Content deleted Content added
Citation bot (talk | contribs) Altered template type. Add: isbn, date, editors 1-1. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by Dominic3203 | Category:Physical quantities | #UCB_Category 77/258 |
|||
| (48 intermediate revisions by 31 users not shown) | |||
Line 1:
{{Short description|Measure of how heavy or light a petroleum liquid is compared to water}}
The [[American Petroleum Institute]] gravity, or API gravity is thus an inverse measure of a petroleum liquid's [[density]] relative to that of water (also known as [[specific gravity]]). It is used to compare densities of [[List of crude oil products|petroleum liquids]]. For example, if one petroleum liquid is less dense than another, it has a greater API gravity. Although
In 1916, the U.S. [[National Bureau of Standards]] accepted the [[Baumé scale]], which had been developed in France in 1768, as the U.S. standard for measuring the [[specific gravity]] of liquids less dense than [[Density of water|water]]. Investigation by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences found major errors in [[salinity]] and temperature controls that had caused serious variations in published values. Hydrometers in the U.S. had been manufactured and distributed widely with a modulus of 141.5 instead of the Baumé scale modulus of 140. The scale was so firmly established that, by 1921, the remedy implemented by the [[American Petroleum Institute]] was to create the API gravity scale, recognizing the scale that was actually being used.<ref>[http://www.sizes.com/units/hydrometer_api.htm API Degree history]</ref>▼
▲In 1916, the U.S. [[National Bureau of Standards]] accepted the [[Baumé scale]], which had been developed in France in 1768, as the U.S. standard for measuring the [[specific gravity]] of liquids less dense than [[Density of water|water]]. Investigation by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences found major errors in [[salinity]] and temperature controls that had caused serious variations in published values. Hydrometers in the U.S. had been manufactured and distributed widely with a modulus of 141.5 instead of the Baumé scale modulus of 140. The scale was so firmly established that, by 1921, the remedy implemented by the [[American Petroleum Institute]] was to create the API gravity scale, recognizing the scale that was actually being used.
==API gravity formulas==
The formula to calculate API gravity from [[
:<math>\text{API gravity} = \frac{141.5}{\text{SG}} - 131.5</math>
Line 13:
Conversely, the specific gravity of petroleum liquids can be derived from their API gravity value as
:<math>\text{SG
Thus, a heavy oil with a specific gravity of 1.0 (i.e., with the same density as pure water at 60 °F) has an API gravity of:
Line 20:
==Using API gravity to calculate barrels of crude oil per metric ton==
In the oil industry, quantities of crude oil are often measured in metric [[tonne|ton]]s. One can calculate the approximate number of [[
:<math>\text{barrels of crude oil per metric ton} = \frac{\text{API gravity}+131.5}{141.5\times 0.159}</math>
Line 29:
To derive the API gravity, the specific gravity (i.e., density relative to water) is first measured using either the [[hydrometer]], detailed in [[ASTM]] D1298 or with the [[oscillating U-tube]] method detailed in ASTM D4052.
Density adjustments at different temperatures, corrections for soda-lime glass expansion and contraction and [[Meniscus (liquid)|meniscus]] corrections for opaque oils are detailed in the [[Petroleum Measurement Tables]], details of usage specified in ASTM D1250. The specific gravity is defined by the formula below.
:<math>\mbox{SG oil} = \frac{\rho_\text{
With the formula presented in the previous section, the API gravity can be readily calculated. When converting oil density to specific gravity using the above definition, it is important to use the correct density of water, according to the standard conditions used when the measurement was made. The official density of water at 60 °F according to the 2008 edition of ASTM D1250 is 999.016 kg/m<sup>3</sup>.<ref>Report on the Development, Construction, Calculation and Preparation of the ASTM – IP Petroleum Measurement Tables (ASTM D1250; IP 200), 1960, published by the Institute of Petroleum, 61 New Cavendish Street, London, W.1 and American Society for Testing Materials, 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia 3, Pa.</ref> The 1980 value is 999.012 kg/m<sup>3</sup>.<ref>API Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards, Chapter 11.1 – 1980, Volume XI/XII, Adjunct to: ASTM D1250-80 and IP 200/80</ref> In some cases the standard conditions may be 15 °C (59 °F) and not 60 °F (15.56 °C), in which case a different value for the water density would be appropriate (''see'' [[standard conditions for temperature and pressure]]).
