Comparison of programming languages (array): Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|List of programming language comparisons}}

{{one source|date=June 2013}}

{{ProgLangCompare}}

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=== Array dimensions ===

The following list contains [[programming language syntax|syntax]] examples of how to determine the dimensions (index of the first element, the last element or the size in elements).

Some languages index from zero. Some index from one. Some carry no such restriction, or even allow indexing by any enumerated type, not only integers.

Note particularly that some languages index from zero while others index from one. At least since [[Edsger W. Dijkstra|Dijkstra's]] famous essay,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/EWD/transcriptions/EWD08xx/EWD831.html|title = E.W. Dijkstra Archive: Why numbering should start at zero (EWD 831)}}</ref> zero-based indexing has been seen as superior, and new languages tend to use it.

{| class="wikitable sortable"

Line 22:

| {{Mono|''name''<nowiki>'</nowiki>Length}} || {{Mono|''name''<nowiki>'</nowiki>First}} || {{Mono|''name''<nowiki>'</nowiki>Last}}

|-

| [[ALGOL 68]]

| {{Mono|UPB ''name'' - LWB ''name''+1}} <br/>{{Mono|2 UPB ''name'' - 2 LWB ''name''+1}} <br/> etc.|| {{Mono|LWB ''name''}} <br/>{{Mono|2 LWB ''name''}} <br/> etc.|| {{Mono|UPB ''name''}} <br/>

{{Mono|2 UPB ''name''}} <br/> etc.

|-

| [[APL (programming language)|APL]]

| {{Mono|⍴ ''name'' <br/> (⍴ ''name'')[''index'']}} || {{Mono|⎕IO}} || {{Mono|(⍴ ''name'')-~⎕IO <br/> (⍴ ''name'')[''index'']-~⎕IO}}

|-

| [[AWK]]

| {{Mono|''length''}} || {{Mono|1}} || {{Mono|''asorti''}}

|-

| [[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]], [[Visual Basic (.NET)]], [[Windows PowerShell]], [[F Sharp (programming language)|F#]]

| {{Mono|''name''.Length}} || {{Mono|''name''.GetLowerBound(''dimension'')}} || {{Mono|''name''.GetUpperBound(''dimension'')}}

|-

| [[CFML]]

| {{Mono|arrayLen(''name'')}} <br/> {{Mono|''name''.len()}} || {{Mono|1}} || {{Mono|''name''.len()}}

|-

| [[Ch (computer programming)|Ch]]

Line 44:

| {{Mono|(length ''name'')}} || {{Mono|0}} || {{Mono|(1- (length ''name''))}}

|-

| [[D (programming language)|D]]

| {{Mono|''name''.length}} || {{Mono|0}} || {{Mono|''name''.length-1}} <br> {{Mono|$-1}}

|-

| [[Fortran]]

| {{Mono|SIZEsize(''name'')}} || {{Mono|LBOUNDlbound(''name'')}} || {{Mono|UBOUNDubound(''name'')}}

|-

| [[Go (programming language)|Go]]

| {{Mono|len(''name'')}} || {{Mono|0}} || {{Mono|len(''name'') - 1}}

|-

| [[Haskell (programming language)|Haskell]]

| {{Mono|rangeSize (bounds ''name'')}} || {{Mono|fst (bounds ''name'')}} || {{Mono|snd (bounds ''name'')}}

|-

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| {{Mono|*''name''}} || {{Mono|1}} || {{Mono|*''name''}}

|-

| [[Cobra (programming language)|Cobra]], [[D (programming language)|D]], [[Haxe]], [[Java (programming language)|Java]], [[JavaScript]], [[Scala (programming language)|Scala]]

| {{Mono|''name''.length}} || {{Mono|0}} || {{Mono|''name''.length - 1}}

|-

| [[J (programming language)|J]]

| {{Mono|#''name''}} || {{Mono|0}} || {{Mono|<:@#''name''}}

| -

|[[JavaScript]] ([[ECMAScript version history#13th Edition – ECMAScript 2022|ES2022]])

| {{Mono|''name''.length}} || {{Mono|0}}<br/>{{Mono|''name''.at(0)<ref name="es2022-array">

