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{{short description|Notation for recording chess games}}

[[File:Fischer Score Card.jpg|thumb|Scoresheet in descriptive notation used by [[Bobby Fischer]] in a 1970 game against [[Miguel Najdorf]].]]

'''Descriptive notation''' is a [[chess notation]] system based on abbreviated natural language. Its distinctive features are that it refers to files by the piece that occupies the back rank square in the starting position and that it describes each square two ways depending on whether it is from White or Black's point of view. It was common in English, Spanish and French chess literature until about 1980.<ref>{{harvcol|Brace|1977|pp=79–80}}</ref><ref>{{harvcol|Sunnucks|1970|p=325}}</ref> In most other languages, the more concise [[algebraic notation (chess)|algebraic notation]] was in use. Since 1981, [[FIDE]] no longer recognizes descriptive notation for the purposes of dispute resolution, and algebraic notation is now the accepted international standard.

==Description==

===Nomenclature===

With the exception of the [[Knight (chess)|knight]], each piece is abbreviated as the first letter of its name: '''K''' for [[King (chess)|king]], '''Q''' for [[Queen (chess)|queen]], '''R''' for [[Rook (chess)|rook]], '''B''' for [[Bishop (chess)|bishop]], and '''P''' for [[Pawn (chess)|pawn]]. As ''knight'' begins with the same letter as ''king'', it is abbreviated as either '''N''' or '''Kt''', the formerfirst being the modern convention. In 1944, ''[[Chess Review]]'' received many letters debating the change from Kt to N.<ref>{{harvcol|Lawrence|2009|p=10}}</ref>

[[Image:English Descriptive Chess Notation.svg|thumb|360px|Names of the squares in English descriptive notation]]

[[File:Hoyles Games Modernized 344.png|thumb|1909 diagram showing the square names from the point-of-view of each player. Note the use of "Kt" for knight, and "Sq." (square) for the first rank.]]

Each square has two names, depending on the viewpoint of White or Black. Each {{chessgloss|file}} is given a name corresponding to the piece that occupies the first {{chessgloss|rank}} at the start of the game. Thus, in '''English descriptive notation''' the [[queen (chess)|queen]]'s file is named "Q" and the [[king (chess)|king]]'s file is named "K". Since there are two each of the remaining pieces on the first rank, it is necessary to distinguish between them. The pieces on the queen's side of the [[Chessboard|board]] (to White's left; to Black's right) are named with respect to the queen, i.e. "queen's rook", "queen's knight" and "queen's bishop"; and have the shortened names "QR", "QN" and "QB", respectively. Similarly, the pieces on the king's side (White's right; Black's left) are named with respect to the king, i.e. "king's rook", "king's knight" and "king's bishop"; and have the shortened names "KR", "KN" and "KB". The rank is given a number, ranging from 1 to 8, with rank 1 being closest to the player. In 19th century chess literature the first rank is usually called simply the "[piece]'s square", so "K1" ("King One") is called "King's square" (K. Sq.). Some players omitted both the "1" and the "sq", so "Rook to King 1" was written '''R–K'''.

This method of naming the squares means that each square has one name from White's point of view and another from Black's. For a full diagram of the board using this naming method, see the image above.

Line 15 ⟶ 16:

'''Spanish descriptive notation''' uses a similar system, with a few differences:

* The initials to identify the pieces are taken from the equivalent Spanish words: R = ''rey'' (king), D = ''dama'' (queen, {{lit|lady}}), T = ''torre'' (rook), C = ''caballo'' (knight), A = ''[[alfil]]'' (bishop, {{lit|war elephant}}) and P = ''peón'' (pawn). The files are named after the initials of the pieces on the first rank, with those on the queen's side being suffixed by the letter "D", and those on the king's side suffixed by the letter "R". From White's left to right along the first rank this yields: TD, CD, AD, D, R, AR, CR, TR.

* The dash, which in English descriptive notation symbolizes the word "to", is omitted.

