Eicosanoid and Wakefield, Massachusetts: Difference between pages

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{{Infobox City

In [[biochemistry]], '''eicosanoids''' are a class of [[oxygen]]ated [[hydrophobic]] [[molecule]]s that largely function as autocrine and [[paracrine]] mediators. Eicosanoids derive from 20-[[carbon]] polyunsaturated [[essential fatty acid]]s, most commonly [[arachidonic acid]] (AA) in humans.

|official_name = Wakefield, Massachusetts

|nickname =

|motto =

|image_skyline =

|image_caption =

|image_seal =

|image_flag =

|image_map = Wakefield_ma_highlight.png

|map_caption = Location in Massachusetts

|subdivision_type = Country

|subdivision_name = [[United States]]

|subdivision_type1 = State

|subdivision_name1 = [[Massachusetts]]

|subdivision_type2 = County

|subdivision_name2 = [[Middlesex County, Massachusetts|Middlesex County]]

|established_title = Settled

|established_date = 1639

|established_title2 = Incorporated

|established_date2 = 1812

|established_title3 =

|established_date3 =

|government_type = [[Open town meeting]]

|leader_title = <!--[[Town Administrator|Town<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Administrator]]-->

|leader_name =

|leader_title1 = <!--Board of <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Selectmen-->

|leader_name1 =

|area_total = 20.5

|TotalArea_sq_mi = 7.9

|area_land = 19.3

|LandArea_sq_mi = 7.5

|area_water = 1.1

|WaterArea_sq_mi = 0.4

|population_as_of = 2000

|settlement_type = [[New England town|Town]]

|population_total = 24804

|population_density = 1282.5

|population_density_mi2 = 3321.6

|elevation = 30

|elevation_ft = 100

|timezone = [[Eastern Standard Time Zone|Eastern]]

|utc_offset = -5

|timezone_DST = [[Eastern Standard Time Zone|Eastern]]

|utc_offset_DST = -4

|latd=42 |latm=30 |lats=23 |latNS=N

|longd=71 |longm=04 |longs=24 |longEW=W

|website = http://www.wakefield.ma.us/

|postal_code_type = ZIP code

|postal_code = 01880

|area_code = [[Area code 339|339]] / [[Area code 781|781]]

|footnotes =

}}

'''Wakefield''' is a town in [[Middlesex County, Massachusetts|Middlesex County]], [[Massachusetts]], [[United States]] located ten miles northeast of [[Boston]]. The population was 24,804 at the 2000 census.

==NomenclatureHistory==

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The prefix ''eicosa-'' (from the [[Greek language|Greek]] for twenty; ''see [[Eicosahedron]]'') denotes the number of [[carbon]] atoms in arachidonic acid. The term "eicosanoids" is used as a collective name for molecules derived from 20-carbon fatty acids. (Cyberlipid Center, Prostanoids)&nbsp; We will follow current usage, which limits this to the [[leukotriene]]s and [[prostanoid]]s. However, several other classes are technically eicosanoid, including the [[resolvins]], [[isofuran]]s, [[isoprostane]]s, [[lipoxin]]s and some [[Cannabinoid#endogenous cannabinoids|endocannabinoids]].

Wakefield was first settled in [[1639]] and was officially incorporated in [[1812]]. Wakefield is made up of various parts including Greenwood, Montrose, and Westside. Originally part of Reading, it was set off as a separate community and originally known as South Reading until Cyrus Wakefield donated land for the construction of Town Hall and a grateful population renamed their community in his honor.

One of the oldest and largest manufacturers of flying [[model airplane]] toys in the world, [[Paul K. Guillow, Inc.]] is located in Wakefield. The company is particularly notable for it's extensive line of [[balsa wood]] model airplane kits.

The numbering of eicosanoids is used to denote the number of double bonds. The AA-derived prostanoids have two, while the leukotrienes have four.

Wakefield gained media attention on December 26, 2000, when [[Wakefield Massacre|Michael McDermott]], an employee at Edgewater Technology, fatally shot seven of his co-workers.