{{Cite web|url=https://tc39.es/ecma262/multipage/indexed-collections.html#sec-array.prototype.at|title=ECMAScript® 2025 Language Specification}}

</ref>}} || {{Mono|''name''.length - 1}}<br/>{{Mono|''name''.at(-1)<ref name="es2022-array"/>}}

|-

| [[Julia (programming language)|Julia]]

| {{Mono|length(''name'')<br/>size(''name'')}} || {{Mono|1begin<br/>first.(axes(''name''))}} || {{Mono|end<br/>last.(axes(''name''))}}

|-

| [[Lingo (programming language)|Lingo]]

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|-

| [[LiveCode]]

| {{Mono|length(''name'')}} || {{Mono|1}} <br/> {{Mono|first}} || {{Mono|-1}} <br/> {{Mono|last}}

|-

| [[Lua (programming language)|Lua]]

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|-

| [[Mathematica]]

| {{Mono|Length[''name'']}} || {{Mono|1}} <br/> {{Mono|First[''name'']}} || {{Mono|-1}} <br/> {{Mono|Last[''name'']}}

|-

| [[MATLAB]], [[GNU Octave]]

| {{Mono|length(''name'')}} || {{Mono|1}} || {{Mono|end}}

|-:

| [[Nim (programming language)|Nim]]

| {{Mono|''name''.len}} || {{Mono|''name''.low}}<ref name="nim-lang.org">{{Cite web|url=https://nim-lang.org/docs/tut1.html#advanced-types-arrays|title=Nim Tutorial (Part I)}}</ref> || {{Mono|''name''.high}}

|-

| [[Oberon (programming language)|Oberon]]

| {{Mono|LEN(''name'')}} || {{Mono|0}} || {{Mono|LEN(''name'') - 1}}

|-

| [[Object Pascal]]

| {{Mono|Length(''name'')}} || {{Mono|0}}<br/>{{Mono|low(''name'')}} || {{Mono|Length(''name'')-1}}<br/>{{Mono|high(''name'')}}

|-

| [[Objective-C]] (<code>NSArray *</code> only)

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| [[PHP]]

| {{Mono|count(''name'')}} || {{Mono|0}} || {{Mono|count(''name'') - 1}}

|-

| [[PL/I]]

| {{Mono|dim(''name''[,dim])}} || {{Mono|lbound(''name''[,dim])}} || {{Mono|hbound(''name''[,dim])}}

|-

| [[Python (programming language)|Python]]

| {{Mono|len(''name'')}} || {{Mono|0}} || {{Mono|-1}} <br/> {{Mono|len(''name'') - 1}}

|-

| [[R (programming language)|R]]

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|-

| [[Red (programming language)|Red]]

| {{Mono|length? ''name''}} || {{Mono|''name''/1}} <br/>{{Mono|first ''name''}} || {{Mono|last ''name''}}

|-

| [[Ruby (programming language)|Ruby]]

| {{Mono|''name''.size}} || {{Mono|0}} <br />{{Mono|''name''.first}} || {{Mono|-1}} <br/> {{Mono|''name''.size - 1}} <br/>{{Mono|''name''.last}}

|-

| [[Rust (programming language)|Rust]]

| {{Mono|''name''.len()}} || {{Mono|0}} || {{Mono|''name''.len() - 1}}

|-

| [[S-Lang (programming library)|S-Lang]]

| {{Mono|length(''name'')}} || {{Mono|0}} || {{Mono|-1}} <br/> {{Mono|length(''name'')-1}}

|-

| [[Scheme (programming language)|Scheme]]