* The numerical rank is identified ''before'' the file, e.g. "4R" is equivalent to "K4" (e4 in algebraic notation).

In Spanish descriptive notation the [[Sicilian Defence]] ('''1. P–K4 P–QB4''' in English) would be written '''1. P4R P4AD''' ({{lang|es|peón al cuatro del rey, peón al cuatro del alfil de la dama}}). This is also the method used in French descriptive notation.<ref>{{harvcol|Hooper|Whyld|1996|p=106}}</ref>

===Notation for moves===

Line 25 ⟶ 26:

* ''Non-capturing move'': A move without capture is notated by the piece's name, a hyphen and the destination square, e.g. '''N–QB3''' (knight to queen's bishop 3) and '''P–QN4''' (pawn to queen's knight 4).

* ''{{chessgloss|capture|Capture}}'': A capture is notated by the piece's name, a cross ("x"×), and the name of the piece captured, e.g. '''QxNQ×N''' (queen captures knight).

* ''[[Castling]]'': The notation '''O-O''' is used for castling {{chessgloss|kingside}} and '''O-O-O''' for castling {{chessgloss|queenside}}. The word "'''Castles'''" is sometimes used instead, particularly in older literature, in which case it may be necessary to disambiguate between kingside and queenside castling; this may be done by specifying the rook or side, i.e. "'''Castles KR'''," "'''Castles Q''',"or "'''Castles queenside'''".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Reinfeld|first=Fred|title=The Seventh Book of Chess|publisher=Barnes & Noble|year=1963|isbn=9780064632744|___location=U.S.}}</ref>

* ''[[Promotion (chess)|Promotion]]'': Parentheses are used to indicate promotion, with the promotion piece enclosed in parentheses, e.g. '''P-R8P–R8(Q)'''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1963/07/25/archives/chess-pr8-q-then-pr8-q-leads-to-some-fireworks.html | title=Chess:; P-R8 (Q) then ... P-R8 (Q) Leads to Some Fireworks | work=The New York Times | date=25 July 1963 | last1=Horowitz | first1=Al }}</ref> Sometimes a slash or an equal sign is used, e.g. '''P–R8P–N8/QR''', '''P–R8P×R=QN'''.

* ''Special terms and symbols'': Special indicators that are appended to the move include "e.p." (''[[en passant]]''), "ch" or "+" ([[Check (chess)|check]]), "?" (a [[question mark]] for a bad move), "!" (an [[exclamation mark]] for a good move), "mate" or "++" ([[checkmate]]), "[[Rules of chess#Resigning|resigns]]" and "[[draw (chess)|draw]]".

Typically, the full designation for a piece or a file is shortened to just the last part (indicating type of piece) whenever this does not produce ambiguity. For example, the move KP–K4 would always be written '''P–K4''' since only one pawn can move to K4 without capturing; the move Q–QB4 would be written '''Q–B4''' whenever Q–KB4 is not a legal move. A pawn capturing a pawn may be shown as '''PxPP×P''' if it is the only one possible, or as '''BPxPBP×P''' if only one of the player's bishop's pawns can capture a pawn, or as '''QBPxPQBP×P''', '''PxRPP×RP(R6)''' or '''PxQBPP×QBP''' or other such variations.

Disambiguation of pieces using notations like QBP and KR becomes awkward once the pieces have left their starting positions (or for pawns, left their starting files), and is impossible for pieces created by promotion (such as a second queen). So as an alternative, moves may also be disambiguated by giving the starting square or the square of a capture, delimited by parentheses or a slash, e.g. '''BxNB×N/QB6''' or '''R(QR3)–Q3'''. Sometimes only the rank or file is indicated, e.g. '''R(6)xN×N'''.

When listing the moves of a game, first the move number is written, then the move by White followed by the move by Black. If there is no appropriate move by White to use (e.g. if the moves are interrupted by commentary) then an ellipsis ("…") is used in its place.

