Codex Zacynthius: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Greek New Testament codex, dated to the 6th century}}

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{{New Testament manuscript infobox

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'''Codex Zacynthius''' (designated by [[siglum]] '''Ξ''' or '''040''' in the [[Biblical manuscript#Gregory-Aland|Gregory-Aland]] numbering; A¹ in [[Biblical manuscript#Von Soden|von Soden]])<ref name = Gregory1908>{{Cite book | last=Gregory | first=Caspar René | author-link=Caspar René Gregory | title=Die griechischen Handschriften des Neuen Testament |url=https://archive.org/stream/diegriechischen00greggoog# page/n47/mode/2up=36 | year=1908 | publisher=J. C. Hinrichs'sche Buchhandlung| ___location=Leipzig |pages url=36https://archive.org/stream/diegriechischen00greggoog#page/n47/mode/2up }}</ref> is a [[Koine Greek|Greek]] New Testament [[codex]], dated [[Palaeography|paleographically]] to the 6th century.<ref name="Aland">{{Cite book | last1=Aland | first1=Kurt | author-link=Kurt Aland | last2=Aland | first2=Barbara | author-link2=Barbara Aland | others=Erroll F. Rhodes (trans.) | title=The Text of the New Testament: An Introduction to the Critical Editions and to the Theory and Practice of Modern Textual Criticism | publisher=[[William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company]] | year=1995 | ___location=Grand Rapids | page=118 | url=https://archive.org/details/textnewtestament00kurt | url-access=limited | isbn=978-0-8028-4098-1 }}</ref> First thought to have been written in the 8th century,<ref>{{Cite book | last=Gregory | first=Caspar René | author-link=Caspar René Gregory | title=Canon and Text of the New Testament | page=361 | year=1907 | publisher=[[T & T Clark]] | ___location=Edinburgh | url=https://archive.org/stream/canonandtextnew00greguoft#page/n377/mode/2up }}</ref> it is a [[palimpsest]]—the original (lower) text was washed off its [[vellum]] pages and overwritten in the 12th or 13th century. The upper text of the palimpsest contains weekday Gospel lessons (''ℓ''299); the lower text contains portions of the [[Gospel of Luke]], deciphered by biblical scholar and palaeographer [[Samuel Prideaux Tregelles|Tregelles]] in 1861. The lower text is of most interest to scholars.

| last = Aland

| first = Kurt

| author-link = Kurt Aland

| last2 = Aland

| first2 = Barbara

| author-link2 = Barbara Aland

| others = Erroll F. Rhodes (trans.)

| title = The Text of the New Testament: An Introduction to the Critical Editions and to the Theory and Practice of Modern Textual Criticism

| publisher = [[William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company]]

| year = 1995

| ___location = Grand Rapids

| page = [https://archive.org/details/textnewtestament00kurt/page/n140 118]

| url = https://archive.org/details/textnewtestament00kurt

| url-access = limited

| isbn = 978-0-8028-4098-1}}</ref> First thought to have been written in the 8th century,<ref>C. R. Gregory, [https://archive.org/stream/canonandtextnew00greguoft#page/n377/mode/2up "Canon and Text of the New Testament"] ([[T & T Clark]]: Edinburgh 1907), p. 361</ref> it is a [[palimpsest]]—the original (lower) text was washed off its [[vellum]] pages and overwritten in the 12th or 13th century. The upper text of the palimpsest contains weekday Gospel lessons; the lower text contains portions of the [[Gospel of Luke]], deciphered by biblical scholar and palaeographer [[Samuel Prideaux Tregelles|Tregelles]] in 1861. The lower text is of most interest to scholars.

The manuscript came from [[Zakynthos]], a Greek island, and has survived in a fragmentary condition. It was brought to England in 1821 and transferred to [[Cambridge University]] in 1985 which later purchased it after an appeal in 2014. It is often cited in critical editions of the Greek New Testament.

== Description ==

The lower text of the manuscript contains fragments of the chapters 1:1-11:33 of the [[Gospel of Luke]]. The codex comprisesconsists of 86 thick, coarse parchment leaves and three partial leaves;<ref name = {{r|Aland/><ref name=|Waltz}} /> it measures (36 x 29&nbsp;cm).<ref name = {{r|Gregory/>}} The text was written in a single column with well-formed [[uncial script]]. The letters are large, round and narrow, without [[spiritus asper]], [[spiritus lenis]], or accents.<ref name = "Gregory">{{Cite book | last = Gregory | first = Caspar René | author-link = Caspar René Gregory | title = Textkritik des Neuen Testaments, | publisher = J.C. Hinrichs’sche BuchhandlungHinrichs | year = 1900 | ___location = Leipzig | volume = 1 | page = 91 | url = https://archive.org/stream/textkritikdesne00greggoog#page/n103/mode/2up }}</ref>{{rp|91}} The manuscript was written by two scribes.<ref>{{Cite book | last=Parker | first=David C. | title=Manuscripts, texts, theology: collected papers 1977-2007 | page=114 | year=2009 | publisher=Walter de Gruyter | ___location=Berlin | url=http://paperc.de/2617-manuscripts-texts-theology-9783110211948#!/pages/114 | publisher=Walter de Gruyter | ___location=Berlin | year=2009 | page=114 | isbn=978-3-11-021193-1 | access-date=2011-10-08 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101219025836/http://paperc.de/2617-manuscripts-texts-theology-9783110211948#!/pages/114 | archive-date=2010-12-19 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

