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Line 1: {{Information page}} The various English dictionaries use different and sometimes conflicting [[International Phonetic Alphabet\|IPA]] transcriptions for English. For example, the transcription {{IPA\|/i/}} may be used for the vowel of ''sit,'', of ''seat,'', or at the end of ''city.''. A dictionary may not even be consistent between one edition and the next. This table correlates the more widely used dictionaries with the conventions of the [[Help:IPA/English\|IPA key that is used on Wikipedia]]. Most dictionaries transcribe a specific dialect or accent, such as the [[Received Pronunciation]] (RP) of the [[Oxford English Dictionary]], or a narrow range of dialects. Wikipedia's IPA key, on the other hand, is intended to cover RP, [[General American]], Australian, and other national standards. As such, Wikipedia transcribes {{IPA\|/r/}} where it is found in rhotic dialects, but also the vowel distinctions found in non-rhotic dialects, without distinct UK and US transcriptions. Specific dialects may also be transcribed—local pronunciations of place names are often useful, for example—but they are normally written in addition to a more universal pronunciation. When entering IPA in an article, please use the {{tl\|IPA}} template so that it is formatted properly on all web browsers. /Slashes/ and [brackets] should be included inside the IPA template, so that they display in the same font as the IPA itself. Also, please use proper stress {{IPA\|ˈ}} and length {{IPA\|ː}} marks (available at the bottom of your edit window) rather than the non-IPA shortcuts of apostrophe {{angbr\|{{!xt\|'}}}} and colon {{angbr\|{{!xt\|:.}}}}; ~~Depending~~depending on the reader's font preferences, the latter can be ambiguous. For a list of those languages other than English which have agreed-upon transcriptions in Wikipedia, see {{tl\|IPA keys}}. For a comparison of the non-IPA transcriptions found in many US dictionaries, see [[Pronunciation respelling for English]]. ==Alternative pronunciations== When dictionaries give alternative pronunciations, they may mean that people disagree. For example, some people pronounce ''bath'' {{IPA\|/bæθ/}}, with the vowel of ''bat,'', while others with the same accent pronounce it {{IPA\|/bɑːθ/}}, with the vowel of ''bra.''. This is the kind of difference celebrated in "[[Let's Call the Whole Thing Off\|You like to-may-toes; I like to-mah-toes]]". On Wikipedia, we would normally need to transcribe both, unless only one is considered correct, as may be the case for personal and place names. However, often variant transcriptions reflect distinctions between accents, and these we do not need to transcribe, since our IPA key already covers such distinctions. For example, Merriam-Webster transcribes ''merry'' as "{{IPA\|/ˈmɛri/}}" and ''marry'' as "{{IPA\|/ˈmɛri, ˈmæri/}}". The two transcriptions of ''marry'' are meant to show that some people pronounce it the same as ''merry;'' it does ''not'' mean that there are two pronunciations of ''marry'' among those who either do or do not make this distinction (see [[Mary–marry–merry merger\|''Mary–marry–merry'' merger]]). It would not be possible to have the song lyric "You say ''marry'' and I say ''merry''", because only those people who say those words differently would be able to sing it. Therefore on Wikipedia we would only have one transcription for each: ''merry'' {{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|m\|ɛr\|i}}, ''marry'' {{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|m\|ær\|i}}. Since the IPA key defines the orthographic conventions of {{IPAc-en\|ɛr}} and {{IPAc-en\|ær}} according to basic English words, readers who do not make the ''marry–merry'' distinction will see {{IPAc-en\|ɛr}} and {{IPAc-en\|ær}} as being equivalent, much as the spelling pronunciations ''YOU-clid'' and ''EWE-clid'' for "Euclid" would be seen as equivalent. Line 15: ==Consonants== Consonants vary little between dictionaries. The ones which do are those in the words: :''rich, char'' {{IPA\|/r ~ ɹ ~ (r) ~ (ɹ) ~ ~~zero~~∅/}}; :''which,'', {{IPA\|/ʍ ~ hw ~ (h)w ~ w/}}; :and ''new,'', {{IPA\|/~~njuː~~juː ~ ~~nuː~~uː/}}. Wikipedia editors have decided to go with {{IPAc-en\|r\|ɪ\|tʃ}}, {{IPAc-en\|tʃ\|ɑːr}}, {{IPAc-en\|hw\|ɪ\|tʃ}}, {{IPAc-en\|nj\|uː}} for these words. A few dictionaries, such as dictionary.com, use "{{IPA\|/y/}}" for {{IPA\|/j/}}, which is at odds with the official IPA usage, which defines {{IPA\|/y/}} as [[close front rounded vowel\|close front rounded '''vowel''']] (as in French ''tu'' or German ''über''), and appears as such in transcriptions of French and German, as well as some dialects of English. ==Vowels== Line 