned its back on the United States and on the memory of Americans who fought and died there. It's almost as if the French have forgotten what those thousands of white crosses at Normandy represent.'' [http://www.rotten.com/library/culture/american-francophobia/]

'''National Park Service'''<br>

Relations improved somewhat under de Gaulle's successors, but tensions reappeared intermittently. In 1969 a French documentary ''Le Chagrin et la Pitié'', English translation [[The Sorrow and the Pity]], brought back an earlier issue. Ever since the [[Dreyfus Affair]] accusations of popular French [[Anti-Semitism]] had been intermittently newsworthy. This documentary indicated that the French may not have resisted the Nazi-puppet [[Vichy]] government as much as many Americans had believed or hoped. The director was the German born [[Marcel Ophüls]], but he had lived in France since childhood. He shared writing credits with Frenchman [[André Harris]]. The film proved controversial in France, but it primarily aimed at simply encouraging honesty about anti-Semitism in France's history rather than inspiring any anti-French hostility. It is likely that the number of US viewers of the film was minimal. Still many of the Americans who saw it tended toward the intellectual end of the spectrum so it may have inspired renewed intellectual interest in former Anti-Semitism in French history.

Areas under the management and protection of the National Park Service include:

*[[Cane River National Heritage Area]] near Natchitoches

*[[Cane River Creole National Historical Park]] near Natchitoches, Louisiana.

*[[Jean Lafitte National Historical Park and Preserve]], headquartered in New Orleans, with units in St. Bernard Parish, Baritaria (Crown Point), and Acadiana (Lafayette)

*[[New Orleans Jazz National Historical Park]]

*[[Poverty Point National Monument]] at Epps, Louisiana.

*[[Saline Bayou]], a national wild and scenic river in northern Louisiana.

'''National Forest'''<br>

In time, this spread down the academic ladder to encourage a more widespread misperception that the French to this day are unusually Anti-Semitic or that any sympathy they have for Palestine is related to Anti-Semitism. In reality polls indicate that although modern France has a higher rate of "unfavorable views of Jews" than the US, Canada, or UK it's not much different than the rest of Continental Europe (see [http://people-press.org/reports/display.php3?ReportID=252 Pew Poll on international views of religious groups]). In fact their views of Judaism may even be more positive than the US (see [http://pewglobal.org/reports/display.php?PageID=811 Favorable views of Jews by nation]), since more Americans might be neutral on the subject or refuse to answer.

*[[Kisatchie National Forest]] is Louisiana's only national forest.

'''State parks and recreational areas'''<br>

Also, France, more strongly than any other nation, sees the [[European Union]] as a method of counter-balancing American power, and thus works towards such ends as having the [[Euro]] challenge the preeminent position of the [[United States dollar]] in global trade. France still has a military presence around the globe, since it still has many small [[French overseas departments and territories|oversea possessions]] in the South Pacific, the Caribbean, and South America (all of which enjoy full political representation at the national level, as well as varying degrees of legislative autonomy).

Louisiana operates a system of 19 state parks, 16 state historic sites and one state preservation area.

*see [[List of Louisiana state parks]]

==History==

The American government has remained lukewarm towards France, and pursued much closer relationships with other states such as the [[United Kingdom]], [[Germany]], [[Spain]] and [[Italy]].

:''See main article: [[History of Louisiana]]''

==2003 Iraq War==

''See also [[Popular opposition to the 2003 Iraq War]]''

===Early settlement===

Anti-French sentiment in the United States returned to the fore in the wake of [[France]]'s refusal to endorse the [[2003]] [[2003 invasion of Iraq|US plan to invade Iraq]] in the [[UN Security Council]]. While other nations were also openly opposed to the plan (notably [[Germany]], [[Russia]], [[Belgium]] and the [[People's Republic of China]]), France was accused of particularly ferocious criticism, because it was seen by invasion proponents as opposing not because of a disagreement over what to do about the situation, but as a way of opposing the United States for the sake of decreasing the diplomatic power of the United States and building an opposing power movement.

Louisiana was inhabited by [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] when European explorers arrived in the 17th century. Many place names in the state are transliterations of those used in Native American dialects. Among the tribes that inhabited what is now Louisiana included the [[Atakapa]], the [[Opelousa]], the [[Acolapissa]], the [[Tangipahoa]], the [[Chitimacha]] in the southeast of the state, the [[Washa]], the [[Chawasha]], the [[Yagenechito]], the [[Bayougoula]] and the [[Houma]] (part of the [[Choctaw]] nation), the [[Quinipissa]], the [[Okelousa]], the [[Avoyel]] and the [[Taensa]] (part of the [[Natchez]] nation), the [[Tunica]], and the [[Koroa]]. Central and northwest Louisiana was home to a substantial portion of the [[Caddo]] nation and the [[Natchitoches (tribe)|Natchitoches]] confederacy consisting of the Natchitoches, the [[Yatasi]], the [[Nakasa]], the [[Doustioni]], the [[Quachita]], and the [[Adai]].<ref>Sturdevent, William C. (1967): [http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/united_states/early_indian_east.jpg Early Indian Tribes, Cultures, and Linguistic Stocks], Smithsonian Institution Map (Eastern United States).</ref>

France was accused in American media of knee-jerk [[anti-Americanism]], of hypocritically acting out of economic interests in [[Iraq]]'s [[petroleum|oil]] (a similar charge was leveled at Russia and Germany, but with far less ferocity), and of hypocritically sending a military presence to [[Côte d'Ivoire]] (formerly known as the Ivory Coast in English) during the [[Iraq crisis]]. French President [[Jacques Chirac]] in paticular was the source of much criticism. A former Prime Minister of France, Chirac was seen as a politician who had fosterd close ties with [[Saddam Hussein]] over the years and thus was too sympathic and hestitant to take action against him. Supporters of France disputed some of these allegations, arguing that Franco-Iraqi relations were not nearly as tight as they once were. In 2002 France was only Iraq's 13th economic partner, though in previous years it ''had'' been a sizable trading partner, especially in weapons sales. Similarly, while the United States bought 50% of Iraqi oil France only purchased 8%. After the breaking of the “[[Oil for food]]” scanal within a UN program, allegations of corruption involving members of Jacque Chirac's political inner circle were widespread; later investigations of the scandal appear to support these accusations to some extent. Concerning the French military forces present in [[Côte d'Ivoire]], this action was supported by the UN Security Council as a part of the UNOCI mission (resolutions 1464 & 1528).