Abbreviations are rarely used in the codex. The handwriting is very close to that of the [[Rossano Gospels]].<ref name="Pocock">{{Cite book | first=Nicholas Pocock137a>N.| last=Pocock, [| title=The Codex Zacynthius | year=1881 | publisher=The Academy | ___location=London | url=https://archive.org/stream/academyliteratur19londuoft#page/136/mode/2up ''The Codex Zacynthius''], The Academy (London, 19 February 1881), s. 137a.}}</ref>{{rp|137}} The errors ofSome [[itacism]] errors occur, but not so often as in [[Codex Sinaiticus]] and [[Codex Vaticanus]]. It uses grammatical forms typical of the ancient manuscripts (e.g. ειπαν, ηλθαν, ευραν), which are not used in later medieval manuscripts.<ref name {{r|Pocock|p= Pocock137a/>137}}

The codex uses a peculiar system of chapter divisions, which it shares with [[Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209|Codex Vaticanus (B)]] and [[Minuscule 579]]. A more common system divides the chapters according to their titles.<ref name {{r|Gregory|p= Gregory/>91}} The capital letters at the section beginnings of sections stand out in the margin as in the Codices [[Codex Alexandrinus|Alexandrinus]] and [[Codex Ephraemi|Ephraemi]].<ref name {{r|Gregory|p= Gregory/>91}}

The text is surrounded by a marginal commentary; it is the only codex that has both text and commentary in uncial script. The commentary is a [[Catena (Biblical commentary)|catena]] of quotations of nine church fathers: [[Origen]], [[Eusebius]], [[Titus of Bostra]], Basil, [[Isidore of Pelusium]], [[Cyril of Alexandria]], Sever from Antioch, Victor from Antioch, and [[John Chrysostom|Chrysostom]].<ref name="hatch">{{Cite book | first=William | last=Hatch, [https://archive.org/stream/MN41361ucmf_0#page/n423/mode/2up| ''contribution=A redatingRedating of two importantImportant uncialUncial manuscriptsManuscripts of the Gospels - Codex Zacynthius and Codex Cyprius''], in:| ''title=Quantulacumque'': studiesStudies presentedPresented to Kirsopp Lake ([c1937]),| p.year=1937 333| url=https://archive.org/stream/MN41361ucmf_0#page/n423/mode/2up }}</ref>{{rp|333}} The commentary surrounds the single-column text of Luke on three sides.<ref name="greenlee-cat">{{Cite journal | first=J. H. | last=Greenlee, ''| title=The Catena of Codex Zacynthius'', | pages=992–1001 | journal=Biblica | volume=40 (| year=1959), pp. 992-1001.}}</ref> [[Patristic]] text is written in small uncial letters. Most of the quotations are those of Ciril of Alexandria (93 ''scholia''); next comes Titus of Bostra (45 ''scholia'').<ref>{{Cite journal | first=J. | last=Reuss, ''| title=Bemerkungen zu den Lukas-Homilien des Titus von Bostra'', | pages=538–541 | journal=Biblica | volume=57 (| year=1976), pp. 538-541.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | first1=Lorenzo | last1=DiTommaso, | first2=Lucian | last2=Turcescu, [https://books.google.com/books?id| title=8KYfQmHghj4C&pg=PA261&lpg=PA261&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false ''The receptionReception and interpretationInterpretation of the Bible in lateLate antiquityAntiquity: proceedingsProceedings of the Montréal colloquiumColloquium in honourHonour of Charles Kannengiesser''], Brill| page=261 | year=2008, p| publisher=Brill | isbn=978-9004167155 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8KYfQmHghj4C&pg=PA261 261.}}</ref> The commentary was written in a different kind of uncial script than the biblical text.<ref>[[William Hatch{{r|W. H. P. Hatch]], [https://archive.org/stream/MN41361ucmf_0#page/n425/mode/2up ''A Redating of Two Important Uncial Manuscripts of the Gospels - Codex Zacynthius and Codex Cyprius''], in Lake F/S, pp.&nbsp;hatch|p=335.</ref>}}

=== Contents ===

The book contains the following chapters and verses of the Gospel of Luke: 1:1-9,19-23,27-28,30-32,36-60,77; 2:19,21-22,33-3; 3:5-8,11-20; 4:1-2,6-20,32-43; 5:17-36; 6:21; 7:6,11-37,39-47; 8:4-21,25-35,43-50; 9:1-28,32-33,35; 9:41; 10:18,21-40; 11:1-4,24-33.<ref name = {{r|Waltz />}}