39: ===Checked vowels=== {\| class="~~IPA~~ wikitable" \|+ [[Checked and free vowels\|Checked vowels]] \|- Line 54: !colspan="2"\| [[Kenyon and Knott\|K&K]] !rowspan="2"\| [[Macquarie Dictionary\|Mac]] !rowspan="2"\| [[Jack Windsor Lewis\|WL]] !rowspan="2"\| [http://seas3.elte.hu/cube/ CUBE] \|- Line 96: \|title="EPD 1930" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| ær \|title="EPD BE" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| ær \|title="EPD AE" style="background:LightPink;"\| er/~~~~{{bg\|PaleGreen\|ær}} \|title="Longman BE" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| ær \|title="Longman AE" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| ær Line 207: \|title="Longman AE" style="background:LightPink;"\| ɑː \|title="OALD BE" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| ɒ \|title="OALD AE" style="background:~~PaleGreen~~LightPink;"\| ɒɑː \|title="OED2" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| ɒ \|title="dict BE" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| ɒ Line 227: \|title="EPD AE" style="background:LightPink;"\| ɔːr \|title="Longman BE" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| ɒr \|title="Longman AE" style="background:LightPink;"\| ɔːr/~~~~{{small\|ɑː}} \|title="OALD BE" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| ɒr \|title="OALD AE" style="background:LightPink;"\| ɔːr~~/ɑːr~~ \|title="OED2" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| ɒr \|title="dict BE" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| ɒr \|title="dict AE" style="background:LightPink;"\| ɔr/~~~~{{bg\|PaleGreen\|ɒr}} \|title="SOED" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| ɒr \|title="OED3 BE" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| ɒr \|title="OED3 AE" style="background:LightPink;"\| ɔr/~~ɑr~~ɑr \|title="K&K GA" style="background:LightPink;"\| ɔr/~~ɑr~~ɑr/~~~~{{bg\|PaleGreen\|ɒr}} \|title="K&K ES" style="background:LightPink;"\| ɔr/~~ɑr~~ɑr/~~~~{{bg\|PaleGreen\|ɒr}} \|title="Mac" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| ɒr \|title="WL" style="background:LightPink;"\| or,<br>{{abbr\|AE\|American English}}: {{bg\|LightPink\|ɔr}} Line 269: \|title="EPD BE" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| ʊr \|title="EPD AE" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| ʊr \|title="Longman BE" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| ʊr/~~~~{{small\|{{bg\|LightPinkʊər/ʌr}}}} \|title="Longman AE" style="background:LightPink;"\| ɝː/~~~~{{small\|{{bg\|PaleGreen\|ʊr}}}} \|title="OALD BE" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| ʊr \|title="OALD AE" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| ʊr \|title="OED2" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| ʊr/~~~~{{bg\|LightPink\|ʊər}} \|title="dict BE" style="background:LightPink;"\| ʊər \|title="dict AE" style="background:LightPink;"\| ɜr/~~ʊər~~ʊər \|title="SOED" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| ʊr \|title="OED3 BE" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| ʊr/~~~~{{bg\|LightPink\|ʌr/ʊər}} \|title="OED3 AE" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| ʊr/~~~~{{bg\|LightPink\|ər}} \|title="K&K GA" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| ᴜr/~~~~{{bg\|LightPink\|ɝ}} \|title="K&K ES" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| ᴜr/~~~~{{bg\|LightPink\|ɜr/ʌr/ɝ}} \|title="Mac" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| ʊr \|title="WL" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| ʊr,<br>{{abbr\|AE\|American English}}: ʊr/~~~~{{bg\|LightPink\|{{small\|ɜ}}}} \|title="CUBE" style="background:LightPink;"\| ɵɹ \|- Line 318: \|title="OED2" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| ʌr \|title="dict BE" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| ʌr \|title="dict AE" style="background:LightPink;"\| ɜr/~~~~{{bg\|PaleGreen\|ʌr}} \|title="SOED" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| ʌr \|title="OED3 BE" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| ʌr \|title="OED3 AE" style="background:LightPink;"\| ər \|title="K&K GA" style="background:LightPink;"\| ɝ \|title="K&K ES" style="background:LightPink;"\| ɜr/~~~~{{bg\|PaleGreen\|ʌr}}/~~ɝ~~ɝ \|title="Mac" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| ʌr \|title="WL" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| ʌr,<br>{{abbr\|AE\|American English}}: {{bg\|LightPink\|ɜ}} Line 340: !colspan="2"\| [[Kenyon and Knott\|K&K]] !rowspan="2"\| [[Macquarie Dictionary\|Mac]] !rowspan="2"\| [[Jack Windsor Lewis\|WL]] !rowspan="2"\| [http://seas3.elte.hu/cube/ CUBE] \|- Line 361: ===Free vowels=== {\| class="~~IPA~~ wikitable" \|+ [[Checked and free vowels\|Free vowels]] \|- Line 376: !colspan="2"\| [[Kenyon and Knott\|K&K]] !rowspan="2"\| [[Macquarie Dictionary\|Mac]] !rowspan="2"\| [[Jack Windsor Lewis\|WL]] !rowspan="2"\| [http://seas3.elte.hu/cube/ CUBE] \|- Line 548: \|title="Longman BE" style="background:LemonChiffon;"\| aɪ<sup>ə</sup>r, a''ɪ''‿ər{{efn\|Longman (BE): {{IPA\|/aɪ<sup>ə</sup>r/}} in '''''ir'''ony''; {{IPA\|/a''ɪ''‿ər/}} in ''f'''ir'''ing''.