Preference ranking organization method for enrichment evaluation: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Promethee & Gaia, tools for management}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2012}}{{copy edit|date=August 2012}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}

The '''preference ranking organization method for enrichment of evaluations''' and its descriptive complement '''geometrical analysis for interactive aid''' are better known as the '''Promethee & Gaia'''<ref name="Figueria">{{Cite book|title=Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis: State of the Art Surveys|author=J. Figueira, S. Greco, and M. Ehrgott|year=2005|publisher=Springer Verlag }}</ref> methods.

{{multiple issues|

{{COI|date=June 2014}}

{{notability|date=June 2014}}

{{technical|date=June 2014}}

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The '''preferencePreference rankingRanking organizationOrganization methodMETHod for enrichmentEnrichment of evaluationsEvaluations''' and its descriptive complement '''geometrical analysis for interactive aid''' are better known as the '''Promethee &and Gaia'''<ref name="Figueria">{{Cite book|title=Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis: State of the Art Surveys|authorauthor1=J. Figueira, |author2=S. Greco, and |author3=M. Ehrgott |name-list-style=amp |year=2005|publisher=Springer Verlag }}</ref> methods.

Based on mathematics and sociology, the PROMETHEEPromethee &and GAIAGaia method was developed at the beginning of the 1980s and has been extensively studied and refined since then.

It has particular application in decision making, and is used around the world in a wide variety of decision scenarios, in fields such as business, governmental institutions, transportation, healthcare and education.

Rather than pointing out out a "right" decision, the PROMETHEEPromethee &and GAIAGaia method helps decision makers find the alternative that best suits their goal and their understanding of the problem. It provides a comprehensive and rational framework for structuring a decision problem, for identifying and quantifying its conflicts and synergies, clusters of actions, and highlight the main alternatives and the structured reasoning behind.

== History==

The basic elements of the PROMETHEEPromethee method have been first introduced by Professor Jean-Pierre Brans (CSOO, VUB Vrije Universiteit Brussel) in 1982.<ref name="Brans">{{Cite news|author=J.P. Brans|title=L’ingénierieL'ingénierie de la décision: élaboration d’instrumentsd'instruments d’aided'aide à la décision. La méthode PROMETHEE.|year=1982|publisher=Presses de l’Université Laval}}</ref> It was later developed and implemented by Professor Jean-Pierre Brans and Professor Bertrand Mareschal (Solvay Brussels School of Economics and Management, ULB Université Libre de Bruxelles), including extensions such as GAIA.

The descriptive approach, named GAIAGaia,<ref name="Gaia">{{Cite news|title=Geometrical representations for MCDA. the GAIA module|authorauthor1=B. Mareschal, |author2=J.P. Brans |year=1988|publisher=European Journal of Operational Research}}</ref> allows the decision maker to visualize the main features of a decision problem: he/she is able to easily identify conflicts or synergies between criteria, to identify clusters of actions and to highlight remarkable performances.

The prescriptive approach, named PROMETHEEPromethee,<ref name="Promethee">{{Cite news|title=A preference ranking organisation method: The PROMETHEE method for MCDM|authorauthor1=J.P. Brans and |author2=P. Vincke |name-list-style=amp |publisher=Management Science|year=1985}}</ref> provides the decision maker with both complete and partial rankings of the actions.

PROMETHEEPromethee has successfully been used in many decision making contexts worldwide. A non-exhaustive list of scientific publications about extensions, applications and discussions related to the PROMETHEEPromethee methods<ref name="applications">{{Cite news|authorauthor1=M. Behzadian, |author2=R.B. Kazemzadeh, |author3=A. Albadvi and |author4=M. Aghdasi |title=PROMETHEE: A comprehensive literature review on methodologies and applications|year=2010|publisher=European Journal of Operational Research}}</ref> haswas recentlypublished beenin published2010.