===Exploration and colonization by Europeans===

France and Russia, both permanent members of the [[Security Council]] with veto power, warned that they would oppose the proposed new U.N. resolution authorizing the invasion of Iraq on [[March 11]], [[2003]]. Since it appears unlikely that the plan would have received the 60% support of the Security Council (which it needed see [[The UN Security Council and the Iraq war]] for further details), the proposition was cancelled. This caused some to wonder why France was singled out. One major difference, however, between the French and Russian opposition was that France was vowing to use veto power whereas Russia was going to merely vote against the resolution. France was also regarded as a traditional ally, whereas the US relationship with Russia was less close. The last time France used its veto without US agreement was in 1976 over an issue with the Comoros. [http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/membship/veto/vetosubj.htm Veto history] Many people (including some French people) felt hostilty to France came from the idea it acted in open competition against the U.S. to convince other members [http://www.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/europe/03/09/sprj.irq.villepin/index.html], for example in using shuttle diplomacy and economic concessions to win the vote of then-member Cameroon. Additionally, French President [[Jacques Chirac]] was quoted as telling eastern European nations that expressed support for the US that they "missed an opportunity to keep quiet" and were "not very well-mannered and a little careless of the dangers which come with a too-rapid alignment with the American position." This was widely regarded as a threat to slow the expansion of the EU to those countries that did not support the Franco-German position.

[[Image:Louisiana regions map.svg|thumb|Louisiana regions]]

The first [[Europe|European]] explorers to visit Louisiana came in 1528. The [[Spain|Spanish]] expedition (led by [[Panfilo de Narváez]]) located the mouth of the [[Mississippi River]]. In 1541, [[Hernando de Soto (explorer)|Hernando de Soto]]'s expedition crossed the region.

Then Spanish interest in Louisiana lay dormant. In the late 17th century, [[France|French]] expeditions, which included sovereign, religious and commercial aims, established a foothold on the Mississippi River and Gulf Coast. With its first settlements, France lay claim to a vast region of North America and set out to establish a commercial empire and French nation stretching from the Gulf of Mexico to Canada.

The French explorer [[Robert Cavelier de La Salle]] named the region Louisiana to honor [[Louis XIV of France|France's King Louis XIV]] in 1682. The first permanent settlement, Fort Maurepas (at what is now [[Ocean Springs, Mississippi]], near [[Biloxi, Mississippi|Biloxi]]), was founded by [[Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville]], a French military officer from Canada, in 1699.

It was also argued that accusations of knee-jerk anti-Americanism from France were made so as to avoid discussing the actual reasons that France (and more generally [[protests against the 2003 Iraq war]]) said it had to oppose the war - namely that France did not believe there was a clear and imminent danger from Iraq's alleged [[weapons of mass destruction]], that it was not consistent with the [[War on Terrorism]], and that a war would only destabilize the [[Middle East]] while not providing long-term solutions. Thanks to a long experience as a former imperial power in the region, France also warned the US that such a military operation in Iraq would be regarded by the Arabic world as an invasion and could support the emergence of an opposition movement widespread in the whole [[Middle East]]. The French position is that the state of the occupation of Iraq vindicates their position.

The [[Louisiana (New France)|French colony of Louisiana]] originally claimed all the land on both sides of the [[Mississippi River]] and north to French territory in [[Canada]].

===China and Taiwan===

The following States were part of Louisiana: Louisiana, Mississippi, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota.

During a state visit to China on [[April 21]], 2005 [[Jacques Chirac|Chirac's]] Prime Minister [[Jean-Pierre Raffarin]] lent support to a new "anti-secession" law on [[Taiwan]], allowing China to use "non-peaceful" means to bring Taiwan back into the fold, and continued to push for a lifting of the EU arms embargo against China. France's position was seen as attempting to aid China in altering the balance of power against the US in the East Asia region as China is the most plausible military power to be able to do that. The French support of ending the EU arms embargo drew the most ire from the US and from supporters of Taiwanese independence. The push to end the embargo also inspired disapproval among many critical of [[Human rights in the People's Republic of China]]. Hence the US threatened sanctions against the EU unless the embargo was continued. Interestingly France's current eagerness to sell arms to China comes after it had previously sold high-tech fighter jets to Taiwan in the early 1990s.

The settlement of Natchitoches (along the Red River in present-day northwest Louisiana) was established in 1714 by Louis Juchereau de St. Denis, making it the oldest permanent settlement in the Louisiana Purchase territory. The French settlement had two purposes: to establish trade with the Spanish in [[Texas]], and to deter Spanish advances into Louisiana. Also, the northern terminus of the Old San Antonio Road (sometimes called El Camino Real, or Kings Highway) was at Nachitoches. The settlement soon became a flourishing river port and crossroads, giving rise to vast cotton kingdoms along the river. Over time, planters developed large plantations and built fine homes in a growing town, a pattern repeated in New Orleans and other places.

===Diplomatic friction===

[[Donald Rumsfeld]] famously referred to France and Germany as "[[Old Europe]]" while referring to the many [[Central European]] countries which pledged diplomatic backing of the US war as "[[New Europe]]," raising long-existent fears that expansion of the European Union would be used by the US to keep Europe politically divided.

Louisiana's French settlements contributed to further exploration and outposts, concentrated along the banks of the Mississippi and its major tributaries, from Louisiana to as far north as the region called the [[Illinois Country]], around [[Peoria, Illinois]] and present-day [[St. Louis, Missouri]]. ''See also:'' [[French colonization of the Americas]]

Chirac became the subject of harsh criticism in U.S. media [http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=6005] [http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/899082/posts] and French foreign minister [[Dominique de Villepin]] emerged as a prominent critic of U.S. action in Iraq.

Initially [[Mobile, Alabama]] and [[Biloxi, Mississippi]] functioned as the capital of the colony; recognizing the importance of the Mississippi River to trade and military interests, France made [[New Orleans]] the seat of civilian and military authority in 1722. From then until the Louisiana Purchase made the region part of the United States on December 20, 1803, France and Spain would trade control of the region's colonial empire.

===Cultural friction===

The cultures and governments of the US and France have some significant differences which cause friction or misunderstanding. What Americans know of French culture is primarily avant-garde cinema, high fashion, and gourmet food, which are representative of the tastes of a very narrow fraction of French society. These elements add up to give many Americans the impression the French are pretentious, moody, elitist, and unfriendly. These stereotypes had a role in anti-French sentiments even before recent wars. A [[Mark Twain]] barb reflects the widespread American belief of French linguistic snobbery: "In Paris they simply stared when I spoke to them in French; I never did succeed in making those idiots understand their language." (''Innocents Abroad'')

In the 1720s, German immigrants settled along the Mississippi River in a region referred to as the [[German Coast]].