}} \|title="Longman AE" style="background:LemonChiffon;"\| aɪ<sup>ə</sup>r, aɪ‿<sup>ə</sup>r{{efn\|Longman (AE): {{IPA\|/aɪ<sup>ə</sup>r/}} in '''''ir'''ony''; {{IPA\|/aɪ‿<sup>ə</sup>r/}} in ''f'''ir'''ing''.}} \|title="OALD BE" style="background:LightPink;"\| aɪr, {{bg\|PaleGreen\|aɪər}}{{efn\|OALD (BE): {{IPA\|aɪr}} in '''''ir'''ony''; {{IPA\|aɪər}} in ''f'''ir'''ing''.}} \|title="OALD AE" style="background:LightPink;"\| aɪr, {{bg\|PaleGreen\|aɪər}}{{efn\|OALD (AE): {{IPA\|aɪr}} in '''''ir'''ony''; {{IPA\|aɪər}} in ''f'''ir'''ing''.}} \|title="OED2" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| aɪər \|title="dict BE" style="background:LightPink;"\| aɪr Line 610: \|title="EPD 1930" style="background:LightPink;"\| auə* \|title="EPD BE" style="background:LemonChiffon;"\| aʊə<sup>r</sup> \|title="EPD AE" style="background:LightPink;"\| aʊr, aʊr/~~aʊɚ~~aʊɚ{{efn\|EPD (AE): {{IPA\|/aʊr/}} in ''fl'''our'''''; {{IPA\|/aʊr/}} or {{IPA\|/aʊɚ/}} in ''h'''our'''''.}} \|title="Longman BE" style="background:LemonChiffon;"\| a''ʊ''‿ə \|title="Longman AE" style="background:LemonChiffon;"\| aʊ‿<sup>ə</sup>r Line 617: \|title="OED2" style="background:LemonChiffon;"\| aʊə(r){{efn\|name=nostress\|If there are no other syllables, the word bears no stress mark, indicating a mono-syllabic pronunciation.}} \|title="dict BE" style="background:LemonChiffon;"\| aʊə \|title="dict AE" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| aʊər/~~~~{{bg\|LightPink\|aʊ ər}} \|title="SOED" style="background:LemonChiffon;"\| aʊə \|title="OED3 BE" style="background:LemonChiffon;"\| aʊə{{efn\|name=nostress}} Line 625: \|title="Mac" style="background:LemonChiffon;"\| aʊə \|title="WL" style="background:LemonChiffon;"\| ɑʊə(r) \|title="CUBE" style="background:LightPink;"\| ~~ɑwə~~awə \|- !title="before a consonant"\| _C Line 631: \|title="EPD 1930" style="background:LightPink;"\| auə \|title="EPD BE" style="background:LemonChiffon;"\| aʊə \|title="EPD AE" style="background:LightPink;"\| aʊr/~~aʊɚ~~aʊɚ \|title="Longman BE" style="background:LemonChiffon;"\| a''ʊ''‿ə \|title="Longman AE" style="background:LemonChiffon;"\| aʊ‿<sup>ə</sup>r Line 638: \|title="OED2" style="background:LemonChiffon;"\| aʊə \|title="dict BE" style="background:LemonChiffon;"\| aʊə \|title="dict AE" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| aʊər/~~~~{{bg\|LightPink\|aʊ ər}} \|title="SOED" style="background:LemonChiffon;"\| aʊə \|title="OED3 BE" style="background:LemonChiffon;"\| aʊə Line 646: \|title="Mac" style="background:LemonChiffon;"\| aʊə \|title="WL"\| \|title="CUBE" style="background:LightPink;"\| ~~ɑwə~~awə \|- !title="before a vowel"\| _V Line 659: \|title="OED2" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| aʊər \|title="dict BE" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| aʊər{{efn\|dict (BE): In ''d'''owr'''y''.}} \|title="dict AE" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| aʊər/~~~~{{bg\|LightPink\|aʊ ə r}} \|title="SOED" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| aʊər \|title="OED3 BE" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| aʊər Line 667: \|title="Mac" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| aʊər \|title="WL"\| \|title="CUBE" style="background:LightPink;"\| ~~ɑwɹ~~awɹ \|- !rowspan="3"\| {{IPAc-en\|aʊ\|.\|ər}} Line 683: \|title="dict AE" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| aʊ ər \|title="SOED" style="background:LightPink;"\| aʊə \|title="OED3 BE" style="background:LemonChiffon;"\| aʊə/~~~~{{bg\|LightPink\|aʊə{{efn\|name=nostress}}}} \|title="OED3 AE" style="background:LightPink;"\| aʊər \|title="K&K GA" style="background:LightPink;"\| aᴜɚ/~~aᴜr~~aᴜr \|title="K&K ES" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| aᴜ•ə(r/~~~~{{bg\|LightPink\|aᴜə(r}} \|title="Mac" style="background:LightPink;"\| aʊə \|title="WL" style="background:LightPink;"\| ɑʊə(r) \|title="CUBE" style="background:LightPink;"\| ~~ɑwə~~awə \|- !title="before a consonant"\| _C Line 710: \|title="Mac" style="background:LightPink;"\| aʊə \|title="WL" style="background:LightPink;"\| ɑʊə,<br>{{abbr\|AE\|American English}}: ɑʊər \|title="CUBE" style="background:LightPink;"\| ~~ɑwə~~awə \|- !title="before a vowel"\| _V Line 726: \|title="SOED" style="background:LightPink;"\| aʊər \|title="OED3 BE" style="background:LightPink;"\| aʊər \|title="OED3 AE" style="background:LightPink;"\| ~~aʊ(r)r~~aʊr \|title="K&K GA" style="background:LightPink;"\| aᴜr \|title="K&K ES" style="background:LightPink;"\| aᴜər \|title="Mac" style="background:LightPink;"\| aʊər \|title="WL"\| \|title="CUBE" style="background:LightPink;"\| ~~ɑwəɹ~~awəɹ \|- !colspan="2"\| {{IPAc-en\|eɪ}} Line 761: \|title="EPD AE" style="background:LightPink;"\| er \|title="Longman BE" style="background:LightPink;"\| eə \|title="Longman AE" style="background:LightPink;"\| e<sup>ǝə</sup>r/~~~~{{small\|æ<sup>ə</sup>r}} \|title="OALD BE" style="background:LightPink;"\| eə(r) \|title="OALD AE" style="background:LightPink;"\| er Line 770: \|title="OED3 BE" style="background:LightPink;"\| ɛː \|title="OED3 AE" style="background:LemonChiffon;"\| ɛ(ə)r \|title="K&K GA" style="background:LightPink;"\| ɛr/~~ær~~ær \|title="K&K ES" style="background:LightPink;"\| æə(r,<br>{{abbr\|E\|Eastern}}: {{bg\|LemonChiffon\|ɛə(r}} \|title="Mac" style="background:LemonChiffon;"\| ɛə Line 782: \|title="EPD AE" style="background:LightPink;"\| er \|title="Longman BE" style="background:LightPink;"\| eə \|title="Longman AE" style="background:LightPink;"\| e<sup>ǝə</sup>r \|title="OALD BE" style="background:LightPink;"\| eə \|title="OALD AE" style="background:LightPink;"\| er Line 791: \|title="OED3 BE" style="background:LightPink;"\| ɛː \|title="OED3 AE" style="background:LightPink;"\| ɛr \|title="K&K GA" style="background:LightPink;"\| ɛr/~~ær~~ær/~~er~~er \|title="K&K ES" style="background:LightPink;"\| æə/~~eə~~eə,<br>{{abbr\|E\|Eastern}}: {{bg\|LemonChiffon\|ɛə}} \|title="Mac" style="background:LemonChiffon;"\| ɛə \|title="WL" style="background:LightPink;"\| eə,<br>{{abbr\|AE\|American English}}: eər Line 812: \|title="OED3 BE" style="background:LightPink;"\| ɛːr \|title="OED3 AE" style="background:LightPink;"\| ɛr \|title="K&K GA" style="background:LightPink;"\| ɛr/~~ɛːr~~ɛːr/~~ær~~ær \|title="K&K ES" style="background:LightPink;"\| ɛr/~~ɛːr~~ɛːr/~~ær~~ær,<br>{{abbr\|S\|Southern}}: ær/~~er~~er \|title="Mac" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| ɛər \|title="WL" style="background:LightPink;"\| eər Line 824: \|title="EPD BE" style="background:LemonChiffon;"\| eɪ.ə<sup>r</sup>, eɪ.ə<sup>r</sup>/{{bg\|LightPink\|eə<sup>r</sup>}}{{efn\|EPD (BE): {{IPA\|/eɪ.ə<sup>r</sup>/}} in ''pr'''ayer'''''; {{IPA\|/eɪ.ə<sup>r</sup>/}} or {{IPA\|/eə<sup>r</sup>/}} in ''l'''ayer'''''.}} \|title="EPD AE" style="background:LightPink;"\| eɪ.ɚ \|title="Longman BE" style="background:LemonChiffon;"\| eɪ ǝə \|title="Longman AE" style="background:LemonChiffon;"\| eɪ <sup>ǝə</sup>r \|title="OALD BE" style="background:LightPink;"\| eɪə(r)/~~eə~~eə(r)<!--"layer"--> \|title="OALD AE" style="background:LightPink;"\| ~~er<!--"layer"-->~~eɪər \|title="OED2" style="background:LightPink;"\| eɪə(r) \|title="dict BE" style="background:LightPink;"\| eɪə Line 833: \|title="SOED" style="background:LightPink;"\| eɪə \|title="OED3 BE" style="background:LightPink;"\| eɪə \|title="OED3 AE" style="background:LightPink;"\| eɪər/~~ɛ~~ɛ(ə)r \|title="K&K GA" style="background:LightPink;"\| e•ɚ \|title="K&K ES" style="background:LightPink;"\| e•ə(r Line 868: \|title="EPD AE" style="background:LightPink;"\| ɪr \|title="Longman BE" style="background:LemonChiffon;"\| ɪə \|title="Longman AE" style="background:LemonChiffon;"\| ɪ<sup>ǝə</sup>r \|title="OALD BE" style="background:LemonChiffon;"\| ɪə(r) \|title="OALD AE" style="background:LightPink;"\| ɪr Line 889: \|title="EPD AE" style="background:LightPink;"\| ɪr \|title="Longman BE" style="background:LemonChiffon;"\| ɪə \|title="Longman AE" style="background:LemonChiffon;"\| ɪ<sup>ǝə</sup>r \|title="OALD BE" style="background:LemonChiffon;"\| ɪə \|title="OALD AE" style="background:LightPink;"\| ɪr Line 919: \|title="OED3 BE" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| ɪər \|title="OED3 AE" style="background:LightPink;"\| ɪr \|title="K&K GA" style="background:LightPink;"\| ɪr/~~ir~~ir \|title="K&K ES" style="background:LightPink;"\| ɪr/~~ir~~ir \|title="Mac" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| ɪər \|title="WL" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| ɪər Line 933: \|title="Longman BE" style="background:LightPink;"\| i''ː''‿ə \|title="Longman AE" style="background:LightPink;"\| i''ː''‿<sup>ə</sup>r \|title="OALD BE" style="background:LightPink;"\| ɪə(r), {{bg\|LemonChiffon\|iːə(r)}}{{efn\|OALD (BE): {{IPA\|ɪə(r)}} in ''s'''eer'''''; {{IPA\|iːə(r)}} in ''fr'''eer'''''.}} \|title="OALD AE" style="background:LightPink;"\| ɪr, {{bg\|PaleGreen\|iːər}}{{efn\|OALD (AE): {{IPA\|ɪr}} in ''s'''eer'''''; {{IPA\|iːər}} in ''fr'''eer'''''.