====VariationsNotable and omissionsReadings====

{{bibleref|Luke|9:55b-56a}}

* Luke 9:55b-56a — καὶ εἶπεν, Οὑκ οἴδατε οἵου πνεύματος ἑστε ὐμεῖς; ὀ γὰρ υἰὸς τοῦ ἁνθρώπου οὑκ ἦλθεν ψυχὰς ἁνθρώπων ἁπολέσαι ἁλλὰ σῶσαι (''and He said: "You do not know what manner of spirit you are of; for the Son of man came not to destroy men's lives but to save them'') is omitted, typical of Alexandrian text-type, as in codices Sinaiticus B C Θ L 33 700 892 1241 syr, and cop^bo.<ref>NA26, p. 190.</ref>

:{{lang|grc|καὶ εἶπεν, Οὑκ οἴδατε οἵου πνεύματος ἑστε ὐμεῖς; ὀ γὰρ υἰὸς τοῦ ἁνθρώπου οὑκ ἦλθεν ψυχὰς ἁνθρώπων ἁπολέσαι ἁλλὰ σῶσαι}} (''and He said: "You do not know what manner of spirit you are of; for the Son of man came not to destroy men's lives but to save them'')

* Luke 4:17 it has the textual variant καὶ ἀνοίξας τὸ βιβλίον (''and opened the book'') together with the manuscripts [[Codex Alexandrinus|A]], B, [[Codex Regius (New Testament)|L]], [[Codex Washingtonianus|W]], [[Minuscule 33|33]], [[Minuscule 892|892]], 1195, 1241, [[Lectionary 547|'''ℓ''' ''547'']], syr^{s, h, pal}, and cop^{sa, bo}, against variant καὶ ἀναπτύξας τὸ βιβλίον (''and unrolled the book'') supported by א, D^c, [[Codex Cyprius|K]], [[Codex Sangallensis 48|Δ]], [[Codex Koridethi|Θ]], [[Codex Petropolitanus (New Testament)|Π]], [[Codex Athous Lavrensis|Ψ]], ''f''¹, ''f''¹³, [[Minuscule 28|28]], [[Minuscule 565|565]], [[Minuscule 700|700]], 1009, and 1010.<ref>Bruce M. Metzger, ''A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament'' ([[Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft]]: Stuttgart 2001), p. 114.</ref><ref>NA26, p. 164.</ref>

::omit - Ξ {{larger|{{script|Hebr|[[Codex Sinaiticus|א]]}}}} [[Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209|B]] [[Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus|C]] [[Codex Regius (New Testament)|L]] [[Codex Koridethi|Θ]] [[Minuscule 33|33]] [[Minuscule 700|700]] [[Minuscule 892|892]] 1241 sy [[Coptic versions of the Bible#Bohairic|bo]]

* Luke 9:10 it has the textual variant εις πολιν καλουμενην Βηθσαιδα (''to a city called Bethsaida''), as do codices B, L, and 33; but later hand-written in the margin εις τοπον ερημον πολεως καλουμενην Βηδσαιδα (''into a deserted place belonging to the city called Bethsaida'').<ref>{{Cite book|last= K. Aland |first=E. Nestle |title=Novum Testamentum Graece (ed. 26)|publisher= Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft |___location=Stuttgart|year=1991|page=185|isbn=3-438-05100-1}}</ref>

::incl. - Majority of manuscripts {{r|na26|p=190}}

{{bibleref|Luke|4:17}}

:{{lang|grc|καὶ ἀνοίξας τὸ βιβλίον}} (''and opened the book'') - Ξ [[Codex Alexandrinus|A]] [[Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209|B]] [[Codex Regius (New Testament)|L]] [[Codex Washingtonianus|W]] [[Minuscule 33|33]] [[Minuscule 892|892]] 1195 1241 '''ℓ''' ''547'' sy^{s, h, pal} [[Coptic versions of the Bible#Sahidic|sa]] [[Coptic versions of the Bible#Bohairic|bo]]

:{{lang|grc|καὶ ἀναπτύξας τὸ βιβλίον}} (''and unrolled the book'') - {{larger|{{script|Hebr|[[Codex Sinaiticus|א]]}}}} [[Codex Bezae|D]]^c [[Codex Cyprius|K]] [[Codex Sangallensis 48|Δ]] [[Codex Koridethi|Θ]] [[Codex Petropolitanus (New Testament)|Π]] [[Codex Athous Lavrensis|Ψ]] [[Family 1|ƒ¹]] [[Family 13|ƒ¹³]] [[Minuscule 28|28]] [[Minuscule 565|565]] [[Minuscule 700|700]] 1009 1010<ref>{{Cite book | first=Bruce Manning | last=Metzger | title=A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament | page=114 | year=2001 | publisher=[[Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft]] | ___location=Stuttgart | isbn=978-3-438-06010-5}}</ref>{{r|na26|p=164}}

{{bibleref|Luke|9:10}}

:{{lang|grc|εις πολιν καλουμενην Βηθσαιδα}} (''to a city called Bethsaida'') - Ξ {{papyrus link|75}} [[Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209|B]] [[Codex Regius (New Testament)|L]] [[Minuscule 33|33]] 2542 [[Coptic versions of the Bible#Sahidic|sa]] [[Coptic versions of the Bible#Bohairic|bo]]

:{{lang|grc|εις τοπον ερημον πολεως καλουμενην Βηδσαιδα}} (''into a deserted place belonging to the city called Bethsaida'') - Ξ^mg Majority of manuscripts{{r|na26|p=185}}