An interesting counterpoint to this reputation of cultural elitism is the claimed popularity of American slapstick comic [[Jerry Lewis]] in France. Lewis, while never all that popular with the general French public, was once lauded by some high-brow critics for his absurd movies. He ended up obtaining the ''[[Legion d'Honneur]]'', France's highest civilian award. The myth that Lewis is a superstar in France is an enduring theme in cultural anti-French sentiment in the United States, since, in the view of anti-French critics, it proved that the French had poor taste.

Most of the territory to the east of the Mississippi was lost to the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]] in the [[French and Indian War]], except for the area around [[New Orleans]] and the parishes around [[Lake Pontchartrain]]. The rest of Louisiana became a colony of [[Spain]] after the [[Seven Years' War]] by the [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|Treaty of Paris]] of 1763.

More recently France's secularism has become something of an issue in the more devout Christian segments of American society. There are some similarities there to the [[Federalist]]s' reaction to perceived French anti-clericalism. More recently, hostility toward the French was stoked by the [[French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools|new law barring religious symbols in schools]]. American religious and libertarian types deem this to be a sign the French are anti-religious and bigoted. The French generally perceive American pressures in that respect to be misguided meddling by foreigners who are not aware of local issues.

During the period of Spanish rule, several thousand French-speaking refugees from the region of [[Acadia]] (now [[Nova Scotia]], [[Canada]]) made their way to Louisiana following British expulsion; settling largely in the southwestern Louisiana region now called [[Acadiana]]. The Acadian refugees were welcomed by the Spanish, and descendants came to be called [[Cajun]]s.

As always the perceived debt and failures France is deemed to have because of the World Wars also has some traction in the US. From the public's perspective the derogatory phrase "[[cheese-eating surrender monkeys]]" began as a joke on ''[[The Simpsons]]'' [[television program]] in [[1995 in television|1995]]. It was used first used by the character [[Groundskeeper Willy]] character to disparage the French. The jibe likely was intended ironically or satirically by [[The Simpsons]] and not initially seen as being in any way sincere. However around 2002-3 it became popular in a few [[Washington, DC]] circles. ''[[National Review]]'' contributor [[Jonah Goldberg]] claimed credit for making the term known. Many US commentators and politicians, including [[Andy Rooney]] on the television program ''[[60 Minutes]]'', characterized the French as being ungrateful for opposing U.S. foreign policy after U.S. soldiers fought to liberate France from [[Nazi Germany]] during [[World War II]]. Such feelings were inflamed by an incident in April of 2003, when vandals desecrated the graves of British soldiers who died in France during WWI. Graffitti, including "Dig up your rubbish, it's contaminating our soil" was painted on gravestones and around the cemetery. Although no Americans were buried in that cemetery, the incident enraged many Americans. Bumper [[sticker (paper)|sticker]]s were produced in the United States which jokingly called for the United States to invade: "Iraq first, France next!", and "First Iraq, then Chirac!".

Canary Islanders, called [[Isleños]], migrated to Louisiana under the Spanish crown between 1778 and 1783.

A well known incident occurred in [[March 11]], 2003 when the cafeteria menus in the three [[United States House of Representatives]] office buildings changed the name of ''[[french fries]]'' to ''[[freedom fries]]''. ''[[French toast]]'' was also changed to ''[[freedom toast]]''. (During [[World War I]], in a similar move, attempts were made to replace the word ''[[sauerkraut]]'' with the term ''[[liberty cabbage]]'', ''[[hamburger]]'' replaced with ''Liberty Sandwich'', and ''frankfurter'' with ''[[hot dog]]'', in menus and in popular speech; only the latter was successful.) Most [[Europe]]ans, and a sizable number of Americans, dismissed these name changes as "gimmickry" and "totally ridiculous". Besides, the rebuke went amiss, since the term "French Fries" is not used in French -- in France, "French" fries are credited to Belgium.

In 1800, France's [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon Bonaparte]] acquired Louisiana from Spain in the [[Third Treaty of San Ildefonso|Treaty of San Ildefonso]], an arrangement kept secret for some two years.

[[Congressman]] [[Billy Tauzin]] from [[Louisiana]], the only [[Cajun]] in the [[House of Representatives]], removed the [[French language]] section of his official [[website]] because of anti-French sentiment. Congressman [[Roy Blunt]] began using jokes which insinuating that the French were cowards.

===Purchase by the United States===

===Boycott===

Many voices in America, especially those on the right and controversial talk host [[Bill O'Reilly (commentator)|Bill O'Reilly]] called for a boycott of French products, but its effect was negligible. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, in February 2004, the United States imported $2.26 billion in French goods and services, up from $2.18 billion in February 2002.[http://www.amon-hen.com/archives/000171.html] However, the president of IC&A Inc, a business that imports only French products, reported demand fell in the vicinity of 40% to 50% from February 2003 levels.

When the United States won its independence from Great Britain in 1783, one of its major concerns was having a European power on its western boundary, and the need for unrestricted access to the Mississippi River. As American settlers pushed west, they found that the Appalachian Mountains provided a barrier to shipping goods eastward. The easiest way to ship produce was to build a flatboat and float down the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers to the port of New Orleans, from which goods could be put on ocean-going vessels. The problem with this route was that the Spanish owned both sides of the Mississippi below Natchez.Napoleon's ambitions in Louisiana involved the creation of a new empire centered on the Caribbean sugar trade. By terms of the Treaty of Ameins of 1800, Great Britain returned ownership of the islands of Martinique and Guadaloupe to the French. Napoleon looked upon Louisiana as a depot for these sugar islands, and as a buffer to U.S. settlement. In October of 1801 he sent a large military force to retake the important island of Santo Domingo, lost in a slave revolt in the 1790s.

Calls for boycott largely focused on products deemed typically French &ndash; [[wine]]s, [[bottled water]] ([[Evian]] and others), [[lingerie]] and luxury items. These constitute a small minority of French trade, whereas lesser-profile products such as aircraft (for example, [[Airbus]]), machinery, Tires ([[Michelin]] and [[BF Goodrich]]), Motels (Motel 6), Water (Culligan), Whiskey (Hennessy), and chemicals account for a larger share. This may explain the above discrepancy.