}} \|title="OED2" style="background:LightPink;"\| ɪə(r)/~~iːə~~iːə(r), iːə(r){{efn\|{{IPA\|/ɪə(r)/}} or {{IPA\|/iːə(r)/}} in ''s'''eer'''''; {{IPA\|/iːə(r)/}} in ''fr'''eer'''''.}} \|title="dict BE" style="background:LightPink;"\| iːə{{efn\|dict (BE): In ''overs'''eer'''''.}} \|title="dict AE" style="background:LemonChiffon;"\| i ər \|title="SOED" style="background:LightPink;"\| ɪə/~~iːə~~iːə \|title="OED3 BE" style="background:LightPink;"\| iːə/~~ɪə~~ɪə \|title="OED3 AE" style="background:LightPink;"\| iər/~~ɪ~~ɪ(ə)r \|title="K&K GA" style="background:LightPink;"\| iɚ \|title="K&K ES" style="background:LemonChiffon;"\| i•ə(r Line 951: \|title="EPD 1930" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| ɔː \|title="EPD BE" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| ɔː \|title="EPD AE" style="background:LightPink;"\| ɑː/~~~~{{bg\|PaleGreen\|ɔː}} \|title="Longman BE" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| ɔː \|title="Longman AE" style="background:LightPink;"\| ɑː Line 971: !title="at the end of a word"\| _∅ \| w'''ar''' \|title="EPD 1930" style="background:LemonChiffon;"\| ɔː/~~~~{{bg\|LightPink\|{{small\|ɔə}}}} \|title="EPD BE" style="background:LemonChiffon;"\| ɔː<sup>r</sup> \|title="EPD AE" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| ɔːr Line 1,037: \|title="EPD 1930" style="background:LightPink;"\| ɔːə* \|title="EPD BE" style="background:LemonChiffon;"\| ɔː.ə<sup>r</sup> \|title="EPD AE" style="background:LightPink;"\| ɑː.ɚ/~~ɔː~~ɔː.ɚ \|title="Longman BE" style="background:LightPink;"\| ɔː<sup>r</sup> ə \|title="Longman AE" style="background:LightPink;"\| ɔː‿<sup>ə</sup>r/~~~~{{small\|ɑː‿<sup>ə</sup>r}} \|title="OALD BE" style="background:LightPink;"\| ɔːə(r) \|title="OALD AE" style="background:LightPink;"\| ɔːər Line 1,062: \|title="Longman AE" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| oʊ \|title="OALD BE" style="background:LightPink;"\| əʊ \|title="OALD AE" style="background:~~PaleGreen~~LightPink;"\| oʊəʊ \|title="OED2" style="background:LightPink;"\| əʊ \|title="dict BE" style="background:LightPink;"\| əʊ Line 1,078: !title="at the end of a word"\| _∅ \| '''ore''' \|title="EPD 1930" style="background:LemonChiffon;"\| ɔː/~~~~{{bg\|LightPink\|{{small\|ɔə}}}} \|title="EPD BE" style="background:LemonChiffon;"\| ɔː<sup>r</sup> \|title="EPD AE" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| ɔːr \|title="Longman BE" style="background:LemonChiffon;"\| ɔː \|title="Longman AE" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| ɔːr/~~~~{{bg\|LightPink\|{{small\|oʊr}}}} \|title="OALD BE" style="background:LemonChiffon;"\| ɔː(r) \|title="OALD AE" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| ɔːr \|title="OED2" style="background:LightPink;"\| ɔə(r) \|title="dict BE" style="background:LemonChiffon;"\| ɔː \|title="dict AE" style="background:LemonChiffon;"\| ɔr/~~~~{{bg\|LightPink\|oʊr}} \|title="SOED"\| \|title="OED3 BE" style="background:LemonChiffon;"\| ɔː \|title="OED3 AE" style="background:LightPink;"\| ɔ(ə)r \|title="K&K GA" style="background:LightPink;"\| or/~~~~{{bg\|LemonChiffon\|ɔr}} \|title="K&K ES" style="background:LightPink;"\| oə(r \|title="Mac" style="background:LemonChiffon;"\| ɔ Line 1,103: \|title="EPD AE" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| ɔːr \|title="Longman BE" style="background:LemonChiffon;"\| ɔː \|title="Longman AE" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| ɔːr/~~~~{{bg\|LightPink\|{{small\|oʊr}}}} \|title="OALD BE" style="background:LemonChiffon;"\| ɔː \|title="OALD AE" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| ɔːr \|title="OED2" style="background:LightPink;"\| ɔə \|title="dict BE" style="background:LemonChiffon;"\| ɔː \|title="dict AE" style="background:LemonChiffon;"\| ɔr/~~~~{{bg\|LightPink\|oʊr}} \|title="SOED" style="background:LemonChiffon;"\| ɔː \|title="OED3 BE" style="background:LemonChiffon;"\| ɔː \|title="OED3 AE" style="background:LightPink;"\| ɔ(ə)r \|title="K&K GA" style="background:LightPink;"\| or/~~~~{{bg\|LemonChiffon\|ɔr}} \|title="K&K ES" style="background:LightPink;"\| oə \|title="Mac" style="background:LemonChiffon;"\| ɔ Line 1,124: \|title="EPD AE" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| ɔːr \|title="Longman BE" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| ɔːr \|title="Longman AE" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| ɔːr/~~~~{{bg\|LightPink\|{{small\|oʊr}}}} \|title="OALD BE" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| ɔːr \|title="OALD AE" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| ɔːr \|title="OED2" style="background:LightPink;"\| ɔər \|title="dict BE" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| ɔːr/~~~~{{bg\|LightPink\|ɒr}} \|title="dict