== Text-type ==

The textual character of the codex is representative of the late [[Alexandrian text-type]], and is similar to the [[Codex Regius (New Testament)|Codex Regius]].<ref name = "Waltz">R. Waltz, [http://www.skypoint.com/members/waltzmn/ManuscriptsUncials.html#uXi Codex Zacynthius Ξ (040)] at the ''Encyclopedia of Textual Criticism''</ref> [[Kurt Aland|Kurt]] and [[Barbara Aland]] gave the following textual profile of it: 2¹, 8², 2^1/2, 3^s.<ref name = {{r|Aland/>}} This means the text of the codex agrees with the Byzantine standard text 2 times, it agrees 8 times with the original text against the Byzantine, and it agreeswith both with the Byzantine and original text 2 times. There are 3 independent or distinctive readings. On the basis of this profile the Alands considered the quality of the text to suit his [[Categories of New Testament manuscripts#Category III|Category III]].<ref name = {{r|Aland/>}} According to the [[Claremont Profile Method]], it represents the Alexandrian text in Luke 10 and mixed [[Byzantine text-type]] in Luke 1,<ref>{{Cite namebook =| last=Wisse | first=Frederik | title=The Profile Method for the Classification and Evaluation of Manuscript Evidence, as Applied to the Continuous Greek Text of the Gospel of Luke | page=52 | year=1982 | publisher=[[William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company]] | ___location=Grand Rapids | isbn=0-8028-1918-4 | url=https://archive.org/details/profilemethodfor00wiss/page/63 | url-access=registration }}</ref> which probably indicates sporadic Byzantine corrections.{{Cite bookr|Waltz}}

| last = Wisse

| first = Frederik

| title = The profile method for the classification and evaluation of manuscript evidence, as Applied to the Continuous Greek Text of the Gospel of Luke

| publisher = [[William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company]]

| year = 1982

| ___location = Grand Rapids

| page = [https://archive.org/details/profilemethodfor00wiss/page/52 52]

| url = https://archive.org/details/profilemethodfor00wiss/page/52

| isbn = 0-8028-1918-4

| url-access = registration

}}</ref> which probably indicates sporadic Byzantine corrections.<ref name = Waltz />

== Palimpsest ==

[[File:Zacynthius Lc 3,7-8 (Mt26,39-51).jpg|thumb|The underwriting is 7th-century majuscule of Luke 3:7-8 with commentary; the upper writing is 13th-century minuscule of Matthew 26:39-51, part lection for Holy Thursday]]

The codex is a [[palimpsest]], meaning that the original text was scraped off and overwritten and the parchment leaves folded in half. The upper text was written by a minuscule hand and contains [[lectionary]] 299 ('''ℓ''' ''299'') from the 12th or 13th century,<ref name ="metz-ehrman">{{Cite book | last1=Metzger>[[ | first1=Bruce Manning | last2=Ehrman | first2=Bart D. | author-link1=Bruce M. Metzger]], [[| author-link2=Bart D. Ehrman]], ''| title=The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption, and Restoration'', | edition=4th | page=83 | year=2005 | publisher=Oxford University Press, 2005,| p.___location=Oxford 83.| isbn=0-19-516667-1 }}</ref> though the lectionary text is not complete; it is written on 176 leaves ({{×|28.7|18.2|cm}}), in one column per page, 33-36 lines per page.<ref name = {{r|INTF/>}} Three folios are only the lower halves of leaves, one folio was supplied with paper (folio LXVIII).<ref name="tregelles">{{Cite book | last first=Samuel TregellesP. | first last= S. P.Tregelles | title = Codex Zacynthius.: Greek Palimpsest Fragments of the Gospel of Saint Luke | ___locationyear=1861 | publisher=Samuel LondonBagster |and yearSons | ___location= 1861London | pageisbn=9780837013060 | url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_t8QrAAAAYAAJ XII}}</ref>{{rp|XII}} The manuscript contains weekday Gospel lessons (''Evangelistarium''),<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://intf.uni-muenster.de/vmr/NTVMR/ListeHandschriften.php?ObjID=40299 | title = Liste Handschriften |publisher=Institute for New Testament Textual Research |access-date=16 March 2013 |___location=Münster}}</ref> but is [[wiktionary:lacunose|lacunose]].<ref>{{Citer|Gregory|p=413}} bookTregelles did not collate its text because of its secondary value.{{r|tregelles|p=XXIII}}Scrivener designated it by siglum 200,{{r|scrivener|p=341}}

|Gregory last =by 299.{{r|Gregory|p=91}}

| first = Caspar René

| author-link = Caspar René Gregory

| title = Textkritik des Neuen Testaments

| publisher = J.C. Hinrichs’sche Buchhandlung

| year = 1900

| ___location = Leipzig

| volume = 1

| page = 413

| url = https://archive.org/stream/textkritikdesne00greggoog#page/n425/mode/2up

}}</ref> Tregelles did not collate its text because of its secondary value.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Tregelles | first = S. P. | title = Codex Zacynthius. Greek Palimpsest Fragments of the Gospel of Saint Luke | ___location = London | year = 1861 | page = XXIII}}</ref> Scrivener designated it by siglum 200,<ref>{{Cite book

