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{{Short description|Security vulnerability in Diffie–Hellman key exchange}}
'''Logjam''' is a [[Vulnerability (computing)|security vulnerability]]
==Details==
Diffie–Hellman key exchange depends for its security on the presumed difficulty of solving the [[discrete logarithm problem]]. The authors took advantage of the fact that the [[General number field sieve|number field sieve]] algorithm, which is generally the most effective method for finding discrete logarithms, consists of four large computational steps, of which the first three depend only on the order of the group G, not on the specific number whose finite log is desired. If the results of the first three steps are [[precomputed]] and saved, they can be used to solve any discrete log problem for that prime group in relatively short time. This vulnerability was known as early as 1992.<ref>Whitfield Diffie, Paul C. Van Oorschot, and Michael J. Wiener "Authentication and Authenticated Key Exchanges", in Designs, Codes and Cryptography, 2, 107–125 (1992), Section 5.2, available as Appendix B to {{US patent|5724425|Method and apparatus for enhancing software security and distributing software}}: "If ''q'' has been chosen correctly, extracting logarithms modulo ''q'' requires a precomputation proportional to <math>L(q) = e^{\sqrt{\ln q \times \ln\ln q}}</math> though after that individual logarithms can be calculated fairly quickly."</ref> It turns out that much Internet traffic only uses one of a handful of groups that are of order 1024 bits or less.
One approach enabled by this vulnerability that the authors demonstrated was using a [[man-in-the-middle attack|man-in-the-middle network attacker]] to downgrade a [[Transport Layer Security]] (TLS) connection to use 512-bit DH [[export of cryptography from the United States|export-grade]] cryptography, allowing them to read the exchanged data and inject data into the connection. It affects the [[HTTPS]], [[SMTPS]], and [[IMAPS]] protocols, among others. The authors needed several thousand [[CPU]] cores for a week to precompute data for a single 512-bit prime. Once that was done, however, individual logarithms could be solved in about a minute using two 18-core [[Intel Xeon]] CPUs.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Adrian |first1=David |last2=Bhargavan |first2=Karthikeyan |last3=Durumeric |first3=Zakir |last4=Gaudry |first4=Pierrick |last5=Green |first5=Matthew |last6=Halderman |first6=J. Alex |last7=Heninger |first7=Nadia |author7-link=Nadia Heninger |last8=Springall |first8=Drew |last9=Thomé |first9=Emmanuel |last10=Valenta |first10=Luke |last11=VanderSloot |first11=Benjamin |last12=Wustrow |first12=Eric |last13=Zanella-Béguelin |first13=Santiago |last14=Zimmermann |first14=Paul |title=Imperfect Forward Secrecy: How Diffie-Hellman Fails in Practice |url=https://weakdh.org/imperfect-forward-secrecy.pdf |date=October 2015 |access-date=2015-05-23 |archive-date=2020-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227111819/https://weakdh.org/imperfect-forward-secrecy.pdf |url-status=live }} Originally published in Proc. 22nd Conf. on Computers and Communications Security (CCS). Republished, CACM, Jan. 2019, pp. 106-114, with Technical Perspective, "Attaching Cryptographic Key Exchange with Precomputation", by Dan Boneh, p. 105.</ref> Its CVE ID is {{CVE|2015-4000}}.<ref name = "CVE-2015-4000">{{cite web
▲ | title = CVE-2015-4000
| publisher = The MITRE Corporation
| work = Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures List
| date = 2015-05-15
| url = https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2015-4000
| access-date = 2015-06-16
"The TLS protocol 1.2 and earlier, when a DHE_EXPORT ciphersuite is enabled on a server but not on a client, does not properly convey a DHE_EXPORT choice, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to conduct cipher-downgrade attacks by rewriting a ClientHello with DHE replaced by DHE_EXPORT and then rewriting a ServerHello with DHE_EXPORT replaced by DHE, aka the 'Logjam' issue."▼
| archive-date = 2015-08-11
</ref>▼
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150811065219/http://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2015-4000
| url-status = live
▲"The TLS protocol 1.2 and earlier, when a DHE_EXPORT ciphersuite is enabled on a server but not on a client, does not properly convey a DHE_EXPORT choice, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to conduct cipher-downgrade attacks by rewriting a ClientHello with DHE replaced by DHE_EXPORT and then rewriting a ServerHello with DHE_EXPORT replaced by DHE, aka the 'Logjam' issue."</ref>
The authors also estimated the feasibility of the attack against 1024-bit Diffie–Hellman primes. By design, many Diffie–Hellman implementations use the same pre-generated [[prime number|prime]] for their field. This was considered secure, since the [[discrete
Claims on the practical implications of the attack were however disputed by security researchers Eyal Ronen and [[Adi Shamir]] in their paper "Critical Review of Imperfect Forward Secrecy".<ref>{{
== Responses ==
* On May 12, 2015, Microsoft released a patch for [[Internet Explorer]].<ref>{{cite web
| url=https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/security/ms15-055.aspx
| title=Microsoft Security Bulletin MS15-055. Vulnerability in Schannel Could Allow Information Disclosure (3061518)
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| publisher=[[Microsoft Corporation]]
| quote=This security update resolves a vulnerability in Microsoft Windows that facilitates exploitation of the publicly disclosed Logjam technique, [...] The security update addresses the vulnerability by increasing the minimum allowable DHE key length to 1024 bits.