==Direct
There are advantages to field testing and on-board conversion of measured volumes to volume correction. This method is detailed in ASTM D287.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Standard Test Method for API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Petroleum Products (Hydrometer/Method) |url=https://www.astm.org/d0287-22.html |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=www.astm.org |language=en}}</ref>
The hydrometer method is a standard technique for directly measuring API gravity of petroleum and petroleum products.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Standard Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Products by Hydrometer Method |url=https://www.astm.org/d1298-12br17e01.html |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=www.astm.org |language=en}}</ref> This method is based on the principle of [[buoyancy]] and utilizes a specially calibrated [[hydrometer]] to determine the API gravity of a liquid sample.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Speight |first=James G. |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781118986370 |title=Handbook of Petroleum Product Analysis |date=2014-12-12 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-118-36926-5 |edition=1 |language=en |doi=10.1002/9781118986370}}</ref>
==Classifications or grades==▼
Generally speaking, oil with an API gravity between 40 and 45 commands the highest prices. Above 45 degrees the molecular chains become shorter and less valuable to refineries.<ref>{{cite web|title=Comments on Crude Oil Gravity Adjustments|url=http://dnr.louisiana.gov/sec/execdiv/techasmt/oil_gas/crude_oil_gravity/comments_1989.htm|publisher=Louisiana Department of Natural Resources|accessdate=6 January 2014|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070118001025/http://dnr.louisiana.gov/sec/execdiv/techasmt/oil_gas/crude_oil_gravity/comments_1989.htm|archivedate=18 January 2007}}</ref>▼
The procedure typically involves the following steps:
[[Crude oil]] is classified as light, medium or heavy, according to its measured API gravity.▼
# '''Sample preparation''': The petroleum sample is brought to a [[Standard temperature and pressure|standard temperature]], usually 60°F (15.6°C), to ensure consistency in measurements across different samples and conditions.<ref name=":0" />
# '''Hydrometer selection''': An appropriate API gravity hydrometer is chosen based on the expected range of the sample. These hydrometers are typically calibrated to read API gravity directly.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |title=Characterization and Properties of Petroleum Fractions |url=https://www.astm.org/mnl50-eb.html |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=www.astm.org |date=2007 |language=en |doi=10.1520/mnl50-eb |isbn=978-0-8031-3361-7 |editor-last1=Riazi |editor-first1=M. R. }}</ref>
# '''Measurement''': The hydrometer is gently lowered into the sample contained in a cylindrical vessel. It is allowed to float freely until it reaches equilibrium.<ref name=":0" />
# '''Reading''': The API gravity is read at the point where the surface of the liquid intersects the hydrometer scale. For maximum accuracy, the reading is taken at the bottom of the [[Meniscus (liquid)|meniscus]] formed by the liquid on the hydrometer stem.<ref name=":1" />
# '''Temperature''' '''correction''': If the measurement is not performed at the standard temperature, a correction factor is applied to adjust the reading to the equivalent value at 60°F.<ref name=":2" />
The hydrometer method is widely used due to its simplicity and low cost. However, it requires a relatively large sample volume and may not be suitable for highly [[Viscosity|viscous]] or [[Opacity|opaque]] fluids.<ref name=":3" /> Proper cleaning and handling of the hydrometer are crucial to maintain accuracy, and for [[Volatile organic compound|volatile]] liquids, special precautions may be necessary to prevent evaporation during measurement.<ref name=":0" />
▲==Classifications or grades==
[[File:Lower 48 U.S. states production of crude oil by API gravity in January 2015 through July 2019 (48880018261).png|thumb|upright=1.4|API gravity of crude oil produced in the [[contiguous United States]]]]
▲Generally speaking, oil with an API gravity between 40 and 45° commands the highest prices. Above 45
* [[Light crude oil]] is defined as having an API gravity higher than 31.1 °API (less than 870 kg/m<sup>3</sup>)▼
* Medium oil is defined as having an API gravity between 22.3 °API and 31.1 °API (870 to 920 kg/m<sup>3</sup>)▼
* [[Heavy crude oil]] is defined as having an API gravity below 22.3 °API (920 to 1000 kg/m<sup>3</sup>)▼
* Extra heavy oil is defined with API gravity below 10.0 °API (greater than 1000 kg/m<sup>3</sup>)▼
▲* [[Light crude oil]]
Not all parties use the same grading.<ref>Crude oil grades, Crudemonitor.ca, web PDF file: [http://www.crudemonitor.ca/quickfacts/misc/grades.pdf CMonitor-Gr-PDF]</ref> The [[United States Geological Survey]] uses slightly different definitions.<ref>USGS FS2006-3133_508, web PDF file: [http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2006/3133/pdf/FS2006-3133_508.pdf USGS-508-PDF]</ref>▼
▲* Medium oil
▲* [[Heavy crude oil]]
▲* Extra heavy oil
▲
Crude oil with API gravity less than 10 °API is referred to as [[extra heavy oil]] or [[bitumen]]. Bitumen derived from the [[oil sands]] deposits in the Alberta, Canada area has an API gravity of around 8 °API. It can be diluted with lighter hydrocarbons to produce [[diluted bitumen]], having an API gravity of lower than 22.3 API, or further "upgraded" to an API gravity of 31 °API to 33 °API as [[synthetic crude]].<ref>Canadian Centre for Energy Information. [http://www.centreforenergy.com/AboutEnergy/ONG/Oil/Overview.asp?page=2 "What is crude oil?"]. Retrieved on: 2012-09-10.</ref>▼
▲Crude oil with API gravity less than 10
==References==
Line 61 ⟶ 70:
==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140728125404/http://dnr.louisiana.gov/assets/docs/oilgas/productiondata/comments_1989_rev.pdf Comments on API gravity adjustment scale]▼
▲*[http://dnr.louisiana.gov/assets/docs/oilgas/productiondata/comments_1989_rev.pdf Comments on API gravity adjustment scale]
*[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/policy/army/fm/10-67-1/APPI.HTML Instructions for using a glass hydrometer measured in API gravity]
[[Category:Units of density]]
Line 70 ⟶ 77:
[[Category:Petroleum geology]]
[[Category:Petroleum production]]
[[Category:American Petroleum Institute|Gravity]]
| |||