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{{Short description|IBM computer model from 1960s}}
{{Infobox information appliance
{{Infobox computing device
| name = IBM System/360 Model 40
| title =
| aka =
| logo logo_size = File:IBM logo.svg120px
| image_size = 270px
| logo = File:IBM Logo 1956 1972.svg
| image = File:IBM System 360 at USDA.jpg
| caption = IBM System/360 Model 40 at the USDA
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The '''IBM System/360 Model 40''' was a mid-range member of the [[IBM System/360]] family. It was announced on April 7, 1964, shipped in 1965, and withdrawn on October 7, 1977.<ref>[http{{cite web|url=https://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/mainframe/mainframe_PP2040.html |title=IBM Archives: System/360 Model 40] (|website=IBM|date=23 Archives)January 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209150627/https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/mainframe/mainframe_PP2040.html|archive-date=2023-12-09|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[https://www.flickr.com/photos/dabcanboulet/131523955/ IBM System/360 model 40] (Flickr from Yahoo!)</ref>
 
[[File:IBM System 360 Model 40 with open gates.jpg|thumb|360/40 "with circuit gates open"]]
 
[[File:IBM-360-40 w Starachowicach_FSC, pami%C4%99%C4%87 zewn%C4%99trzna (I197412).jpg|thumb|360/40 configuration]]
 
==History==
On April 7, 1964, was the announcementIBM ofannounced the then-new [[IBM System/360]], to be available in six models. The top three (60, 62, 70) were never shipped. The '''360/40''' was the middle of the three ([[IBM System/360 Model 30|30]], 40, [[IBM System/360 Model 50|50]]), which were delivered (mid to late 1965).<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bc8BGhSOawgC&pg=PA275&lpg=PA275|title=Building IBM: Shaping an Industry and Its Technology|author=Emerson W. Pugh|year=1995|publisher=MIT Press|page=275|___location=Cambridge, Mass.Massachusetts|isbn=0-262-16147-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=From Mainframes to Smartphones, by |author1=Martin Campbell-Kelly, |author2=Daniel D. Garcia-Swartz; |year=2015|publisher=[[Harvard University Press; {{ISBN]]|isbn=9780674729063}}</ref><ref>Fortune magazine, Sept. 1966, p.118</ref> The 360/40 was first delivered in April 1965.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/mainframe/mainframe_FS360.html|title=IBM Archives: System/360 Dates and characteristics|publisherdate=IBM}}</ref><ref>Fortune23 magazine,January Sept2003|archive-url=https://web. 1966, parchive.118org/web/20230422131739/https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/mainframe/mainframe_FS360.html|archive-date=2023-04-22|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 
Along with theThe [[IBM System/360 Model 30|360/30]], theseand the 360/40 were the two largest revenue producing [[IBM System/360#SummaryTable of modelsSystem/360 shippedmodels|System/360 models]],<ref name=IBMbook>{{cite book|last1=Pugh|first1=Emerson W.|last2=Johnson,|first2=Lyle R.|last3=Palmer|first3=John H.|title=IBM's 360 and early 370 systems|url=https://archive.org/details/ibms360early370s0000pugh|url-access=registration|date=1991|publisher=MIT Press|___location=Cambridge, Mass.Massachusetts|isbn=9780262161237|accessdate=13 September 2016}}</ref> accounting for over half of the units sold.<ref>An [[Automatic Data Processing|ADP]] Newsletter cited on page 56 in {{cite book|last1editor-last=Weiss|first1editor-first=Eric A. (ed)|title=Computer Usage Essentials|date=1969|publisher=McGraw-Hill|lccn=71-76142}} shows sales of the 360 Model 30 (36%) and the Model 40 (22.6%), for a total of 58.6%</ref>
 
