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==Applications==
The following applications need not only the time–frequency distribution functions but also some operations to the signal. The [[Linear canonical transform]] (LCT) is really helpful. By LCTs, the shape and ___location on the time–frequency plane of a signal can be in the arbitrary form that we want it to be. For example, the LCTs can shift the time–frequency distribution to any ___location, dilate it in the horizontal and vertical direction without changing its area on the plane, shear (or twist) it, and rotate it ([[Fractional Fourier transform]]). This powerful operation, LCT, make it more flexible to analyze and apply the time–frequency distributions. The time-frequency analysis have been applied in various applications like, disease detection from biomedical signals and images, vital sign extraction from physiological signals, brain-computer interface from brain signals, machinery fault diagnosis from vibration signals, interference mitigation in spread spectrum communication systems.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pachori |first1=Ram Bilas |title=Time-Frequency Analysis Techniques and Their Applications |publisher=CRC Press|url=https://www.routledge.com/Time-Frequency-Analysis-Techniques-and-their-Applications/Pachori/p/book/9781032435763?srsltid=AfmBOorjwRC4cJ-ABXieBsYLfFSmwQdGQ3GHNvL_O5pGnBMchjM8x7S8}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Boashash |first1=Boualem |title=Time-Frequency Signal Analysis and Processing: A Comprehensive Reference |publisher=Elsevier|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780123984999/time-frequency-signal-analysis-and-processing}}</ref>
===Instantaneous frequency estimation===
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