Thomas Jefferson, third President of the United States, was disturbed by Napoleon's plans to re-establish French colonies in America. With the possession of New Orleans, Napoleon could close the Mississippi to U.S. commerce at any time. Jefferson authorized Robert R. Livingston, U.S. Minister to France, to negotiate for the purchase for up to $2 million of the City of New Orleans, portions of the east bank of the Mississippi, and free navigation of the river for U.S. commerce.

There was no large scale boycott of French products. But some wine manufacturers in France apparently suffered some loss of sales in the [[US]] as it was reported in the media. It is unclear whether it was due to downturn in economy, as French wine tends to be expensive, or due to anti-French sentiment.

An official transfer of Louisiana to French ownership had not yet taken place, and Napoleon's deal with the Spanish was a poorly kept secret on the frontier. On October 18, 1802, however, a strange thing happened. Juan Ventura Moralis, Acting Intendant of Louisiana, made public the intention of Spain to revoke the right of deposit at New Orleans for all cargo from the United States. The closure of this vital port to the United States caused anger and consternation, and commerce in the west was virtually blockaded. Historians believe that the revocation of the right of deposit was prompted by abuses of the Americans, particularly smuggling, and not by French intrigues as was believed at the time. President Jefferson ignored public pressure for war with France, and appointed James Monroe special envoy to Napoleon, to assist in obtaining New Orleans for the United States. Jefferson boosted the authorized expenditure of funds to $10 million.

One area of continuing controversy is the dispute over [[Airbus]] government subsidies which has helped the European aircraft manufacturer stay competitive with [[Boeing]]. Although Airbus is a consortium of four nations, it is viewed as a French-controlled venture since it is headquarted in [[Toulouse]], [[France]]. Many US business conservatives have regarded Airbus as "cheats" for the generous loans that they have received (although [[Boeing]] also receives beneficial military contracts that some see as equivalent to loans).

On April 11, 1803, Talleyrand asked Robert Livingston how much the United States was prepared to pay for Louisiana. Livingston was confused, as his instructions only covered the purchase of New Orleans and the immediate area, not the entire Louisiana territory. James Monroe agreed with Livingston that Napoleon might withdraw this offer at any time. To wait for approval from President Jefferson might take months, so Livingston and Monroe decided to open negotiations immediately. By April 30, they closed a deal for the purchase of the entire 828,000 square mile Louisiana territory for 60 million Francs (approximately $15 million). Part of this sum was used to forgive debts owed by France to the United States. The payment was made in United States bonds, which Napoleon sold at face value to the Dutch firm of Hope and Company, and the British banking house of Baring, at a discount of 87 1/2 per each $100 unit. As a result, Napoleon received only $8,831,250 in cash for Louisiana. Dutiful banker Alexander Baring conferred with Marbois in Paris, shuttled to the United States to pick up the bonds, took them to Britain, and returned to France with the money - and Napoleon used these funds to wage war against Baring's own country!

===Anti-French sentiment reactions===

Reaction to anti-French sentiment in the US was a tenor of the [[Protests against the 2003 Iraq war|anti-war protest]] in [[Montreal, Quebec]] on [[15 March]] [[2003]], and may have been partially responsible for that city's 200,000-strong turn-out, being one of the largest of that day's worldwide protests. Montreal's various protests against the Iraq war were some of the largest in [[North America]]. But mostly went unnoticed and unreported in the United States.

When news of the purchase reached the United States, President Jefferson was surprised. He had authorized the expenditure of $10 million for a port city, and instead received treaties committing the government to spend $15 million on a land package which would double the size of the country. Jefferson's political opponents in the Federalist Party argued that the Louisiana purchase was a worthless desert, and that the Constitution did not provide for the acquisition of new land or negotiating treaties without the consent of the Senate. What really worried the opposition was the new states which would inevitably be carved from the Louisiana territory, strengthening Western and Southern interests in Congress, and further reducing the influence of New England Federalists in national affairs. President Jefferson was an enthusiastic supporter of westward expansion, and held firm in his support for the treaty. Despite Federalist objections, the U.S. Senate ratified the Louisiana treaty in the autumn of 1803.

==Popular anti-French allegations==

Because of the sometimes-strained relationship between the two countries, some Americans, including [[editorial]]ists and [[congressmen]], relish anti-French jokes or cultural stereotypes (a form of [[meme]], these self-propagating myths and stereotypes take on an air of certainty, but rarely show historical or cultural subtlety and complexity). Many of these allude to events of the [[Second World War]], alleged French military weakness and cooperation with the [[Third Reich]]. One such joke insinuates French military incompetence and implies that the country would have ceased to exist without American support. "Why do the French line their highways with trees? Because the Germans like to march in the shade."

A transfer ceremony was held in New Orleans on November 29, 1803. Since the Louisiana territory had never officially been turned over to the French, the Spanish took down their flag, and the French raised theirs. The following day, General James Wilkinson accepted possession of New Orleans for the United States. A similar ceremony was held in St. Louis on March 9, 1804, when a French tricolor was raised near the river, replacing the Spanish national flag. The following day, Captain Amos Stoddard of the First U.S. Artillery marched his troops into town and ran the stars and stripes up the fort's flagpole. The Louisiana territory was officially transferred to the United States government, represented by Meriwether Lewis.

Such characterizations have been used by [[conservative]] editorialists to dismiss the French opposition to the [[War in Iraq]] as fear and appeasement with respect to [[radical Islamism]]. The French were also accused of ingratitude for the US intervention in [[World War I]] and the [[Allies#World War II|allied forces]] liberation of France in World War II. Many feel that the French government should express its gratitude to the American government by maintaining a foreign policy similar to that of the United States, or at the very least remain [[neutral]] in response to Americian initiatives. Such arguments were especially intense during the lead-up to the [[War in Iraq]] [http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/02/14/60minutes/rooney/main540729.shtml].

The Louisiana Territory, purchased for less than 3 cents an acre, was one of Thomas Jefferson's greatest contributions to his country. Louisiana doubled the size of the United States literally overnight, without a war or the loss of a single American life, and set a precedent for the purchase of territory. It opened the way for the eventual expansion of the United States across the continent to the Pacific, and its consequent rise to the status of world power. International affairs in the Caribbean and Napoleon's hunger for cash to support his war efforts were the background for a glorious achievement of Thomas Jefferson's presidency, new lands and new opportunities for the nation.