==Models==
Five models of the 360/40 were offered.<ref name="mod40-func-char">{{cite book|url=http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/360/funcCharfunctional_characteristics/A22-6881-2_360-40_funcChar.pdf|title=IBM System/360 Model 40 Functional Characteristics|id=A22-6881-2|date=August 1971}}</ref> The D40, E40, F40, G40 and H40 were configured with 16K, 32K, 64K, 128K and 256K of [[Magnetic-core memory|core memory]] and correspondingly 16, 32, 64, 128 and 128 <ref group='NB'>not a typo: the physical limit seemed to be 224; see p. 17 of the Model 30 Functional Characteristics</ref> multiplexer subchannels.<ref name="mod40-func-char"/>
 
The H40<ref>as per those [[IBM 1620]] systems with larger amounts of memory; Basic Programming Concepts and The IBM 1620 Computer, by Daniel N. Leeson, Donald L. Dimitry, (C) 1962 by Holt, Rinehart and Winston</ref> occupied "more floor space than the other models."<ref name="mod40-func-char"/>{{rp|p.5}}
 
==Configuration==
 
{| class="wikitable"
A typical, early, basic Model 40 system had the following configuration:<ref>{{cite book|url=http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/360/operatingGuide/C20-1635-2_Model_40_Operating_Techniques.pdf|title=IBM System/360 Model 40 Operating Techniques|id=C20-1635-2|publisher=IBM}}</ref>▼
|-
* A Model 40 processor
▲! colspan="2" | A typical, early, basic Model 40 system had the following configuration:<ref>{{cite book|url=http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/360/operatingGuide/C20-1635-2_Model_40_Operating_Techniques.pdf|title=IBM System/360 Model 40 Operating Techniques|id=C20-1635-2|publisher=IBM}}</ref>
:IBM 2040 Central Processing Unit
|-
::128K byte storage, storage protection feature, universal instruction set,
| style="vertical-align:: top;" |Model 40 processor ||IBM 2040 Central Processing Unit<br>*128&nbsp;KB byte storage<br>*storage protection feature<br>*universal instruction set<br>*one multiplexor channel, <br>*two selector channels, and <br>*interval timer
|-
* An operator console
:|Operator console ||[[IBM 1052]] Typewriter- Keyboard (usually assigned to 009 hexadecimal address)
|-
* A unit record input-output machine
:|Unit record device ||[[IBM 1442]] Card Reader-Punch (00A) or<br>[[IBM 2540]] Reader-Punch (00C & 00D)
|-
:or
|Line printer ||[[IBM 1443]] Printer (00B) or<br>[[IBM 1403]] Printer (00E)
:[[IBM 2540]] Reader-Punch (00C & 00D)
|-
* A line printer
:|Disk storage ||[[IBM 2311]] Magnetic Disk Drives (190 & 191) or<br>[[IBM 2314]] Direct Access Storage Facility▼
:[[IBM 1443]] Printer (00B)
|-
:or
:|Tape storage || [[IBM 2401]] Magnetic Tape Units (180 & 181 for 7-track, and 182 & 182183 for 9-track)▼
:[[IBM 1403]] Printer (00E)
|-
* A disk storage
|Telecommunications controller (If used in a telecommunications environment)||[[IBM 2701]] Communication Controller
▲:[[IBM 2311]] Magnetic Disk Drives (190 & 191)
|}
:or
 
:[[History of IBM magnetic disk drives#IBM 2314/2319|IBM 2314]] Direct Access Storage Facility
==Microprogramming==
::Using [[IBM 1316]] or [[IBM 2316]] Disk Packs
[[Image:IBM 360 20 TROS.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Transformer read-only storage]] (TROS), from the IBM System 360/40]]
* A tape storage
Like most System/360 models the Model 40 is [[microcode|microprogrammed]]. The microcode is stored in [[transformer read-only storage]] (TROS), organized as up to 8192 words of 56 bits each. Standard microcode consists of up to 4096 words. The additional 4096 words are used for the 1401 or 1410 compatibility feature.<ref name="FE">{{cite book |last1=IBM Corporation |title=IBM Field Engineering Manual of Instruction: System/360 model 40 Functional Units |date=1970 |pages=52–73 |url=http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/360/fe/2040/SY22-2843-1_Model_40_Functional_Units_Mar70.pdf}}</ref>
▲:[[IBM 2401]] Magnetic Tape Units (180 & 181 for 7-track, and 182 & 182 for 9-track)
If used in a telecommunications environment, the Model 40 also had:
* A telecommunication controller
:[[IBM 2701]] Communication Controller
 