| access-date=2015-07-02
▲}}</ref>
| archive-date=2015-07-03
* On June 16, 2015, the [[Tor Project]] provided a patch for Logjam to the [[Tor Browser]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://blog.torproject.org/blog/tor-browser-452-released|title=Tor Browser 4.5.2 is released|first=Mike|last=Perry|date=2015-06-16|publisher=The Tor Project}}</ref>▼
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703021850/https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/security/ms15-055.aspx
| url-status=live
▲ }}</ref>
▲* On June 16, 2015, the [[Tor Project]] provided a patch for Logjam to the [[Tor Browser]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://blog.torproject.org/blog/tor-browser-452-released|title=Tor Browser 4.5.2 is released|first=Mike|last=Perry|date=2015-06-16|publisher=The Tor Project|access-date=2015-06-20|archive-date=2015-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150620224433/https://blog.torproject.org/blog/tor-browser-452-released|url-status=live}}</ref>
* On June 30, 2015, [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] released a patch for both [[OS X Yosemite]] and [[iOS 8]] operating system.<ref>
{{cite web
| url=https://support.apple.com/HT204942
| title=About the security content of OS X Yosemite v10.10.4 and Security Update 2015-005
| date=23 January 2017
| publisher=[[Apple Inc.]]
| quote=This issue, also known as Logjam, [...] was addressed by increasing the default minimum size allowed for DH ephemeral keys to 768 bits.
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| url=https://support.apple.com/HT204941
| title=About the security content of iOS 8.4
| date=18 August 2020
| publisher=[[Apple Inc.]]
| quote=This issue, also known as Logjam, [...] was addressed by increasing the default minimum size allowed for DH ephemeral keys to 768 bits.
}}
</ref>
* On June 30, 2015, the [[Mozilla]] project released a fix for the [[Firefox]] browser.<ref>{{cite web
| title=Mozilla Foundation Security Advisory 2015-70 - NSS accepts export-length DHE keys with regular DHE cipher suites
| publisher=[[Mozilla]]
| url=https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/security/advisories/mfsa2015-70/
| quote=FIXED IN Firefox 39.0 [...] This attack [...] is known as the "Logjam Attack." This issue was fixed in NSS version 3.19.1 by limiting the lower strength of supported DHE keys to use 1023 bit primes.
| access-date=2015-07-04
| archive-date=2015-07-07
</ref>▼
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707033751/https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/security/advisories/mfsa2015-70/
| url-status=live
▲ }}</ref>
* On September 1, 2015, Google released a fix for the [[Google Chrome|Chrome]] browser.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://googlechromereleases.blogspot.com/2015/09/stable-channel-update.html|title=Stable Channel Updates|website=Chrome Releases|first=Vivian|last=Zhi|date=2015-09-01|accessdate=2015-11-06|archive-date=2015-10-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016103016/http://googlechromereleases.blogspot.com/2015/09/stable-channel-update.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* On December 6, 2017, [[Internet Engineering Task Force|IETF]] published {{IETF RFC|8270}} called "Increase the Secure Shell Minimum Recommended Diffie-Hellman Modulus Size to 2048 Bits".
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* [[POODLE]]
* [[Server-Gated Cryptography]]
* [[TWIRL]]
== References ==
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[[Category:2015 in computing]]
[[Category:Transport Layer Security]]
[[Category:Computational hardness assumptions]]
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