==Synthesis==

[[Image:eicosanoid_synthesis.png|right|Biosynthesis of eicosanoids]]

==Geography==

The first step of eicosanoid biosynthesis is the release from [[phospholipid]]s (by [[phospholipase]] A₂) or [[diacylglycerol]] (by phospholipase C) of a 20-carbon [[essential fatty acid]] (EFA) containing three, four, or five [[double bond]]s, (the &omega;-6 [[Gamma-linolenic acid|GLA]], &omega;-6 AA or &omega;-3 [[eicosapentaenoic acid|EPA]], respectively). Most human eicosanoids derive from AA. This EFA has two possible eicosanoid fates:

Wakefield is located at {{coor dms|42|30|4|N|71|4|16|W|city}} (42.501345, -71.071324){{GR|1}}

* [[Lipoxygenases|5-lipoxygenase]] pathway:

** [[Leukotriene]]s

* [[Cyclooxygenase]] pathway ("prostanoids"):

** [[Prostaglandin]]s

** [[Prostacyclin]]

** [[Thromboxane]]s

[[Reading, Massachusetts]] (West), [[Melrose, Massachusetts]] (South), [[Stoneham, Massachusetts]] (Southwest), [[Lynnfield, Massachusetts]] (North), and [[Saugus, Massachusetts]] (East) border Wakefield.

=== Leukotrienes ===

5-lipoxygenase uses the nuclear-membrane protein [[cofactor (biochemistry)|cofactor]] 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein (FLAP) to sequentially convert arachidonic acid, first into 5-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HPETE), and then 5-HPETE into leukotriene A4 (LTA4). LTA4 may be converted into LTB4 by the enzyme leukotriene A4 epoxide hydrolase. [[Eosinophil]]s, [[mast cell]]s, and [[alveoli|alveolar]] [[macrophage]]s use the enzyme leukotriene C4 synthase to conjugate [[glutathione]] with LTA4 to make leukotriene C4 (LTC4). LTC4 is transported out of the cell, where a [[glutamic acid]] [[moiety]] is removed from it to make leukotriene D4 (LTD4). LTD4 is cleaved by dipeptidases to make leukotriene E4 (LTE4).

According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the town has a total area of 20.5 [[km²]] (7.9 [[square mile|mi²]]). 19.3 km² (7.5 mi²) of it is land and 1.1 km² (0.4 mi²) of it (5.56%) is water.

LTC4, LTD4 and LTE4 all contain [[cysteine]] and are collectively known as the cysteinyl leukotrienes.

Wakefield has two lakes: Crystal Lake and [[Lake Quannapowitt]]. Crystal Lake is used as a reservoir for some of the town's drinking water. Lake Quannapowitt is used for a wide variety of recreational activities, including boating, windsurfing and fishing.

===Prostanoids===

All prostanoids originate from prostaglandin H (PGH, as PGH₁, PGH₂, or PGH₃), which is converted by different [[enzyme]]s into the various compounds. The enzyme PGH2-synthase is in fact a combination of a [[peroxidase]] and a [[cyclooxygenase]] (''Cox-1'' or ''Cox-2''). The ''Cox'' enzymes are the molecular target of the [[NSAID]]s, such as [[aspirin]] (see below).

In 1847, Lake Quannapowitt was named for the Indian, James Quannapowitt, one of the signers of the old Indian Deed of 1686. The earliest settlers referred to the lake simply as the "Greate Pond" or "Reading Pond."

PGH is converted:

* By PGE synthetase into PGE (which in turn is converted into PGF)

* By PGD synthetase into PGD

* By Prostacyclin synthase into [[prostacyclin]] (PGI2)

* By Thromboxane synthase into [[thromboxane]]s

Long regarded as "Wakefield's greatest natural resource," [[Lake Quannapowitt]] covers an area of 247 acres. Its outlet is the [[Saugus River]] to the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. Wakefield Common sits to the south of the lake, and is the site of many recreational activities and events throughout the year.