There is also criticism of French domestic policy, some claiming that French criticism of Israeli actions was motivated by [[anti-semitism]]. In late 2001 [[Daniel Bernard]], the French ambassador to London was reported as calling Israel "that shitty little country" and asking "Why should the world be in danger of World War III because of those people?", but such words were totally denied by Mr Bernard and the French Embassy one day later. One incident sometimes considered evidence of anti-semitism in the French media is the death of [[Muhammad al-Durrah]], which was blamed on Israel by [[France 2]] and which is controversial because of claims that the incident may have been falsely attributed to Israel or may even be an outright hoax.

==Demographics==

In 2002, the book "L'Effroyable Imposture" ([[9/11: The Big Lie]]) about terror attacks on 9/11, written by [[Thierry Meyssan]], was regarded as erroneous allegations by French media, but became a best-seller in France. The book claims that the September 11 attacks were not caused by terrorists, but rather by the US military deliberately attacking the World Trade Center and Pentagon.

[[Image:Louisiana_population_map.png|right|thumb|Louisiana Population Density Map]]

{{USCensusPop

|1810 = 76556

|1820 = 153407

|1830 = 215739

|1840 = 352411

|1850 = 517762

|1860 = 708002

|1870 = 726915

|1880 = 939946

|1890 = 1118588

|1900 = 1381625

|1910 = 1656388

|1920 = 1798509

|1930 = 2101593

|1940 = 2363516

|1950 = 2683516

|1960 = 3257022

|1970 = 3641306

|1980 = 4205900

|1990 = 4219973

|2000 = 4468976

}}

As of July 2005 (prior to the landfall of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita), Louisiana has an estimated population of 4,523,628, which is an increase of 16,943, or 0.4%, from the prior year and an increase of 54,670, or 1.2%, since the year 2000. This includes a natural increase since the last census of 129,889 people (that is 350,818 births minus 220,929 deaths) and a decrease due to net migration of 69,373 people out of the state. Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 20,174 people, and migration within the country produced a net loss of 89,547 people.

France is often described by American critics as being a "[[socialist]]" country. Such claims are commonly charged against European countries by conservative Americans, as the American political culture is generally more conservative than Europe as a whole. Since the foundation of the [[French Fifth Republic]] in [[1958]], France has been ruled by self-described [[French Socialist Party|Socialists]] for 15 years &mdash; notably under President [[François Mitterrand]]. Although France currently has a [[Union for a Popular Movement|conservative]] government under [[Jacques Chirac]], some of Chirac's proposed policies, such as his support of a global tax to fight AIDS, and his addition of an "environment charter" to the French constitution, are described as socialist in American political circles. In addition, the French comprehensive [[welfare state]] system of public education, social services, [[publicly-funded medicine]] and social security is often criticized as being "socialist" in the United States.

The [[center of population]] of Louisiana is located in [[Pointe Coupee Parish, Louisiana|Pointe Coupee Parish]], in the city of [[New Roads, Louisiana|New Roads]] [http://www.census.gov/geo/www/cenpop/statecenters.txt].

According to the [[2000 U.S. Census]], 4.66% of the population aged 5 and over speak [[French language|French]] or [[Cajun French]] at home, while 2.53% speak [[Spanish language|Spanish]] [http://www.mla.org/map_data_results&state_id=22&mode=state_tops].

{{US Demographics}}

The five largest ancestries in the state are: [[African American]] and Franco-African (32.5%), [[French American|French / French Canadian]] (16.2%), [[American ancestry|American]] (10.1%), [[German-American|German]] (7.1%), [[Irish American|Irish]] (7%) and [[Italian people|Italian]] (4.4%).

====African-American and Franco-African Population====

Louisiana is home to the second-largest proportion of black Americans (32.5%) in the United States, behind neighboring Mississippi (36.5%).

Official Census statistics do not distinguish among people of African ancestry. Consequently, no distinction is made between those in Louisiana of English-speaking African-American heritage and those who consider themselves ''Franco-African'' or ''[[Louisiana Creole people|Créole]]'', though their respective cultural identities may be quite different.

Franco-Africans and African-American blacks, who made up a majority of the state's population during much of the 19th century, dominate much of the southeast, central, and northern parts of the state, particularly those parishes along the Mississippi River valley. But in recent years, the percentage of whites in those areas has grown, as large numbers of white senior citizens have begun to relocate there because of the friendly atmosphere, mild winters, and beautiful scenery.

====Creole and Cajun Population====

[[Louisiana_Creole_people|Creole]]s and [[Cajun]]s of [[French Canadian]] and [[Acadian]] ancestry are dominant in much of the southern part of the state. While many people elsewhere in the United States use "creole" to refer to mixed-race peoples, Louisiana creoles also may be whites of French ancestry or people of predominantly African backgrounds. The creole population also includes people of [[Spanish people|Spanish]] ancestry, most notably [[Isleños]] of [[Canary Islands|Canary Islander]] ancestry, who live along the southern Gulf coast.

====Other Europeans====

New Orleans was one of the only large cities in the Southern United States in the nineteenth century, and it attracted a sizeable number of [[Irish American|Irish]], [[German American|German]], and [[Italian American|Italian]] immigrants. Before the Louisiana Purchase, some German families also settled in a rural area along the lower Mississippi valley, then known as the [[German Coast]], and assimilated into Cajun and Creole communities.

====Southern White Population====

Whites of [[Southern United States|Southern U.S.]] background predominate in northern Louisiana. These people are predominantly of [[English people|English]], [[Welsh people|Welsh]], and [[Scots Irish]] backgrounds, and share a common culture with the white Americans of neighboring states.

====Hispanics and Latinos====

New Orleans has long had close connections to [[Latin America]] and the [[Caribbean]]. Many immigrants and exiles arrived from [[Cuba]] and [[Honduras]], beginning in the nineteenth century. In more recent years, [[Mexican American|Mexican]] immigration has increased. After Hurricane Katrina, a large number of naturalized and undocumented [[Latino]] immigrants have become workers in the construction and service industries. The descendants of earlier Spanish-speaking arrivals, such as the [[Isleños]] and other Spanish creoles, may identify as white [[European Americans]] rather than as [[Hispanics]] or [[Latinos]].

====Asians====

Louisiana's Asian population includes the descendants of [[Chinese American|Chinese]] workers arrived in the nineteenth and early twentieth century, often from the Caribbean. In the 1970s and 1980s, a number of [[Vietnamese American|Vietnamese]] and other southeast Asian refugees came to the Gulf Coast to work in the fishing and shrimping industries.