| last = Scrivener

| first = Frederick Henry Ambrose

| author-link = Frederick Henry Ambrose Scrivener

| author2 = Edward Miller

| title = [[A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament]]

| publisher = [[George Bell & Sons]]

| edition = 4th

| year = 1894

| ___location = London

| volume = 1

| page = 341

}}</ref>

Gregory by 299.<ref name = Gregory/>

The text of the lectionary is cited in some critical editions of the Greek New Testament (UBS3)<ref name="ubs3">{{Cite book | title=The Greek New Testament | editor-first1=Kurt | editor-last1=Aland | editor1-link=Kurt Aland | editor-first2=Matthew | editor-last2=Black | editor2-link=Matthew Black | editor-first3=Carlo Maria | editor-last3=Martini | editor3-link=Carlo Maria Martini | editor-first4=Bruce Manning | editor-last4=Metzger | editor4-link=Bruce Metzger | editor-first5=Allen | editor-last5=Wikgren | editor5-link=Allen Wikgren | edition=3rd | year=1983 | publisher=United Bible Societies | ___location=Stuttgart | isbn=9783438051103 }} (UBS3)</ref>{{rp|XXVIII}} in the following places: Matthew 10:4; 11:17; 12:47; 13:13; 14:22; 18:10; 22:30; 26:27; 28:9; Mark 1:27; 2:10.26; 4:16.20; 6:2.2.3.33.{{r|ubs3}} It is not cited in UBS4.<ref>{{Cite book | title=The Greek New Testament | editor-first1=Kurt | editor-last1=Aland | editor1-link=Kurt Aland | editor-first2=Barbara | editor-last2=Aland | editor2-link=Barbara Aland | editor-first3=Carlo Maria | editor-last3=Martini | editor3-link=Carlo Maria Martini | editor-first4=Bruce Manning | editor-last4=Metzger | editor4-link=Bruce Metzger | editor-first5=Johannes | editor-last5=Karavidopoulos | edition=4 | page=21 | year=2001 | publisher=United Bible Societies | ___location=Stuttgart | isbn=978-3-438-05110-3 }} (UBS4)</ref>

Lectionary 299 in Mark 6:33 has textual reading ἐκεῖ καὶ προῆλθον αὐτούς along with [[Codex Sinaiticus]], [[Codex Vaticanus]], [[Uncial 0187|0187]] (omit εκει), [[Minuscule 892|892]], [[Lectionary 49|'''ℓ''' ''49'']], [[Lectionary 69|'''ℓ''' ''69'']], [[Lectionary 70|'''ℓ''' ''70'']], [[Lectionary 303|'''ℓ''' ''303'']], '''ℓ''' ''333'', '''ℓ''' ''1579'', ('''ℓ''' ''950'' αυτους), it^aur, vg, ([[Coptic versions of the Bible|cop^{sa, bo}]]).<ref>''The Greek New Testament'', ed. K. Aland, A. Black, C. M. Martini, B. M. Metzger, and [[Allen Wikgren|A. Wikgren]], in cooperation with INTF, ''United Bible Societies'', 3rd edition, (Stuttgart 1983), p. 144.</ref>

The text of the lectionary is cited in some critical editions of the Greek New Testament (UBS3)<ref>''The Greek New Testament'', ed. K. Aland, A. Black, C. M. Martini, B. M. Metzger, and A. Wikgren, in cooperation with INTF, ''United Bible Societies'', 3rd edition, (Stuttgart 1983), p. XXVIII.</ref> in the following places: Matthew 10:4; 11:17; 12:47; 13:13; 14:22; 18:10; 22:30; 26:27; 28:9; Mark 1:27; 2:10.26; 4:16.20; 6:2.2.3.33.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Aland|first=K.|last2=Black|first2=M.|last3=[[Carlo Maria Martini|C. M. Martini]], B. Metzger, [[Allen Wikgren|A. Wikgren]] |title = The Greek New Testament |publisher =United Bible Societies |___location=Stuttgart |edition=3 |year=1983 }}</ref> It is not cited in UBS4.<ref>''The Greek New Testament'', ed. B. Aland, K. Aland, J. Karavidopoulos, C. M. Martini, and B. M. Metzger, in cooperation with INTF, ''United Bible Societies'', 4th revised edition, (United Bible Societies, Stuttgart 2001), p. 21, {{ISBN|978-3-438-05110-3}}.</ref>

== History ==

=== Dating ===

Tregelles dated the manuscript to the 8th century. Tregelles was aware that the handwriting is typical for the 6th century, but the handwriting of the commentary is much older. The letters ΕΘΟΣΕ Θ Ο Σ are round, high, and narrow, and could not have been written before the 8th century. [[Caspar René Gregory|C. R. Gregory]] supported Tregelles's point of view. According to [[Nicholas Pocock (historian)|Nicholas Pocock]], the manuscript could not have been written before the 6th century nor after the 8th century.<ref name = Pocock>[[Nicholas Pocock (historian){{r|N. Pocock]], [https://archive.org/stream/academyliteratur19londuoft#page/136/mode/2up ''The Codex Zacynthius''], [[The Academy (periodical)|The Academy]] (London, 19 February 1881), pp. 136c-137c.</ref>=136–137}}