==IBM 1400 series emulation==
With the additional Compatibility Feature hardware and Compatibility Support software under DOS/360, the [[IBM 1401]]/[[IBM 1440|1440]]/1460 object programs couldcan be run in the emulation mode, with little or no reprogramming.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/360/dos/C27-6940-2_14xx_Emulator_Feb69.pdf|title=IBM System/360 Disk Operating System 1401/1440/1460 Emulator Programs: Compatibility Support/30 & /40|id=C27-6940-2|edition=Third|date=February 1969|publisher=IBM}}</ref>
 
==Other==
Although the cover of IBM's MVT Guide<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/360/os/R21.7_Apr73/GC28-6720-5_MVT_Guide_Rel_21.7_Aug74.pdf|title=IBM System/360 Operating System: MVT Guide OS Release 21.7|date=August 1974|publisher=IBM|id=GC28-6720-5}}</ref> indicates that even a 360/40 could run MVT,
the IBM [[operating system]] used was usually the realistically sized [[DOS/360]],{{Citation needed|date=September 2017}} because all but one model of the 360/40 had less than MVT's minimum memory requirements of 256KB.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/360/os/R21.7_Apr73/GC28-6551-16_Storage_Estimates_R21.7_Apr73.pdf|title=IBM System/360 Operating System: Storage Estimates OS Release 21.7|date=April 1973|publisher=IBM|id=GC28-6551-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Ray Saunders |url=http://www.os390-mvs.freesurf.fr/mvs360.htm |title=MVS... And Before OS/360 ? |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071220191855/http://www.os390-mvs.freesurf.fr/mvs360.htm |archive-date=2007-12-20}}</ref>
 
memory requirements of 256KB<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/360/mvt/GC28-6551-16_OS_Storage_Estimates_Apr73.pdf|title=IBM System/360 Operating System: Storage Estimates OS Release 21.7|date=April 1973|publisher=IBM|id=GC28-6551-16|}}</ref> and because MVT required more CPU power than DOS/360.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ray Saunders |url=http://www.os390-mvs.freesurf.fr/mvs360.htm |title=MVS... And Before OS/360 ? |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071220191855/http://www.os390-mvs.freesurf.fr/mvs360.htm |archive-date=2007-12-20}}</ref>.
The IBM System/360 Model 40 was developed at [[IBM Hursley]]<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/CCS/res/res23.htm|title=Editorial|author=Nicholas Enticknap|journal=Resurrection: The Bulletin of the Computer Conservation Society|issue=23|quote=Mike Flinders, who also worked at Hursley where the 360/40 was designed}}</ref> and manufactured at IBM's facilities in Poughkeepsie, New York, [[Mainz]], Germany; and [[Fujisawa, Kanagawa|Fujisawa]], Japan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/vintage/vintage_4506VV8001.html|title=IBM Archives: Fujisawa plant|website=IBM|date=23 January 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230924020615/https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/vintage/vintage_4506VV8001.html|archive-date=2023-09-24|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 
A modified Model 40 ran [[CP-40]], the ancestor of [[CP/CMS]], which in turn was the progenitor of the [[z/VM|VM]] line.
 
==Notes==
The IBM System/360 Model 40 was developed<ref>http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/CCS/res/res23.htm states: "The System/360 architecture was developed in Poughkeepsie, 80 miles north of New York. Contributions came from people all over IBM, including our Hursley development group." and notes specific involvement in developing the 360/40.</ref> and manufactured at IBM's facilities in: Poughkeepsie, U.S., [[Mainz]], Germany; and [[Fujisawa, Kanagawa|Fujisawa]], Japan.
{{Reflist|group='NB'}}
 
==References==
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{{DEFAULTSORT:IBM System 360 Model 40}}
[[Category:IBM System/360 mainframe line|System/ 360 Model 40]]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_System/360_Model_40"