Fixed-pattern noise: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 22:05, 27 February 2011

Latest revision as of 19:44, 17 January 2025

(41 intermediate revisions by 36 users not shown)

Line 1:

{{Short description|Noise pattern on digital imaging sensors}}

::''{{For |fixed -pattern noise in video projectors see [[|Screen -door effect]].''}}

'''Fixed -pattern noise''' ('''FPN''') is the term given to a particular noise pattern on [[digital imaging]] sensors often noticeable during longer exposure shots where particular pixels are susceptible to giving brighter intensities above the generalaverage background noiseintensity.

==Overview==

Fixed pattern noise (FPN) is a general term that identifies a temporally constant lateral non-uniformity (forming a constant pattern) in an imaging system with multiple detector or picture elements ([[pixels]]). It is characterised by the same pattern of 'hot'variation (brighter)in and cold (darker) pixelspixel-brightness occurring within images taken under the same illumination conditions in an imaging array. This problem arises from small differences in the individual responsitivity of the [[sensor array]] (including any local postamplification stages) that might be caused by variations in the pixel size, material or interference with the local circuitry. It might be affected by changes in the environment like different temperatures, exposure times, etc.

The term "fixed pattern noise" usually refers to two parameters.<ref>Electronic Shuttering for High Speed CMOS Machine Vision Applications http://www.automaatioseura.fi/jaostot/mvn/mvn2007/parameter.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091015053924/http://www.automaatioseura.fi/jaostot/mvn/mvn2007/parameter.html |date=2009-10-15 }}</ref> One is the '''DSNU''' ([[dark signal non-uniformity]] (DSNU), which is the '''offset''' from the average across the imaging array at a particular setting (temperature, integration time) but no external illumination and the '''PRNU''' ([[photo response non-uniformity]] (PRNU), which describes the '''gain''' or ratio between optical power on a pixel versus the electrical signal output. The latter canis beoften describedsimplified as thea localsingle value measured at e.g. 50% saturation level, pixelimplying dependenta linear approximation of the not perfectly linear '''[[photo response non-linearity]]''' (PRNL).<ref>{{cite web|title=Standard for Measurement and isPresentation oftenof simplifiedSpecifications for Machine Vision Sensors and Cameras|url=http://www.emva.org/wp-content/uploads/EMVA1288-3.0.pdf|website=emva.org|publisher=European machine vision association}}</ref> Often PRNU as adefined singleabove valueis measuredsubdivided atin almostpure saturation"(offset) levelFPN" towhich permitis athe linearpart approximationnot ofdependent on temperature and integration time, and the non-linearintegration pixeltime responseand temperature dependent "DSNU".

Sometimes pixel noise<ref>Commercial Sensor Survey Radiation Testing Progress Report http://trs-new.jpl.nasa.gov/dspace/bitstream/2014/40825/1/08-22.pdf</ref> as the average deviation from the array average under different illumination and temperature conditions is specified. Pixel noise therefore gives a number (commonly expressed in [[rms]] that identifies FPN in all permitted imaging conditions, which might strongly deteriorate if additional electrical gain (and noise) is included.

Sometimes pixel noise<ref>Commercial Sensor Survey Radiation Testing Progress Report http://trs-new.jpl.nasa.gov/dspace/bitstream/2014/40825/1/08-22.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414034557/http://trs-new.jpl.nasa.gov/dspace/bitstream/2014/40825/1/08-22.pdf |date=2009-04-14 }}</ref> as the average deviation from the array average under different illumination and temperature conditions is specified. Pixel noise therefore gives a number (commonly expressed in [[root mean square|rms]]) that identifies FPN in all permitted imaging conditions, which might strongly deteriorate if additional electrical gain (and noise) is included. Recent uses for PRNU include measures to fighting motion picture piracy.

In practice, a long exposure (integration time) emphasizes the inherent differences in pixel response so they may become a visible defect, degrading the image. Although FPN does not change appreciably across a series of captures, it may vary with integration time, imager temperature, imager gain and incident illumination, it is not expressed in a random (uncorrelated or changing) spatial distribution, occurring only at certain, fixed pixel locations.

In practice, a long exposure (integration time) emphasizes the inherent differences in pixel response so they may become a visible defect, degrading the image. Although FPN does not change appreciably across a series of captures, it may vary with integration time, imager temperature, imager gain and incident illumination,. itIt is not expressed in a random (uncorrelated or changing) spatial distribution, occurring only at certain, fixed pixel locations.

== Suppression of FPN ==

FPN is commonly suppressed by [[flat-field correction]] (FFC) that uses DSNU and PRNU to linearly interpolate and reduce the local photo response (non-uniform PRNL) to the array average. Hence, two exposures with an equal illumination across the array are necessary (one without light and one close to saturation) to obtain the values. Note that this correction usually is very sensitive to modifications of the system parameters (i.e., exposure time, temperature). The main challenge is to generate a flat -field illumination for short time exposures and wavelengths, to avoid [[speckle noise|speckle]] (in monochromatic light conditions) and statistical fluctuations of the light stream that become most obvious at short integration times.

Many patents and proposalsmethods exist to reduce or eliminate fixed -pattern noise in digital imagers.{{citation Butneeded|date=July it2013}} isSpecific stillfor toughthe tosuppression reduceof "offset FPN" as defined above, on-chip techniques for suppression exist, such as [[correlated double sampling]].

One of the few engineering definitions for PRNU or "photoresponse nonuniformity" is in the [http://www.photonics.com/Directory/Dictionary/Definition.aspx?type=2&DictionaryID=6181 photonics dictionary]. And it is for CCD only.

== See also ==

Line 22 ⟶ 23:

{{Reflist}}

'''Notes'''

== External links ==

*{{cite journal |author=V. Van Nieuwenhove |author2=J. De Beenhouwer |author3=F. De Carlo |author4=L. Mancini |author5=F. Marone |author6=J. Sijbers | doi = 10.1364/OE.23.027975 | pmid = 26480456 | title = Dynamic intensity normalization using eigen flat fields in X-ray imaging | journal = Optics Express | volume = 23 | issue = 21 | date = 2015 | pages = 27975–27989| bibcode = 2015OExpr..2327975V | url = https://www.dora.lib4ri.ch/psi/islandora/object/psi%3A7681 | hdl = 10067/1302930151162165141 | hdl-access = free }}

* [http://meroli.web.cern.ch/meroli/Lecture_Particle_Detector_Noise.html Fixe.pattern noise for Pixel Sensors]

* [http://scien.stanford.edu/pages/labsite/2005/psych221/projects/05/joanmoh/prnu.html]

* [http://www.pixelink.com/support/oem/cameras/common/image_quality_specifications/how_to_interpret_camera_parameters.htm]

== External links ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140512213226/http://scien.stanford.edu/pages/labsite/2005/psych221/projects/05/joanmoh/prnu.html PRNU (Photo Response Non-Uniformity)]

[[Category:Digital photography]]

[[Category:Noise (graphics)]]

[[Category:Image noise reduction techniques]]