[[William Hatch (theologian)|William Hatch]] in 1937, on the basis of palaeographical data, suggested that the codex should be dated to the 6th century. It does not use breathings and accents and the text of the commentary is written in uncial script.<ref>William Hatch,{{r|hatch|pp=335–337}} [https://archive.org/stream/MN41361ucmf_0#page/n425/mode/2up[Kurt ''A redating of two important uncial manuscripts of the Gospels – Codex Zacynthius and Codex Cyprius''Aland|Aland], in: ''Quantulacumque'' studies presented to Kirsopp Lake ([c1937]), ss. 335-337.</ref> Aland supported Hatch's point of view.<ref group = "n">UBS3 from 1983 dated the manuscript to the 8th century (UBS3, p. XVI.), but in the second edition of ''Der Text des Neues Testaments'' (1989) Aland dated it to the 6th century. NA26 from 1991 dated it to the 6th century (NA26, p. 693.).</ref> This date is accepted by the majority of scholars.<ref name = {{r|Aland/><ref name = |Waltz/>}}

[[David C. Parker]] in 2004 argued that manuscript was written later than the 6th century, because it has a small number of square letters, and the handwriting is not typical for the 6th century. Some letters were compressed (Μ, Δ, Ε), the bar over the letter Τ is short and the letter Υ is written in several ways. According to Parker the manuscript should be dated to the 7th century.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Parker | first = David C. | title = Manuscripts, texts, theology: collected papers 1977-2007 | url page= http://paperc.de/2617-manuscripts-texts-theology-9783110211948#!/pages/115 | year=2009 | publisher = Walter de Gruyter | ___location = Berlin | year = 2009 | page = 115 | isbn = 978-3-11-021193-1 | url=http://paperc.de/2617-manuscripts-texts-theology-9783110211948#!/pages/115| access-date = 2011-10-08 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101219025836/http://paperc.de/2617-manuscripts-texts-theology-9783110211948#!/pages/115 | archive-date = 2010-12-19 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Currently itIt is currently dated by the [[INTF]] to the 6th century.<ref name = INTF>{{Cite web | url = http://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/liste/?ObjID=20040 | title = Codex Ξ/040 (GA)| work = Liste Handschriften | author = INTF| access-date = January 23, 2016 | ___location =Münster Münster}}</ref>

=== Discovery and further research ===

[[File:General Colin Macaulay, 1792.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Colin Macaulay, 1792, by John Smart, by permission of the Provost & Fellows of Kings College, Cambridge]]

[[File:Samuel P Tregelles.jpg|thumb|Samuel Prideaux Tregelles]]

The early history of the manuscript is unknown. In 1821 it was brought by generalGeneral [[Colin Macaulay]] to England from the Greek island [[Zakynthos]] in the [[Ionian Sea]]., Theafter manuscriptbeing waspresented placedto inhim by Prince Comuto (Antonios Dimitriou Komoutos, 1748-1833) a former President of the library[[Septinsular Republic]]. Comuto inscribed the Codex to Macaulay as a token of his esteem. On his return to England Macaulay presented the Codex to [[British and Foreign Bible Society]]<ref>{{Cite book | first=C.F. | last=Smith | title=A Life of General Colin Macaulay | pages=53–54 | year=2019 | publisher=Unknown Publisher | isbn=978-1-78972-649-7 }}</ref> which then placed it in its library (Mss 24) in [[London]].<ref name {{r|Gregory|p= Gregory/>91}}

[[Johann Martin Augustin Scholz|Scholz]] saw the manuscript in 1845, and [[Paul de Lagarde]] in 1853, but they did not decipher it.<ref name {{r|Gregory|p= Gregory/>91}} The lower textsubtext of the codexPalimpest was partly deciphered, transcribed, and edited by the Rev. [[Samuel Prideaux Tregelles|Tregelles]] in 1861.<ref name = Metzger/>{{r|metz-ehrman}} Tregelles used [[Sort (typesetting)|types]] originally cast for printing the [[Codex Alexandrinus]],<ref>{{Cite book | first=Henry | last=Alford, ''| title=The Greek New Testament'' (London,| volume=1 | page=113 | year=1863), Vol.| 1publisher=Longmans, pGreen & Co. 113| ___location=London | url=https://archive.org/details/greektestamentwi189801alfo}}</ref> which only approximately represented the shape of the letters of the codex. The hand-written letters are smaller than the typelater letters. Tregelles included one page of typographical facsimile in this edition.<ref name {{r|Pocock|p= Pocock/>137}} He did not decipher the small Patristic writing and doubted that it could be read without chemical restoration.<ref name="scrivener">{{Cite book | last=Scrivener | first=Frederick Henry Ambrose | author-link=Frederick Henry Ambrose Scrivener | title=[[A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament]] | edition=1st | year=1861 | publisher=George Bell & Sons | ___location=London }}</ref>{{rp|126}}

| last = Scrivener

| first = Frederick Henry Ambrose

| author-link = Frederick Henry Ambrose Scrivener

| title = [[A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament]]