AE" style="background:LemonChiffon;"\| ɔr/~~~~{{bg\|LightPink\|oʊr}} \|title="SOED" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| ɔːr \|title="OED3 BE" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| ɔːr \|title="OED3 AE" style="background:LemonChiffon;"\| ɔr \|title="K&K GA" style="background:LightPink;"\| or/~~ɔr~~ɔr \|title="K&K ES" style="background:LightPink;"\| or/~~~~{{bg\|LemonChiffon\|ɔr}},<br>{{abbr\|S\|Southern}}: or \|title="Mac" style="background:LightPink;"\| {{bg\|LightPink\|ɒr}} \|title="WL" style="background:LemonChiffon;"\| ɔr,<br>{{abbr\|AE\|American English}}: {{bg\|LightPink\|or}} Line 1,148: \|title="Longman AE" style="background:LemonChiffon;"\| oʊ <sup>ə</sup>r \|title="OALD BE" style="background:LightPink;"\| əʊə(r) \|title="OALD AE" style="background:LightPink;"\| ~~oʊər~~əʊər \|title="OED2" style="background:LightPink;"\| əʊə(r) \|title="dict BE" style="background:LightPink;"\| əʊə Line 1,155: \|title="OED3 BE" style="background:LightPink;"\| əʊə \|title="OED3 AE" style="background:LightPink;"\| oʊər \|title="K&K GA" style="background:LightPink;"\| ~~o•ə(r~~o•ɚ \|title="K&K ES" style="background:LightPink;"\| o•ə(r \|title="Mac" style="background:LightPink;"\| oʊə Line 1,219: \|title="SOED" style="background:LightPink;"\| ɔɪə \|title="OED3 BE" style="background:LightPink;"\| ɔɪə \|title="OED3 AE" style="background:LightPink;"\| ɔɪ(j)ər/~~ɔjər~~ɔjər \|title="K&K GA" style="background:LightPink;"\| ~~uə/~~ɔjɚ \|title="K&K ES" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| ɔɪ•ə(r/~~~~{{bg\|LightPink\|ɔjə(r}} \|title="Mac" style="background:LightPink;"\| ɔɪə \|title="WL"\| Line 1,250: !title="at the end of a word"\| _∅ \| c'''ure''' \|title="EPD 1930" style="background:LightPink;"\| uə/~~~~{{small\|oə/ɔə/ɔː}} \|title="EPD BE" style="background:LemonChiffon;"\| ʊə \|title="EPD AE" style="background:LightPink;"\| ʊr \|title="Longman BE" style="background:LemonChiffon;"\| ʊə/~~~~{{small\|{{bg\|LightPink\|ɔː}}}} \|title="Longman AE" style="background:LemonChiffon;"\| ʊ<sup>ə</sup>r \|title="OALD BE" style="background:LemonChiffon;"\| ʊə(r) Line 1,261: \|title="dict AE" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| ʊər \|title="SOED" style="background:LemonChiffon;"\| ʊə \|title="OED3 BE" style="background:LemonChiffon;"\| ʊə/~~~~{{bg\|LightPink\|ɔː}} \|title="OED3 AE" style="background:LemonChiffon;"\| ʊ(ə)r \|title="K&K GA" style="background:LightPink;"\| ᴜr \|title="K&K ES" style="background:LemonChiffon;"\| ᴜə(r \|title="Mac" style="background:~~LightPink~~LemonChiffon;"\| ʊə/{{bg\|LightPink\|uə}}/~~~~{{bg\|~~LemonChiffon~~LightPink\|ʊəɔ}} \|title="WL" style="background:LemonChiffon;"\| ʊə(r) \|title="CUBE" style="background:LightPink;"\| ɵː/~~oː~~oː{{efn\|See [http://englishspeechservices.com/blog/british-vowels/ english speech services {{pipe}} The British English vowel system].}} \|- !title="before a consonant"\| _C \| proc'''ure'''ment,<br>p'''oor'''ness \|title="EPD 1930" style="background:LightPink;"\| uə/~~~~{{small\|oə/ɔə/ɔː}} \|title="EPD BE" style="background:LemonChiffon;"\| ʊə/{{bg\|LightPink\|ɔː}}, {{bg\|LightPink\|ɔː}}/ʊə{{efn\|EPD (BE): {{IPA\|/ʊə/}} or {{IPA\|/ɔː/}} in ''proc'''ure'''ment''; {{IPA\|/ɔː/}} or {{IPA\|/ʊə/}} in ''p'''oor'''house''.}} \|title="EPD AE" style="background:LightPink;"\| ʊr \|title="Longman BE" style="background:LightPink;"\| ɔː/~~~~{{small\|{{bg\|LemonChiffon\|ʊə}}}} \|title="Longman AE" style="background:LightPink;"\| ʊr/~~~~{{small\|ɔːr}} \|title="OALD BE" style="background:LemonChiffon;"\| ʊə, {{bg\|LightPink\|ɔː}}/ʊə{{efn\|OALD (BE): {{IPA\|/ʊə/}} in ''proc'''ure'''ment''; {{IPA\|/ɔː/}} or {{IPA\|/ʊə/}} in ''p'''oor'''house''.}} \|title="OALD AE" style="background:LightPink;"\| ʊr, ~~ɔːr/~~ʊr/ɔːr{{efn\|OALD (AE): {{IPA\|/ʊr/}} in ''proc'''ure'''ment''; {{IPA\|/~~ɔːr~~ʊr/}} or {{IPA\|/ʊrɔːr/}} in ''p'''oor'''house''.}} \|title="OED2" style="background:LemonChiffon;"\| ʊə \|title="dict BE" style="background:LemonChiffon;"\| ʊə \|title="dict AE" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| ʊər \|title="SOED" style="background:LemonChiffon;"\| ʊə \|title="OED3 BE" style="background:LemonChiffon;"\| ʊə/~~~~{{bg\|LightPink\|ɔː}} \|title="OED3 AE" style="background:LightPink;"\| ur/~~ʊr~~ʊr \|title="K&K GA" style="background:LightPink;"\| ᴜr \|title="K&K ES" style="background:LemonChiffon;"\| ᴜə/~~~~{{bg\|LightPink\|oə/ɔə}} \|title="Mac" style="background:~~LightPink~~LemonChiffon;"\| ʊə/{{bg\|LightPink\|uə}}/{{bg\|LightPink\|ɔ}} \|title="WL" style="background:LemonChiffon;"\| ʊə/~~~~{{small\|ɔ}},<br>{{abbr\|AE\|American English}}: {{bg\|PaleGreen\|ʊər}} \|title="CUBE" style="background:LightPink;"\| ɵː, oː{{efn\|CUBE: {{IPA\|/ɵː/}} in ''proc'''ure'''ment''; {{IPA\|/oː/}} in ''p'''oor'''house''.