== Uses and applications ==

While it can be used by individuals working on straightforward decisions, the PROMETHEEPromethee & GAIAGaia is most useful where groups of people are working on complex problems, especially those with several multi-criteria, involving a lot of human perceptions and judgments, whose decisions have long-term impact. It has unique advantages when important elements of the decision are difficult to quantify or compare, or where collaboration among departments or team members are constrained by their different specializations or perspectives.

Decision situations to which the PROMETHEE & GAIA can be applied include:

<ul>

<li>[[Choice]] – The selection of one alternative from a given set of alternatives, usually where there are multiple decision criteria involved.</li>

<li>[[Prioritization]] – Determining the relative merit of members of a set of alternatives, as opposed to selecting a single one or merely ranking them.</li>

<li>[[Resource allocation]] – Allocating resources among a set of alternatives</li>

<li>[[Ranking]] – Putting a set of alternatives in order from most to least preferred</li>

<li>[[Conflict resolution]] – Settling disputes between parties with apparently incompatible objectives</li>

</ul>

Decision situations to which the PROMETHEEPromethee &and GAIAGaia can be applied include:

<li>* [[Choice]] – The selection of one alternative from a given set of alternatives, usually where there are multiple decision criteria involved.</li>

<li>[[* Prioritization]] – Determining the relative merit of members of a set of alternatives, as opposed to selecting a single one or merely ranking them.</li>

<li>* [[Resource allocation]] – Allocating resources among a set of alternatives</li>

<li>* [[Ranking]] – Putting a set of alternatives in order from most to least preferred</li>

<li>* [[Conflict resolution]] – Settling disputes between parties with apparently incompatible objectives</li>

<br>

The applications of PROMETHEEPromethee &and GAIAGaia to complex multi-criteria decision scenarios have numbered in the thousands, and have produced extensive results in problems involving planning, resource allocation, priority setting, and selection among alternatives. Other areas have included forecasting, talent selection, and tender analysis.

<br>

Some uses of PROMETHEEPromethee &and GAIAGaia have becomedbecome case-studies. Recently these have included:

* Deciding which resources are the best with the available budget to meet SPS quality standards (STDF – [[WTO]]) [See more in External Links]

<ul>

<li>Deciding* whichSelecting resourcesnew areroute thefor besttrain with the available budget to meet SPS quality standardsperformance (STDF – [[WTO]]Italferr) [See more in External Links]</li>

<li>Selecting new route for train performance ([[Italferr]])[See more in External Links]</li>

</ul>

== The mathematical model ==

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The basic data related to such a problem can be written in a table containing <math>n\times q</math> evaluations. Each line corresponds to an action and each column corresponds to a criterion.

: <math>

\begin{array}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|} \hline

& f_{1}(.\cdot) & f_{2}(.\cdot) & ...\cdots & f_{j}(.\cdot) & ...\cdots & f_{q}(.\cdot) \\ \hline

a_{1} & f_{1}(_aa_{1}) & f_{2}(a_{1}) & ...\cdots & f_{j}(a_{1}) & ...\cdots & f_{q}(a_{1}) \\

\hline

a_{2} & f_{1}(a_{2}) & f_{2}(a_{2}) & ...\cdots & f_{j}(a_{2}) & ...\cdots & f_{q}(a_{2}) \\ \hline

...\cdots & ...\cdots &...\cdots & ...\cdots & ...\cdots & ...\cdots & ...\cdots \\ \hline

a_{i} & f_{1}(a_{i}) & f_{2}(a_{i}) & ...\cdots & f_{j}(a_{i}) & ...\cdots & f_{q}(a_{i}) \\ \hline

...\cdots & ...\cdots & ...\cdots & ...\cdots& ...\cdots & ...\cdots & ...\cdots \\ \hline

a_{n} & f_{1}(a_{n}) & f_{2}(a_{n}) & ...\cdots & f_{j}(a_{in}) & ...\cdots&

f_{q}(a_{n})

\\ \hline

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<math>d_k(a_i,a_j)</math> is the difference between the evaluations of two actions for criterion <math>f_k</math>. Of course, these differences depend on the measurement scales used and are not always easy to compare for the decision maker.