| edition = 1st

| year = 1861

| ___location = London

| page = 126

}}</ref>

Nicholas Pocock found errors in Tregelles' edition,<ref name {{r|Pocock|p= Pocock/>137}} but [[William Hatch (theologian)|William Hatch]] thought it satisfactory. J. Harold Greenlee corrected Tregelles' errors and edited the list of corrections in 1957,<ref>{{Cite journal | author=J. H. Greenlee, [https://www.| jstor.org/pss/=3261574 ''| title=A Corrected Collation of Codex Zacynthius (Cod. Ξ)''], JBL| journal= Journal of Biblical Literature| volume=LXXVI (|year=1957), pp.| issue=3 | pages=237–241| 237-241doi=10.2307/3261574 }}</ref> which was examined by [[William Hatch (theologian)|William Hatch]]. In 1959 Greenlee published a commentary.<ref>J. H. Greenlee, ''The Catena of Codex Zacynthius'', Biblica 40 (1959), pp.&nbsp;992–1001.</ref>{{r|greenlee-cat}} The codex probably needs another examination with modern technology.<ref name = {{r|Waltz/>}}

[[File:Samuel P Tregelles.jpg|thumb|Samuel Prideaux Tregelles]]

Tischendorf cited the codex in his [[Editio Octava Critica Maior]] in 564 places.<ref>{{Cite book

Tischendorf cited the codex in his [[Editio Octava Critica Maior]] in 564 places.{{r|scrivener|p=162}} It is often cited in the critical editions of the [[Novum Testamentum Graece|Greek New Testament]] (UBS3,{{r|ubs3|p=11}} NA26,<ref name="na26">{{Cite book | title=Nestle-Aland Novum Testamentum Graece | editor-first1=Kurt | editor-last1=Aland | editor1-link=Kurt Aland | editor-first2=Matthew | editor-last2=Black | editor2-link=Matthew Black | editor-first3=Carlo Maria | editor-last3=Martini | editor3-link=Carlo Maria Martini | editor-first4=Bruce M. | editor-last4=Metzger | editor4-link=Bruce Metzger | editor-first5=Allen | editor-last5=Wikgren | editor5-link=Allen Wikgren | edition=26 | year=1981 | publisher=Deutsche Bibelstiftung | ___location=Stuttgart | isbn=3-438-051001 }} (NA26)</ref> NA27<ref>{{Cite book | last =Nestle| first=Eberhard et Erwin|others= communiter ediderunt: B. et K. Aland, J. Karavidopoulos, C. M. Martini, B. M. Metzger | title=Novum Testamentum Graece|edition=27|publisher= Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft |___location=Stuttgart|year=2001|page=58|isbn=978-3-438-05100-4}}</ref>).

| last = Scrivener

| first = Frederick Henry Ambrose

| author-link = Frederick Henry Ambrose Scrivener

| author2=Edward Miller

| title = [[A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament]]

| publisher = [[George Bell & Sons]]

| edition = 4th

| year = 1894

| ___location = London

| volume = 1

| page = 162

}}</ref>

It is often cited in the critical editions of the [[Novum Testamentum Graece|Greek New Testament]] (UBS3,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Aland|first=K.|last2=Black|first2=M.|last3=[[Carlo Maria Martini|C. M. Martini]], B. Metzger, A. Wikgren|title = The Greek New Testament|edition=3|publisher=United Bible Societies|___location=Stuttgart|year=1983|page=XVI}} [UBS3]</ref> UBS4,<ref>{{Cite book | last = Aland| first=B.|last2=Aland|first2=K.|last3=J. Karavidopoulos, [[Carlo Maria Martini|C. M. Martini]], B. Metzger, A. Wikgren|title = The Greek New Testament|edition=4|publisher=United Bible Societies |___location=Stuttgart|year=1993|page=11*|isbn=978-3-438-05110-3}}</ref> NA26,<ref>{{Cite book | last = K. Aland | first = E. Nestle | title =Novum Testamentum Graece (ed. 26) | publisher = Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft | ___location=Stuttgart | year=1991| page=49*|isbn=3-438-05100-1}}</ref> NA27<ref>{{Cite book | last =Nestle| first=Eberhard et Erwin|others= communiter ediderunt: B. et K. Aland, J. Karavidopoulos, C. M. Martini, B. M. Metzger | title=Novum Testamentum Graece|edition=27|publisher= Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft |___location=Stuttgart|year=2001|page=58|isbn=978-3-438-05100-4}}</ref>).