Line 52 ⟶ 53:

#N–KB3 N–QB3

#B–B4 B–B4

#P–QN4 BxNPB×NP

#P–B3 B–R4

#P–Q4 PxPP×P

#O–O P–Q6

#Q–N3 Q–B3

Line 60 ⟶ 61:

#R–K1 KN–K2

#B–R3 P–N4

#QxPQ×P R–QN1

#Q–R4 B–N3

#QN–Q2 B–N2

#N–K4 Q–B4

#BxQPB×QP Q–R4

#N–B6 ch PxNP×N

#PxPP×P R–N1

#QR–Q1 QxNQ×N

#RxNR×N ch NxRN×R

#QxPQ×P ch KxQK×Q

#B–B5 dbl ch K–K1

#B–Q7 ch K–B1

#BxNB×N mate

}}

English descriptive notation with variants:

Line 79 ⟶ 80:

#Kt–KB3 Kt–QB3

#B–B4 B–B4

#P–QKt4 BxKtPB×KtP

#P–B3 B–R4

#P–Q4 PxPP×P

#Castles P–Q6

#Q–Kt3 Q–B3

Line 87 ⟶ 88:

#R–K.Sq. KKt–K2

#B–R3 P–Kt4

#QxPQ×P R–QKt.Sq.

#Q–R4 B–Kt3

#QKt–Q2 B–Kt2

#Kt–K4 Q–B4

#BxQPB×QP Q–R4

#Kt–B6+ PxKtP×Kt

#PxPP×P R–Kt.Sq.

#QR–Q.Sq. QxKtQ×Kt

#RxKtR×Kt+ KtxRKt×R

#QxPQ×P+ KxQK×Q

#B–B5+ K–K.Sq.

#B–Q7+ K–B.Sq.

#BxKtB×Kt++

}}

Spanish descriptive notation:

Line 108 ⟶ 109:

#P4CD AxP

#P3A A4T

#P4D PxPP×P

#O–OO-O P6D

#D3C D3A

#P5R D3C

Line 119 ⟶ 120:

#C4R D4A

#AxPD D4T

#C6A+ PxCP×C

#PxPP×P T1C

#TD1D DxC

#TxC+ CxT

#DxP+ RxDR×D

#A5A+ R1R

#A7D+ R1A

Line 137 ⟶ 138:

# c3 Ba5

# d4 exd4

# 0–00-0 d3

# Qb3 Qf6

# e5 Qg6

Line 158 ⟶ 159:

{{clear}}

{{multiple image

| perrow =4

| total_width =

| image1 = Score sheets - DPLA - 0a590328ede519d75918cbcfe22acc2e (page 9).jpg

| caption1 = This player uses "KT" for knight, and "sq" for the first rank.

| image2 = Score sheets - DPLA - 0a590328ede519d75918cbcfe22acc2e (page 249).jpg

| caption2 = This player writes "Knight to Bishop's square" as '''Kt–B''' and "King's Rook to King 1" as '''KR–K'''.

| image3 = Score sheets - DPLA - 0a590328ede519d75918cbcfe22acc2e (page 67).jpg

| caption3 = This player writes [[check (chess)|check]] as {{small|(CH)}}. On one occasion, "Rook on Queen's square to Queen's Bishop's square" is written '''R–Q–QBsq'''.

| image4 = Score sheets - DPLA - 0a590328ede519d75918cbcfe22acc2e (page 179).jpg

| caption4 =This player uses dots instead of dashes, so "Pawn to Queen 4" is '''P. Q. 4'''. He also denotes castling as '''Castles'''.

| header =Scorecards from a 1931 tournament demonstrating variations in descriptive notation.

}}

==Notes==

Line 193 ⟶ 210:

|isbn=0-19-280049-3 }}

*{{Citation

|lastlast1=Just|firstfirst1=Tim

|last2=Burg|first2=Daniel B.

|year=2003