=== Preference Degreedegree ===

As a consequence the notion of preference function is introduced to translate the difference into a unicriterion preference degree as follows:

:<math>\pi_k(a_i,a_j)=P_k[d_k(a_i,a_j)]</math>

where <math>P_k:\R\rightarrow[0,1]</math> is a positive non-decreasing preference function such that <math>P_jP_k(0)=0</math>. Six different types of preference function are proposed in the original PROMETHEEPromethee definition. Among them, the linear unicriterion preference function is often used in practice for quantitative criteria:

:<math>P_k(x) \begin{cases} 0, & \text{if } x\le q_k \\ \frac{x-q_k}{p_k-q_k}, & \text{if } q_k<x\le p_k \\ 1, & \text{if } x>p_k \end{cases}</math>

where <math>q_j</math> and <math>p_j</math> are respectively the indifference and preference thresholds. The meaning of these parameters is the following: when the difference is smaller than the indifference threshold it is considered as negligible by the decision maker. Therefore, the corresponding unicriterion preference degree is equal to zero. If the difference exceeds the preference threshold it is considered to be significant. Therefore, the unicriterion preference degree is equal to one (the maximum value). When the difference is between the two thresholds, an intermediate value is computed for the preference degree using a linear interpolation.

=== Multicriteria preference degree ===

When a preference function has been associated to each criterion by the decision maker, all comparisons between all pairs of actions can be done for all the criteria. A multicriteria preference degree is then computed to globally compare every couple of actions:

:<math>\pi(a,b)=\displaystyle\sum_{k=1}^qP_{k}(a,b).\cdot w_{k}</math>

Where <math>w_k</math> represents the weight of criterion <math>f_k</math>. It is assumed that <math>w_k\ge 0</math> and <math>\sum_{k=1}^q w_{k}=1</math>. As a direct consequence, we have:

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=== Multicriteria preference flows ===

In order to position every action a with respect to all the other actions, two scores are computed:

:<math>\phi^{+}(a)=\frac{1}{n-1}\displaystyle\sum_{x \in A}\pi(a,x)</math>

:<math>\phi^{-}(a)=\frac{1}{n-1}\displaystyle\sum_{x \in A}\pi(x,a)</math>

The positive preference flow <math>\phi^{+}(a_i)</math> quantifies how a given action <math>a_i</math> is globally preferred to all the other actions while the negative preference flow <math>\phi^{-}(a_i)</math> quantifies how a given action <math>a_i</math> is being globally preferred by all the other actions. An ideal action would have a positive preference flow equal to 1 and a negative preference flow equal to 0. The two preference flows induce two generally different complete rankings on the set of actions. The first one is obtained by ranking the actions according to the decreasing values of their positive flow scores. The second one is obtained by ranking the actions according to the increasing values of their negative flow scores. The Promethee I partial ranking is defined as the intersection of these two rankings. As a consequence, an action <math>a_i</math> will be as good as another action <math>a_j</math> if <math> \phi^{-+}(a_i) \ge \phi^{-+}(a_j)</math> and <math>\phi^{-}(a_i)\le \phi^{-}(a_j)</math>

The positive and negative preference flows are aggregated into the net preference flow:

:<math>\phi(a)=\phi^{+}(a)-\phi^{-}(a)</math>

Direct consequences of the previous formula are:

:<math>\phi(a_i) \in [-1;1]</math>

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:<math>\phi(a_i)=\displaystyle\sum_{k=1}^q\phi_{k}(a_i).w_{k}</math>

Where:

where:

:<math>\phi_{k}(a_i)=\frac{1}{n-1}\displaystyle\sum_{a_j

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A}\{P_{k}(a_i,a_j)-P_{k}(a_j,a_i)\}</math>.