In 1985 it was movedloaned to the [[Cambridge University Library]] (BFBS Ms 213).{{r|INTF}} In December 2013, the Bible Society announced plans to sell some manuscripts, among them the Codex Zacynthius, to raise funds for a Visitors Centre in Wales. The University was given [[right of first refusal]] and had until February 2014 to raise the money to acquire the codex.<ref>[https://specialcollections.blog.lib.cam.ac.uk/?p=6646 ''Cambridge University Library bids to purchase early Gospel manuscript''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107025044/https://specialcollections.blog.lib.cam.ac.uk/?p=6646 |date=2017-11-07 }}, see also [http://archiv.twoday.net/stories/581435974/ ''UK: Bible Society to sell important bible manuscripts'']</ref>

The public appeal raised £1.1 million and the codex was purchased by the Cambridge University Library. A full spectrographic analysis was conducted and transcriptsa weredefinitive transcription of the Palimpest then published by Professor Hugh Houghton and Professor John Parker of the University of Birmingham.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/news/latest/2020/09/recovering_the_text_of_the_earliest_greek_new_testament_commentary_manuscript.aspx | title = Recovering the text of the earliest Greek New Testament Commentary manuscript }}</ref>

== See also ==

Line 163 ⟶ 101:

== Further reading ==

* Nicholas Pocock, [https://archive.org/stream/academyliteratur19londuoft#page/136/mode/2up ''The Codex Zacynthius''], The Academy (London, 19 February 1881), pp.&nbsp;136c-137c.

* {{Cite book | author = S. P. Tregelles | title = Codex Zacynthius. Greek Palimpsest Fragments of the Gospel of Saint Luke | url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_t8QrAAAAYAAJ | publisher = Samuel Bagster and Sons | ___location = London | year = 1861}}

* {{Cite journal | author=J. H. Greenlee | jstor=3261574 | title=A Corrected Collation of Codex Zacynthius (Cod. Ξ) | journal= Journal of Biblical Literature| volume=LXXVI |year=1957 | issue=3 | pages=237–241| doi=10.2307/3261574 }}

* N. Pocock, [https://archive.org/stream/academyliteratur19londuoft#page/136/mode/2up ''The Codex Zacynthius''], The Academy (London, 19 February 1881), pp.&nbsp;136c-137c.

* {{Cite journal | author = J. H. Greenlee | jstor url= 3261574http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/jbl/1958_greenlee.pdf | title =Some A Corrected Collationexamples of Codexscholarly Zacynthius"agreement (Cod.in Ξ)error" | journal = JBL | volume=77 | date=Dec LXXVI1958 |year issue= 19574 | pages = 237–241363–364}}

* {{Cite journal | author first= J. H. Greenlee | url last= http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/jbl/1958_greenlee.pdfGreenlee | title =The Some examplesCatena of scholarlyCodex "agreement in error"Zacynthius | journal = JBLBiblica | volume = 77.440 | date year= Dec 19581959 | pages =992–1001 363–364}}

* [[William Hatch (theologian)|W. H. P. Hatch]], [https://archive.org/stream/MN41361ucmf_0#page/n423/mode/2up ''A Redating of Two Important Uncial Manuscripts of the Gospels – Codex Zacynthius and Codex Cyprius''], in Lake F/S, pp.&nbsp;333–338.

* {{Cite journal | author = J. H. Greenlee | title = The Catena of Codex Zacynthius | journal = Biblica | volume = 40 | year =1959 | pages = 992–1001}}

* {{Cite journal | first1=David C. | last1=Parker | first2=J. Neville | last2=Birdsall | title=The date of Codex Zacynthius (Ξ): A new proposal | journal=Journal of Theological Studies | volume=55 | issue=1 | pages=117–131 | year=2004 | doi=10.1093/jts/55.1.117 }}

* [[William Hatch|W. H. P. Hatch]], [https://archive.org/stream/MN41361ucmf_0#page/n423/mode/2up ''A Redating of Two Important Uncial Manuscripts of the Gospels – Codex Zacynthius and Codex Cyprius''], in Lake F/S, pp.&nbsp;333–338.

* [[David C. Parker|D. C. Parker]] & J. Neville Birdsall, ''The date of Codex Zacynthius (Ξ): A new proposal'', [[Journal of Theological Studies|JTS]] (2004) 55 (1): 117-131.

== External links ==

* {{Cite web | url = https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/research/itsee/projects/codex-zacynthius.aspx | title = Codex Zacythius Project | publisher = University of Birmingham | access-date=27 January 2021 | ___location=Birmingham, England}}

* Robert Waltz, [http://www.skypoint.com/members/waltzmn/ManuscriptsUncials.html#uXi Codex Zacynthius Ξ (040)] at the ''Encyclopedia of Textual Criticism'' (2007)

* {{Cite web | url = http://intf.uni-muenster.de/vmr/NTVMR/ListeHandschriften.php?ObjID=20040 | title = Codex Zacynthius | publisher=Institute for New Testament Textual Research | access-date=15 September 2011 | ___location=Münster}}

* {{Cite web | url = http://intf.uni-muenster.de/vmr/NTVMR/ListeHandschriften.php?ObjID=40299 | title = Lectionary 299 | publisher=Institute for New Testament Textual Research | access-date=15 September 2011 | ___location=Münster}}

* {{Cite web | url = https://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/collections/codexzacynthius/1 | title = Codex Zacynthius | publisher=University of Cambridge Digital Library|access-date=6 October 2020 | ___location=Cambridge, UK}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zacynthius}}

[[Category:Greek New Testament uncials]]

[[Category:6th-century biblical manuscripts]]

[[Category:Archaeological discoveries in the Ionian Islands]]

[[Category:History of Zakynthos]]

[[Category:Palimpsests]]

[[Category:Greek artifacts outside Greece]]