An estimate made in 2006 shows that 50,209 Asians live in Louisiana.

==Economy==

The total [[gross state product]] in 2005 for Louisiana was US168 billion, placing it 24th in the nation. Its per capita personal income is US$30,952, ranking 41st in the United States.<ref>{{cite web | title = Katrina Effect: LA Tops Nation in Income Growth | publisher = 2theadvocate.com | date = 2007 | url = http://www.2theadvocate.com/news/6728801.html}}</ref>

The state's principal agricultural outputs include seafood (It is the biggest producer of [[crawfish]] in the world), cotton, soybeans, cattle, sugarcane, poultry and eggs, dairy products, and rice. Its industrial outputs include chemical products, [[petroleum]] and [[coal]] products, food processing, transportation equipment, paper products, and tourism.

Louisiana has 3 personal [[income tax]] brackets, ranging from 2% to 6%. The [[sales tax]] rate is 4%: a 3.97% Louisiana sales tax and a .03% Louisiana Tourism Promotion District sales tax. Political subdivisions also levy their own sales tax in addition to the state fees. The state also has a [[use tax]], which includes 4% to be distributed by the Department of Revenue to local governments. Property taxes are assessed and collected at the local level.

==Transportation==

''see'' [[List of numbered highways in Louisiana]]

==Law and government==

{{further|[[List of Louisiana Governors]], [[Louisiana Law]]}}

[[Image:Louisiana quarter, reverse side, 2002.jpg|left|150px|Louisiana State Quarter]]

In 1849, the state moved the capital from New Orleans to [[Baton Rouge]]. [[Donaldsonville, Louisiana|Donaldsonville]], [[Opelousas, Louisiana|Opelousas]], and [[Shreveport, Louisiana|Shreveport]] have briefly served as the seat of Louisiana state government.

The current Louisiana governor is [[Kathleen Babineaux Blanco]] ([[United States Democratic Party|Democrat]]), and its two U.S. senators are [[Mary Landrieu]] ([[United States Democratic Party|Democrat]]) and [[David Vitter]] ([[United States Republican Party|Republican]]). Louisiana has seven Members of the House of Representatives: five [[United States Republican Party|Republican]]s and two [[United States Democratic Party|Democrat]]s.

The Louisiana political and legal structure has held over several elements from the time of French governance. The first is the use of the term "[[civil parish|parish]]" in place of "[[county]]" for an administrative subdivision. The second is the legal system. Louisiana is the only American state whose legal system is based on [[civil law (legal system)|civil law]], which is based on French and Spanish codes and ultimately Roman law, as opposed to English [[common law]], which is based on precedent and custom. Louisiana thus follows the system of most non-Anglophone countries in the world. It is incorrect to equate the Louisiana Civil Code with the [[Napoleonic Code]]: although the Napoleonic Code strongly influenced Louisiana law, it was never in force in Louisiana, as it was enacted in 1804, after the [[Louisiana Purchase]] of 1803. While the Louisiana Civil Code of 1870 has been continuously revised and updated since its enactment, it is still considered the controlling authority in the state.

Great differences still exist between Louisianan civil law and the common law found in the other U.S. states. While some of these differences have been bridged due to the strong influence of common law in the United States,[http://www.kinsellalaw.com/publications/kinsella_civil-common-law-dictionary.pdf] it is important to note that the "civilian" tradition is still deeply rooted in most aspects of Louisiana private law. Thus property, contractual, business entities structure, much of civil procedure, and family law, as well as some aspects of criminal law, are still mostly based on traditional [[Roman law|Roman legal thinking]].

Louisiana is unique among U.S. states in its method for state, local, and congressional elections. All candidates, regardless of party affiliation, run in an [[Run-off primary election|open primary]] on Election Day. If no candidate has more than 50% of the vote, the two candidates with the highest vote total compete in a runoff election approximately one month later. This runoff does not take into account party identification; therefore, it is not uncommon for a Democrat to be in a runoff with a fellow Democrat or a Republican to be in a runoff with a fellow Republican. All other states use single-party primaries followed by a general election between party candidates, each conducted by either a [[plurality voting system]] or [[Two-round system|runoff voting]], to elect Senators, Representatives, and statewide officials.

Louisiana is one of only five states that elects its state officials in odd numbered years (The others are [[Kentucky]], [[Mississippi]], [[New Jersey]], and [[Virginia]]). Louisiana holds elections for these offices every 4 years in the years preceding Presidential election years. Thus, the last year when Louisiana elected a Governor was 2003; the next gubernatorial election will occur in 2007, with future gubernatorial elections to take place in 2011, 2015, 2019, etc.

Louisiana has a statewide police force, the [http://www.lsp.org Louisiana State Police]. It began in 1922 and its motto is "courtesy, loyalty, service." Its troopers have statewide jurisdiction with power to enforce all laws of the state, including city and parish ordinances. Each year, they patrol over 12 million miles (20 million km) of roadway and arrest about 10,000 impaired drivers. Troopers are also responsible for investigating the casino and gaming industry, all hazardous material incidents, anti-terrorism training and general criminal, narcotics and insurance fraud investigations.

Each parish in Louisiana has an elected sheriff, with the exception of Orleans Parish. It has two elected sheriffs - one criminal and one civil. The sheriffs are responsible for general law enforcement in their respective parish. Orleans Parish is also an exception to this rule, as here the general law enforcement duties fall to the New Orleans Police Department. The sheriff also controls and manages the parish jail and/or correctional facility. The sheriff is also the tax collector for each parish. In 2006 a bill was passed which will consolidate the two sheriffs' departments into one in 2010.

Most parishes are governed by a Police Jury. Eighteen of the sixty-four parishes are governed under an alternative form of government under a Home Rule Charter. They oversee the parish budget and operate the parish maintenance services. This includes parish road maintenance and other rural services.

''See also [[Louisiana State Police]], [http://www.lsa.org LA Sheriff's Association], [http://www.lpgov.org LA Parish Government]''

==Parishes, urban areas and villages==

''Further information:''

*[[List of cities, towns, and villages in Louisiana]]

*[[List of parishes of Louisiana]]

*[[Louisiana locations by per capita income]]

==Education==

''Further information:''

*[[List of school districts in Louisiana]]

*[[List of colleges and universities in Louisiana]]

*[[French immersion|French immersion in Louisiana]][http://www.frenchimmersionusa.org/]

==Sports teams==

As of [[2005]] Louisiana is nominally the least populous state with more than one [[major professional sports league]] franchise: the [[New Orleans Hornets]] and the [[National Football League]]'s [[New Orleans Saints]]. Louisiana also has a proportionally high number of collegiate [[NCAA]] Division I sports for its size; the state has no Division II teams and only one Division III team.<ref>[[List_of_college_athletic_programs_by_U.S._State|U.S. college athletics by state]]</ref>

''Further information''

* [[List of Louisiana sports teams]]

==Culture==

[[Image:CreoleFood.jpg|thumb|Dishes typical of [[Louisiana Creole cuisine]].]]