The unicriterion net flow, denoted <math>\phi_{k}(a_i)\in[-1;1]</math>, has the same interpretation as the multicriteria net flow <math>\phi(a_i)</math> but is limited to one single criterion. Any action <math>a_i</math> can be characterized by a vector <math>\vec \phi(a_i) =[\phi_1(a_i),...\ldots,\phi_k(a_i),\phi_q(a_i)]</math> in a <math>q</math> dimensional space. The GAIA plane is the principal plane obtained by applying a principal components analysis to the set of actions in this space.

=== PROMETHEEPromethee preference functions ===

*Usual

::<math>\begin{array}{cc} P_{j}P_j(d_{j}d_j)=\left\{

\begin{array}{lllcases}

0 & \text{if } & d_{j}d_j\leq 0 \\[4pt]

1 & \endtext{arrayif } d_j>0

\\

1 & \textend{ifcases} & d_{j}>0\\

</ulmath>

\end{array}

\right.

\end{array}</math>

*U-Shapeshape

::<math>\begin{array}{cc} P_{j}(d_{j})=\left\{

\begin{array}{lll}

0 & \text{if} & |d_{j}| \leq q_{j} \\

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\end{array}</math>

*V-Shapeshape

::<math>\begin{array}{cc} P_{j}(d_{j})=\left\{

\begin{array}{lll}

\frac{|d_{j}|}{p_{j}} & \text{if} & |d_{j}| \leq p_{j} \\

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*Level

::<math>\begin{array}{cc} P_{j}(d_{j})=\left\{

\begin{array}{lll}

0 & \text{if} & |d_{j}| \leq q_{j} \\

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*Linear

::<math>\begin{array}{cc} P_{j}(d_{j})=\left\{

\begin{array}{lll}

0 & \text{if} & |d_{j}| \leq q_{j} \\

Line 189 ⟶ 188:

*Gaussian

::<math>P_{j}(d_{j})=1-e^{-\frac{d_{j}^{2}}{2s_{j}^{2}}}</math>

== PROMETHEEPromethee rankings ==

===Promethee I===

PROMETHEEPromethee I is a partial ranking of the actions. It is based on the positive and negative flows. It includes preferences, indifferences and incomparabilities (partial preorder).

===Promethee II===

PROMETHEEPromethee II is a complete ranking of the actions. It is based on the multicriteria net flow. It includes preferences and indifferences (preorder).

==See also==

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* [[D-Sight]]

* [[Multi-criteria decision analysis]]

* [[PairwiseOrdinal comparisonPriority Approach]]

* [[Pairwise comparison (psychology)|Pairwise comparison]]

* [[Preference]]

==References==

{{Reflist|2reflist}}

==External links==

* [http://www.standardsfacility.org/en/TAEcoAnalysis.htm STDF Case Study]

* [http://www.d-sight.com/sites/default/files/documents/news/d-sight_case_study_italferr.pdf Italferr Case Study]

* [http://aca.d-sight.com/ D-Sight for Academics: Collaborative Decision-Making (CDM) Software For Academics based on PROMETHEE]

* [http://www.d-sight.com D-Sight: PROMETHEE based software]

* [http://www.amia-systems.com AMIA Systems: Visualize, Quantify and Optimize your flows]

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120313062918/http://code.ulb.ac.be/promethee-gaia/ CoDE: PROMETHEE & GAIA Literature]

* [http://www.promethee-gaia.net PROMETHEE & GAIA web site]

* [http://www.smart-picker.com Smart-Picker Pro implementing PROMETHEE and FLOWSORT]

* [http://en.promethee-gaia.net/assets/vpmanual.pdf User manual for Visual PROMETHEE, a guide to all PROMETHEE methods]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Promethee}}

[[Category:Decision theoryanalysis]]

[[Category:Operations research]]