}} \|- !title="before a vowel"\| _V \| f'''ur'''y \|title="EPD 1930" style="background:LightPink;"\| uər/~~~~{{small\|oər/ɔər/ɔːr}} \|title="EPD BE" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| ʊə.r \|title="EPD AE" style="background:LightPink;"\| ʊr \|title="Longman BE" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| ʊər/~~~~{{small\|{{bg\|LightPink\|ɔːr}}}} \|title="Longman AE" style="background:LightPink;"\| ʊr \|title="OALD BE" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| ʊər Line 1,309: \|title="Mac" style="background:LightPink;"\| ur \|title="WL" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| ʊər \|title="CUBE" style="background:LightPink;"\| ɵːɹ/~~oːɹ~~oːɹ \|- ! {{IPAc-en\|uː\|ər}} !title="at the end of a word"\| _∅ \| f'''ewer''',<br>s'''ewer'''{{efn\|Drain.}} \|title="EPD 1930" style="background:LightPink;"\| uə/~~~~{{small\|oə}} \|title="EPD BE" style="background:LemonChiffon;"\| uː.ə<sup>r</sup>, {{bg\|LightPink\|ʊə<sup>r</sup>}}{{efn\|EPD (BE): {{IPA\|/uː.ə<sup>r</sup>/}} in ''f'''ewer'''''; {{IPA\|/ʊə<sup>r</sup>/}} in ''s'''ewer'''''.}} \|title="EPD AE" style="background:LightPink;"\| uː.ɚ \|title="Longman BE" style="background:LightPink;"\| u''ː''‿ə \|title="Longman AE" style="background:LightPink;"\| u''ː''‿<sup>ə</sup>r \|title="OALD BE" style="background:LightPink;"\| uːə(r)~~<!--"sewer"-->~~ \|title="OALD AE" style="background:LightPink;"\| uːər~~<!--"sewer"-->~~ \|title="OED2" style="background:LightPink;"\| uːə(r) \|title="dict BE" style="background:LightPink;"\| uːə Line 1,326: \|title="SOED" style="background:LightPink;"\| uːə \|title="OED3 BE" style="background:LightPink;"\| uːə \|title="OED3 AE" style="background:LightPink;"\| uər/~~ʊər~~ʊər \|title="K&K GA" style="background:LightPink;"\| u•ɚ \|title="K&K ES" style="background:LemonChiffon;"\| u•ə(r Line 1,350: \|title="OED3 AE" style="background:LightPink;"\| ər \|title="K&K GA" style="background:LightPink;"\| ɝ \|title="K&K ES" style="background:LemonChiffon;"\| ɜ(r/~~~~{{bg\|LightPink\|ɝ}} \|title="Mac" style="background:LemonChiffon;"\| ɜ \|title="WL" style="background:LemonChiffon;"\| ɜ Line 1,371: \|title="OED3 AE" style="background:LightPink;"\| ər \|title="K&K GA" style="background:LightPink;"\| ɝ \|title="K&K ES" style="background:LemonChiffon;"\| ɜ/~~~~{{bg\|LightPink\|ɝ}} \|title="Mac" style="background:LemonChiffon;"\| ɜ \|title="WL" style="background:LemonChiffon;"\| ɜ Line 1,392: \|title="OED3 AE" style="background:LightPink;"\| ər \|title="K&K GA" style="background:LightPink;"\| ɝ \|title="K&K ES" style="background:LemonChiffon;"\| ɜr/~~~~{{bg\|LightPink\|ɝ}} \|title="Mac" style="background:LemonChiffon;"\| ɜr \|title="WL" style="background:LemonChiffon;"\| ɜr Line 1,409: !colspan="2"\| [[Kenyon and Knott\|K&K]] !rowspan="2"\| [[Macquarie Dictionary\|Mac]] !rowspan="2"\| [[Jack Windsor Lewis\|WL]] !rowspan="2"\| [http://seas3.elte.hu/cube/ CUBE] \|- Line 1,430: ===Reduced vowels=== {\| class="~~IPA~~ wikitable" \|+ [[Stress and vowel reduction in English\|Reduced vowels]] \|- Line 1,445: !colspan="2"\| [[Kenyon and Knott\|K&K]] !rowspan="2"\| [[Macquarie Dictionary\|Mac]] !rowspan="2"\| [[Jack Windsor Lewis\|WL]] !rowspan="2"\| [http://seas3.elte.hu/cube/ CUBE] \|- Line 1,518: \|title="OED3 BE" style="background:LightPink;"\| m̩ \|title="OED3 AE" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| əm \|title="K&K GA" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| əm/~~~~{{small\|{{bg\|LightPink\|m̩}}}} \|title="K&K ES" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| əm/~~~~{{small\|{{bg\|LightPink\|m̩}}}} \|title="Mac" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| əm \|title="WL" style="background:LightPink;"\| m Line 1,562: \|title="OED3 AE" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| ər \|title="K&K GA" style="background:LightPink;"\| ɚ \|title="K&K ES" style="background:LemonChiffon;"\| ə(r) \|title="Mac" style="background:LemonChiffon;"\| ə \|title="WL" style="background:LemonChiffon;"\| ə(r) Line 1,583: \|title="OED3 AE" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| ər \|title="K&K GA" style="background:LightPink;"\| ɚ \|title="K&K ES" style="background:LightPink;"\| ɚə \|title="Mac" style="background:LemonChiffon;"\| ə \|title="WL"\| Line 1,645: \|title="OED3 BE" style="background:LightPink;"\| ʊ \|title="OED3 AE" style="background:LightPink;"\| əw \|title="K&K GA" style="background:LightPink;"\| ᴜ/~~əw~~əw{{efn\|K&K (GA): {{IPA\|/ˌsɪtʃᴜˈeʃən/}} or {{IPA\|/ˌsɪtʃəˈweʃən/}}.}} \|title="K&K ES" style="background:LightPink;"\| ᴜ/~~əw~~əw{{efn\|K&K (ES): {{IPA\|/ˌsɪtʃᴜˈeʃən/}} or {{IPA\|/ˌsɪtʃəˈweʃən/}}.