Louisiana is home to many distinct cultures, especially notable are the [[Louisiana Creole people]] and the French-speaking [[Cajun]].

The ancestors of [[Louisiana Creole people|Creoles]] came to Louisiana before the Louisiana Purchase (1803) from Western Europe [[France]], [[Germany]], [[Spain]], and from [[Senegal]] (West Africa) and settled along the major waterways in the State. The blending of these disparate lifestyles is called "Creole" and continued as the dominant cultural, social, economic and political lifestyle of Louisiana well into the 20th century when it would finally be overtaken by the Anglo-American mainstream.

The ancestors of the [[Cajun]]s are the [[Acadians]], a French-speaking people of what are now [[New Brunswick]] and [[Nova Scotia]], [[Canada]]. When the British won the [[French and Indian War]], the British forcibly separated families and evicted them because of their long-stated political neutrality. Most captured Acadians were placed in internment camps in England and the New England colonies for 10 to 30 years. Many of those who escaped the British remained in French Canada. Once freed by England, many scattered, some to France, Canada, Mexico, the Falkland Islands, with the majority finding final refuge in south Louisiana centered in the region around [[Lafayette, Louisiana|Lafayette]] and the LaFourche Bayou country. Until the 1970s, Cajuns were often considered lower class citizens with the term "Cajun" being derogatory. But, once flush with oil and gas riches, Cajun culture, food, music and their infectious "joie de vivre" lifestyle quickly gained international acclaim.

A third distinct culture in Louisiana is that of the ''[[Isleños]]'', who are descendants of [[Canary Islands|Canary Islanders]] who migrated to Louisiana under the Spanish crown beginning in the mid-1770s. They settled in what is modern-day [[St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana|St. Bernard Parish]], where the majority of the Isleno population is still concentrated today.

===Languages===

As of 2000, 91.2% of Louisiana residents age 5 and older speak [[English language|English]] at home and 4.8% speak [[French language|French]]. [[Spanish language|Spanish]] is spoken by 2.5% of the population, [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] is at 0.6% and [[German language|German]] is at 0.2%.

Among the states, Louisiana has a unique culture, owing to its [[French colonisation of the Americas|French colonial]] heritage. While the state has no declared "official language," its law recognizes both [[English language|English]] and [[French language|French]].

There are several unique dialects of both French and English spoken in Louisiana. First, there are two unique dialects of the French language: [[Cajun French]] and [[Louisiana Creole French]]. There are also two unique dialects of the English language: [[Cajun English]] (a French-influenced variety of English) and what is informally known as [[Yat (New Orleans)|Yat]] (which resembles the [[New York dialect|New York City dialect]], particularly that of Brooklyn).

Due to the increase in Spanish workers in the area since the hurricane an increase in Spanish has also been obvious in the cities.

===Religion===

Like the other Southern states, Louisiana is mostly Protestant; however, there is also a large native Catholic population in the state, particularly in the southern part of the state, which makes Louisiana unique among Southern states. The current religious affiliations of the people of Louisiana are shown in the table below:

*[[Christianity|Christian]] — 80%

**[[Protestantism|Protestant]] — 50%

***[[Baptist]] — 38%

***[[Methodism|Methodist]] — 4%

***[[Pentecostalism|Pentecostal]] — 2%

***Other Protestant &ndash; 16%

**[[Roman Catholicism in the United States|Roman Catholic]] — 30%

**Other Christian — 1%

*Other Religions — 10%

*Non-Religious — 10%

A number of cities in Louisiana are also home to [[Judaism|Jewish]] communities, notably Shreveport, Baton Rouge, and New Orleans.<ref>Isaacs, Ronald H. The Jewish Information Source Book: A Dictionary and Almanac. Jason Aronson, Inc., Northvale, NJ, 1993. p. 202.</ref> The most significant of these is the Jewish community of the New Orleans area, with a pre-Katrina population of about 12,000.

===Music===

See [[Music of Louisiana]]

==References==

===Footnotes===

<div class="references-small">

<references />

</div>

===Sources===

*Yiannopoulos, A.N., The Civil Codes of Louisiana (reprinted from Civil Law System: Louisiana and Comparative law, A Coursebook: Texts, Cases and Materials, 3d Edition; similar to version in preface to Louisiana Civil Code, ed. by Yiannopoulos)

*Rodolfo Batiza, The Louisiana Civil Code of 1808: Its Actual Sources and Present Relevance, 46 TUL. L. REV. 4 (1971); Rodolfo Batiza, Sources of the Civil Code of 1808, Facts and Speculation: A Rejoinder, 46 TUL. L. REV. 628 (1972); Robert A. Pascal, Sources of the Digest of 1808: A Reply to Professor Batiza, 46 TUL. L. REV. 603 (1972); Joseph M. Sweeney, Tournament of Scholars Over the Sources of the Civil Code of 1808,46 TUL. L. REV. 585 (1972).

*The standard history of the state, though only through the Civil War, is [[Charles Gayarré]]'s History of Louisiana (various editions, culminating in 1866, 4 vols., with a posthumous and further expanded edition in 1885).

*A number of travel relations by 17th and 18th century French explorers, among whom the following at least should be cited: [[Jean-Bernard Bossu]], [[François-Marie Perrin du Lac]], Pierre-François-Xavier de Charlevoix, Dumont (as published by Fr.&nbsp;Mascrier), Fr. [[Louis Hennepin]], Lahontan, [[Louis Narcisse Baudry des Lozières]], [[Jean-Baptiste Bénard de La Harpe]], and Laval. In this group, the explorer [[Antoine Simon Le Page du Pratz]] may be considered the first historian of Louisiana with his ''Histoire de la Louisiane'' (3&nbsp;vols., Paris, 1758; 2&nbsp;vols., London, 1763)

*[[François Xavier Martin]]'s ''History of Louisiana'' (2&nbsp;vols., New Orleans, 1827–1829, later ed. by J.&nbsp;F.&nbsp;Condon, continued to 1861, New Orleans, 1882) is the first scholarly treatment of the subject, along with [[François Barbé-Marbois]]' ''Histoire de la Louisiane et de la cession de colonie par la France aux Etats-Unis'' (Paris, 1829; in English, Philadelphia, 1830).