==Receptors==

There are specific receptors for all eicosanoids (see also specific articles):

* Leukotrienes:

** CysLT1 (Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor type 1)

** CysLT2 (Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor type 2)

** BLT1 (Leukotriene B4 receptor)

* Prostanoids:

** PGD₂: DP-(PGD₂)

** PGE₂:

*** EP₁-(PGE₂)

*** EP₂-(PGE₂)

*** EP₃-(PGE₂)

*** EP₄-(PGE₂)

** PGF_2&alpha;: FP-(PGF_2&alpha;)

** PGI₂ (prostacyclin): IP-(PGI₂)

** TXA₂ (thromboxane): TP-(TXA₂)

In 1991, a group of local citizens formed "The Friends of Lake Quannapowitt" to advocate for the lake and to educate the public about this natural resource. The group has also raises money for projects that benefit the lake and the surrounding areas.

==Function and pharmacology==

===Leukotrienes===

Leukotrienes play an important role in [[inflammation]], especially as part of the Slow Reacting Substance of Anaphylaxis, and blocking leukotriene receptors can play a role in the management of inflammatory diseases such as [[asthma]] ([[montelukast]], [[zafirlukast]]), psoriasis, and rheumatoid arthritis.

===Prostanoids=Demographics==

As of the [[census]]{{GR|2}} of 2000, there were 24,804 people, 9,747 households, and 6,608 families residing in the town. The [[population density]] was 1,282.0/km² (3,321.6/mi²). There were 9,937 housing units at an average density of 513.6/km² (1,330.7/mi²). The racial makeup of the town was 96.94% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 0.45% [[African American (U.S. Census)|Black]] or [[Race (United States Census)|African American]], 0.08% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 1.43% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.01% [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 0.20% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 0.90% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 0.82% of the population.

{{mainarticle|Prostaglandin}}

There were 9,747 households out of which 30.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.1% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 9.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.2% were non-families. 26.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.52 and the average family size was 3.09.

Prostanoids mediate local symptoms of [[inflammation]]: [[vasoconstriction]] or [[vasodilation]], [[coagulation]], [[pain]] and [[fever]]. Inhibition of [[cyclooxygenase]], specifically the inducible COX II isoform, is the hallmark of [[NSAID]]s (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), such as [[aspirin]]. COX II is responsible for pain and inflammation, while COX I is responsible for platelet clotting actions.

In the town the population was spread out with 22.6% under the age of 18, 5.8% from 18 to 24, 32.7% from 25 to 44, 23.8% from 45 to 64, and 15.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females there were 90.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.8 males.

==References==

* [http://web.indstate.edu/thcme/mwking/lipid-synthesis.html#eicosanoids Dr M.W. King's biochemistry page]

* {{Web reference|author=Cyberlipid Center| title=Prostanoids|url= http://www.cyberlipid.org/prost1/pros0001.htm#9 | date=February 11| year=2006}}

The median income for a household in the town was $66,117, and the median income for a family was $77,834. Males had a median income of $51,591 versus $39,327 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the town was $30,369. About 1.7% of families and 3.1% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 1.7% of those under age 18 and 4.6% of those age 65 or over.

[[Category:Lipids]]

[[Category:Eicosanoids|*]]

==Government==

[[fr:Eïcosanoïde]]

{{sect-stub}}

[[pl:Eikozanoidy]]

==Education==

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Contains three High Schools: [[Wakefield High School]], Northeast Vocational, Our Lady of Nazareth

In 1997, the boys' and girls' basketball teams from Wakefield High School won Division II state championships on the same night.

==Transportation==

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==Media==

* The town is covered by two daily newspapers, the locally owned ''[[The Wakefield Daily Item|Daily Item]]'' and an edition of the ''[[Daily Times Chronicle]]''; and by one weekly newspaper, the [[Wakefield Observer]].

==Points of interest==

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[[Lake Quannapowitt]] is popular amongst the old and the young in terms of running/walking around the 3 mile body of water.

==Annual events==

* Town Day

* [[Independence Day]] Parade

* Homecoming Celebration in [[Autumn]]

* Concerts on the Common ([[Summer]])

==Notable residents==

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==References==

<references />

==External links==

{{Massachusetts}}

[[Category:Towns in Massachusetts]]

[[Category:Middlesex County, Massachusetts]]

[[Category:Puritanism|Watertown, Massachusetts]]

[[fr:Wakefield (Massachusetts)]]

[[lmo:Wakefield, Massachusetts]]