}} \|title="Mac" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| u \|title="WL" style="background:LightPink;"\| ʊ Line 1,658: \|title="Longman BE" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| ɪ/{{small\|ə}}, ɪ/{{small\|ə/{{bg\|LightPink\|iː}}}}, ɪ/{{bg\|LightPink\|{{small\|iː}}}}, ə/{{small\|ɪ}}{{efn\|Longman (BE): {{IPA\|/ɪ/}} {{small\|or {{IPA\|/ə/}}}} in ''ros'''e'''s'', '''''e'''nough''; {{IPA\|/ɪ/}} {{small\|or {{IPA\|/ə, iː/}}}} in '''''e'''mission''; {{IPA\|/ɪ/}} {{small\|or {{IPA\|/iː/}}}} in '''''e'''nounce''; {{IPA\|/ə/}} {{small\|or {{IPA\|/ɪ/}}}} in ''mistr'''e'''ss''.}} \|title="Longman AE" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| ə, ɪ/{{small\|ə}}, ɪ/{{small\|ə/{{bg\|LightPink\|iː}}}}, ɪ/{{bg\|LightPink\|{{small\|iː}}}}, ə/{{small\|ɪ}}{{efn\|Longman (AE): {{IPA\|/ə/}} in ''ros'''e'''s''; {{IPA\|/ɪ/}} {{small\|or {{IPA\|/ə/}}}} in '''''e'''nough''; {{IPA\|/ɪ/}} {{small\|or {{IPA\|/ə, iː/}}}} in '''''e'''mission''; {{IPA\|/ɪ/}} {{small\|or {{IPA\|/iː/}}}} in '''''e'''nounce''; {{IPA\|/ə/}} {{small\|or {{IPA\|/ɪ/}}}} in ''mistr'''e'''ss''.}} \|title="OALD BE" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| ɪ, ə~~, {{bg\|LightPink\|i}}~~{{efn\|OALD (BE): {{IPA\|/ɪ/}} in '''''e'''nough''~~; {{IPA\|/ə/}} in~~, ''~~mistr~~'''e'''ssmission''; {{IPA\|/iə/}} in ''mistr'''e'''~~mission~~ss''.}} \|title="OALD AE" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| ɪ, ə~~, {{bg\|LightPink\|i}}~~{{efn\|OALD (AE): {{IPA\|/ɪ/}} in '''''e'''nough''~~; {{IPA\|/ə/}} in~~, ''~~mistr~~'''e'''ssmission''; {{IPA\|/iə/}} in ''mistr'''e'''~~mission~~ss''.}} \|title="OED2" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| ɪ \|title="dict BE" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| ɪ Line 1,680: \|title="Longman AE" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| oʊ, oʊ/{{small\|ə}}, ə{{efn\|Longman (AE): {{IPA\|/oʊ/}} in ''foll'''ow''''', ''c'''o'''operate''; {{IPA\|/oʊ/}} {{small\|or {{IPA\|/ə/}}}} in '''''o'''mission''; {{IPA\|/ə/}} in ''kil'''o'''gram''.}} \|title="OALD BE" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| {{bg\|LightPink\|əʊ}}, ə{{efn\|OALD (BE): {{IPA\|/əʊ/}} in ''foll'''ow''''', ''c'''o'''operate''; {{IPA\|/ə/}} in '''''o'''mission'', ''kil'''o'''gram''.}} \|title="OALD AE" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| oʊ{{bg\|LightPink\|əʊ}}, ə{{efn\|OALD (AE): {{IPA\|/oʊəʊ/}} in ''foll'''ow''''', ''c'''o'''operate''; {{IPA\|/ə/}} in '''''o'''mission'', ''kil'''o'''gram''.}} \|title="OED2" style="background:PaleGreen;"\| {{bg\|LightPink\|əʊ}}, ə{{efn\|OED2: {{IPA\|/əʊ/}} in ''foll'''ow''''', ''c'''o'''operate'', '''''o'''mission''; {{IPA\|/ə/}} in ''kil'''o'''gram''.}} \|title="dict BE" style="background:LightPink;"\| əʊ Line 1,726: !colspan="2"\| [[Kenyon and Knott\|K&K]] !rowspan="2"\| [[Macquarie Dictionary\|Mac]] !rowspan="2"\| [[Jack Windsor Lewis\|WL]] !rowspan="2"\| [http://seas3.elte.hu/cube/ CUBE] \|- Line 1,746: ==Stress== Stress need not be included in the notation of a monosyllabic word since it is self-evident. In phrases, however, it is advised to include stress even of a monosyllabic word because a lack of stress may indicate a different pronunciation than intended. For example, in the name [[Zack de la Rocha]], ''Zack'' and ''Rocha'' have stress, but ''de la'' does not: {{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|z\|æ\|k\|_\|d\|ɛ\|l\|ə\|_\|ˈ\|r\|oʊ\|tʃ\|ə}}. It would therefore convey an incorrect pronunciation to leave the stress mark off ''Zack.''. OED2 does not indicate stress on monosyllables, but uses the stress mark to disambiguate disyllables: ''higher'' ({{IPA\|ˈhaɪə(r)}}) vs. ''hire'' ({{IPA\|haɪə(r)}}). On WP, the distinction is made with the aid of the syllabification mark: {{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|h\|aɪ\|.\|ər}}, {{IPAc-en\|h\|aɪər}}. Dictionaries also disagree on secondary stress. Generally, any stressed syllable prior to the last is marked as secondary ({{IPAc-en\|ˌ\|z\|æ\|k\|_\|d\|ɛ\|l\|ə\|_\|ˈ\|r\|oʊ\|tʃ\|ə}}), and that convention is followed here. However, several dictionaries also mark full (unreduced) vowels as having secondary stress when they come after the primary stress, even though they are not actually stressed: ''cerebrate,'', dict.com {{IPA\|/ˈsɛrəˌbreɪt/}}, OED2 {{IPA\|(ˈsɛrɪbreɪt)}}. This practice is avoided on Wikipedia; if you have a word transcribed {{IPA\|/ˈCVˌCV/}}, it should probably be {{IPA\|/ˈCVCV/}}: {{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|s\|ɛr\|ɪ\|b\|r\|eɪ\|t}}. ==References== Line 1,769: \| author-link = Daniel Jones (phonetician) \| title = English Pronouncing Dictionary \| ~~editors~~ editor= Peter Roach, \|editor2=James Hartmann ~~and~~ \|editor3=Jane Setter \| place = Cambridge \| publisher = Cambridge University Press