*[[Alcée Fortier]]'s ''A History of Louisiana'' (N.Y., 4&nbsp;vols., 1904) is the most recent of the large-scale scholarly histories of the state.

*The official works of [[Albert Phelps]] and [[Grace King]] should also be mentioned among the more important, as well as the publications of the [[Louisiana Historical Society]] and several works on [[history of New Orleans|the history of New Orleans (q.v.)]], among them those by [[Henry Rightor]] and [[John Kendall Smith]].

*http://www.hurricaneville.com/andrew.html

==See also==

*[[List of official symbols of Louisiana]]

* [[American Revolutionary War]]

*[[List of people from Louisiana]]

* [[Anti-Americanism]]

*[[List of festivals in Louisiana]]

* [[Franco-U.S. relations]]

* [[Francophobia]]

* [[Jacques-Donatien Le Ray]]

* [[Jingoism]]

* [[Lafayette Escadrille]]

* [[Liberal elite]]

* [[Louisiana Purchase]]

* [[Marquis de Lafayette]]

* [[Quasi-War]]

* [[Statue of Liberty]]

* [[War of 1812]]

* [[XYZ Affair]]

* [[Offensive terms per nationality]]

==Books & References==

* [[Richard Z. Chesnoff]], ''The Arrogance of the French : Why They Can't Stand Us--and Why the Feeling Is Mutual'', Sentinel, April, 2005 ISBN 1595230106

* [[Edward C.Knox]], The New York Times Looks at France, The French Review, N°6, Vol.75, May 2002

:*'' No other national or ethnic group appears to get the same continually negative treatment in print media reserved for France and the French, with the possible exception of Arabs or Palestinians, and even there, the treatment is not so much cultural as political, linked to a specific context or event. If one were to substitute, for example, "Mexican" or "Japanese" or "Indian" for "French", what would reader reaction be?". ''

* [[Martin A. Schain]] : "Transatlantic Tensions. From Conflicts of Interests to Conflict of Values?" Colloquium, CERI/GMF, 2 FEBRUARY 2-3, 2004 POLITICS, IMMIGRATION AND MULTICULTURALISM IN FRANCE AND THE UNITED STATES Department of Politics and Center for European Studies New York University [http://www.ceri-sciences-po.org/archive/march04/artms.pdf PDF document]

* [[Pierre-André Taguieff]] : The force of prejudice : on racism and its doubles ( Minneapolis, Minn. : University of Minnesota Press, ©2001. ISBN 0816623724 0816623732 )

==External links==

{{sisterlinks|Louisiana}}

*[http://www.louisiana.gov Official State of Louisiana website]

*[http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/22000.html U.S. Census Bureau]

*[http://www.usgs.gov/state/state.asp?State=LA USGS real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Louisiana]

*[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/America/United_States/Louisiana/home.html History of Louisiana]

*[http://www.terragalleria.com/america/south-east/louisiana Photos of Louisiana - Terra Galleria]

*[http://www.lavoted.com Louisiana Politics & News]

*[http://www.parishmapslouisiana.com Parish Maps Louisiana] Louisiana parish maps cities towns full color

*[http://www.ers.usda.gov/StateFacts/LA.htm Louisiana State Facts]

{{Louisiana}}

{{United States}}

{{Confederate2}}

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[[Category:1812 establishments]]

* See also [http://www.frontpagemag.com/articles/Printable.asp?ID=6085 a previous version])

[[Category:Confederate states (1861-1865)]]

* [http://www.exile.ru/2003-October-02/war_nerd.html "The French"] (an article explaining that French military history is in fact more glorious than that of many, if not all countries in the world)

[[Category:Louisiana|*]]

* [http://politicalhumor.about.com/library/jokes/bljokefrenchjokes2.htm Jokes from celebrities]

* [http://www.miquelon.org "Stop Bashing France Website"]

* [http://www.fuckfrance.com" F$%k France (Anti-french forum site)"]

* [http://www.nationalreview.com/goldberg/goldbergprint040601.html Jonah Goldberg column]

* [http://www.whitehouse.org/news/2003/022503.asp Satirical website on anti-French sentiment]

* [http://www.house.gov/tauzin/ Congressman Billy Tauzin's website]

* [http://nofrance.info/ A site dedicated to a world without france]

* [http://docteurjp.free.fr/laguerre.htm La vieille Europe et la puissante Amerique] - French language personal essay written by one "Jean Pierre Serres"

* [http://www.info-france-usa.org/fr/actu/revue/synh238.asp Synthese de la presse Americaine] - French language summary of American media coverage by the Embassy of France in the US, from 7 Mar to [[13 April]] [[2003]]

* [http://www.arabia.com/newsfeed/article/english/0,14183,353113,00.html Editorial- "The Truth Behind the French Opposition to America"]

* [http://www.jsonline.com/lifestyle/advice/mar03/126026.asp "With France this time, the jokes on us"] -D.L. Stewart column (humorist)

* [http://nationaljournal.com/about/njweekly/stories/2003/1107nj1.htm "The French Were Right"] (from the National Journal, American Congress, 7 Nov. 2003)

* [http://www.immigration.gov/graphics/pl107209.htm ''Public Law 107-209'' Conferring honorary citizenship of the United States posthumously on the Marquis de Lafayette] 08/06/02 Signed by President George W. Bush

* [http://www.brookings.edu/fp/cusf/analysis/terrorism.htm France, the United States and the "War on Terrorism"] (U.S.-France Analysis, [[1 January]] [[2002]])

* [http://www.metrospy.com/ Pro-war, pro-Bush, pro-boycott of French products site].

* [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2005/05/17/wfran17.xml&ssSheet=/news/2005/05/17/ixnewstop.html "Europe unites in hatred of French"] (from news.telegraph)

* [http://www.superfrenchie.com Superfrenchie.com] (a site from a Frenchman living in the USA, devoted to debunking many anti-French prejudices, as well as giving the French perspective of things)

* [http://www.understandfrance.org Understandfrance.org] (a site explaining cultural differences beetwen France and the US, many of which can result in misunderstandings and resentment)

* [http://www.rotten.com/library/culture/american-francophobia/ The Rotten Library's "American Francophobia" article.]

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