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{{Green economics sidebar}}
The '''Cities for Climate Protection program''' (CCP) is one of three major global transnational municipal networks aimed at reducing urban greenhouse gas emissions. Established in 1990 by the International Union of Local Authorities and the [[United Nations Environment Programme]], one of the largest global transnational networks, the International Council for Local Environment Initiatives (ICLEI), presented a framework to represent local government environmental concerns internationally
== The Cities for Climate Protection program ==
Established in 1993, the CCP program houses more than 650 municipal governments representing over 30 participatory countries
• ‘Re-enforce local commitments in reducing urban GHG emissions
• Disseminating planning and management tools to facilitate the development of cost-effective {{CO2}} reduction policies
• Research and development of best practices, and development of model municipalities that lead by example
• Enhancing national and international ties so that municipal-level actions are included in national action plans and international deliberations’ <ref name="ICLEI 1993b">{{cite book|last=ICLEI|title=Cities for Climate Protection. An International Campaign to Reduce Urban Emissions of Greenhouse Gases|year=1993b|publisher=ICLEI|___location=Toronto}}</ref>
=== Becoming a CCP program member ===
Originally, the CCP program's aim was to enrol local authorities whose collective GHG emissions equated to 10% of the global emissions total
• ‘Conducting an energy and
• Establishing an emissions reduction target
• Developing a local action plan to achieve the goal
• Implementing policies and measures
• Undertake processes of monitoring and verifying results’
<ref name="Betsill, M. M. & Bulkeley, H. 2004" />
The five milestones help local authorities understand how municipal decisions concern urban energy use, illustrating global [[climate change mitigation]] through reduced energy use
==
ICLEI initially operated a top-down governing approach
== The CCP as a Local Climate Policy ==
Stemming from membership, CCP cities publicly demonstrate their recognition of global climate change as a ‘legitimate local concern,’ committed to controlling the threats of local greenhouse gas emissions
The CCP program is a resource that [[Municipal government]]s have drawn upon in advancing particular local energy or environmental policies with sizeable global climate consequences, to a manageable scale in which local governments should act and be concerned
== The CCP program as a Transnational Governance Network ==
Transnational governance is distinct in that it involves both state and non-state actors, contributing differing sources and capacities of authority
<ref name="Slaughter, 2004">{{cite book|last=Slaughter|first=A. M.|title=A New World Order|url=https://archive.org/details/newworldorderann00slau|url-access=registration|year=2004|publisher=Princeton University Press|___location=Princeton, NJ|isbn=9780691116983 }}</ref> and <ref name="Raustiala, K. 2002">{{cite journal|last=Raustiala|first=K|title=The Architecture of International Co-operation: Trans-governmental Networks and the Future of International Law|journal=Virginia Journal of International Law|year=2002|volume=43|issue=1|pages=
=== CCP Cities in Maintaining their Transnational Governance Network ===
Key to securing transnational governance network participation are CCP cities
== Benefits and Successes of the CCP
As a transnational governance network, joining as a CCP member city is a benefit to
Crucially, while it is seen single local government action on reducing GHG emissions may be relatively ineffective, working together under a transnational governance network frame collectively, such as the CCP cities, can make an important contribution towards the reduction and mitigation of global climate change
== Barriers Toward CCP program Local Policy Action ==
Three main institutional barriers exist in transforming CCP program political will into policy action; bureaucratic structure, administrative capacity and budgetary constraints. Bureaucratic structure negatively affects the workings of the CCP program, as there is often no institutional home for climate change policy making
Lack of administrative capacity leaves many cities without the facilities to develop local policies and programmes for climate change mitigation, leaving it increasingly difficult and time-consuming to address climate change at the municipal level
Budgetary constraints emerge through an unwillingness to invest financial resources into climate change mitigation strategies. Many city budgets constrain the flexibility of municipal government officials to invest in GHG reduction projects
▲Budgetary constraints emerge through an unwillingness to invest financial resources into climate change mitigation strategies. Many city budgets constrain the flexibility of municipal government officials to invest in GHG reduction projects <ref name="Nijkamp & Perrels, 1994">{{cite book|last=Nijkamp|first=P|title=Sustainable Cities in Europe: a comparative analysis of urban energy-environmental policies|year=1994|publisher=Earthscan|___location=London|author=Perrels, A}}</ref>, viewing the issue as a luxury expenditure <ref name="Press, 1998">{{cite journal|last=Press|first=D|title=Local environmental policy capacity: a framework for research|journal=Natural Resources Journal|year=1998|volume=38|pages=29-52}}</ref>. It is not un-common in response however for CCP municipal governments to convince officials to invest in some GHG reduction technologies, with the argument money saved through mitigation strategies can be used for re-investment in further mitigation strategies <ref name="Betsill, 2001" />.
== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cities For Climate Protection Program}}
[[Category:Climate change policy]]
[[Category:United Nations Environment Programme]]
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