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|-

| [[Smalltalk]]

| {{Mono|''name'' size}} || {{Mono|1}} <br/>{{Mono|''name'' first}} || {{Mono|''name'' size}} <br/>{{Mono|''name'' last}}

|-

| [[Swift (programming language)|Swift]]

| {{Mono|''name.''count}}

| {{Mono|0}}

| {{Mono|''name.''count - 1}}

|-

| [[Unicon (programming language)|Unicon]]

| {{Mono|*''name''}} || {{Mono|1}} || {{Mono|*''name''}}

|-

| [[Visual Basic]]

| {{Mono|UBound(''name'')-LBound(''name'')+1}} || {{Mono|LBound(''name'')}} || {{Mono|UBound(''name'')}}

|-

| [[Wolfram Language]]

| {{Mono|Length[''name'']}} || {{Mono|1}} <br/> {{Mono|First[''name'']}} || {{Mono|-1}} <br/> {{Mono|Last[''name'']}}

|-

| [[Xojo]]

| {{Mono|UBound(''name'')}} || {{Mono|0}} || {{Mono|UBound(''name'')}}

|-

| [[XPath]]/[[XQuery]]

| {{Mono|count($''name'')}} || {{Mono|1}} || {{Mono|count($''name'')}} <br/>{{Mono|last()}}<br/>{{Mono|array:size(''name'')}}<ref name="xpath"/>

|}

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! scope="col" | Languages

|-

| {{nowrap|{{Mono|name'''['''index''']'''}} or {{mono|name'''['''index₁''',''' index₂''']'''}} etc.}}

| [[ALGOL 58]], [[ALGOL 60]], [[ALGOL 68]], [[AWK]], [[Julia (programming language)|Julia]], [[Modula]], [[Pascal (programming language)|Pascal]], [[Object Pascal]], [[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]], [[S-Lang (programming library)|S-Lang]]<ref name="indexing"/> [[Icon (programming language)|Icon]], [[Unicon (programming language)|Unicon]]

|-

| {{Mono|name'''['''index''']'''}} or {{mono|name'''['''index₁''';''' index₂''']'''}} etc.<br>or {{mono|index'''⌷'''name}} or {{mono|index₁ index₂'''⌷'''name}} etc.}}

| [[APL (programming language)|APL]]

|-

| {{Mono|name'''['''index''']'''}}

| [[ActionScript]], [[C (programming language)|C]], [[CFML]], [[Ch (computer programming)|Ch]], [[Cobra (programming language)|Cobra]], [[C++]], [[D (programming language)|D]], [[Go (programming language)|Go]], [[Haxe]], [[Java (programming language)|Java]], [[JavaScript]], [[Julia (programming language)|Julia]], [[Lingo (programming language)|Lingo]], [[Lua (programming language)|Lua]], [[Nim (programming language)|Nim]], [[Objective-C]] (<code>NSArray *</code>), [[Perl]],<ref name="indexing"/> [[PHP]], [[Python (programming language)|Python]],<ref name="indexing"/> [[R (programming language)|R]], [[Ruby (programming language)|Ruby]],<ref name="indexing"/> [[Rust (programming language)|Rust]], [[Swift (programming language)|Swift]]

|-

| {{Mono|'''$'''name'''['''index''']'''}}

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| [[Raku (programming language)|Raku]]

|-

| {{Mono|name'''('''index''')'''}} or {{mono|name'''('''index₁''',''' index₂''')'''}} etc.}}

| [[Ada (programming language)|Ada]], [[ALGOL W]], [[BASIC]], [[COBOL]], [[Fortran]], [[IBM RPG|RPG]], [[GNU Octave]], [[MATLAB]], [[PL/I]], [[Scala (programming language)|Scala]], [[Visual Basic]], [[Visual Basic (.NET)]], [[Xojo]]

|-

| {{Mono|'''$'''name'''('''index''')'''}}

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|-

| {{Mono|name''' ! '''index}}

| [[Haskell (programming language)|Haskell]]

|-

| {{Mono|'''$'''name''' ? '''index'''}}

| [[XPath]]/[[XQuery]]<ref name="xpath"/>

|-

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| [[J (programming language)|J]]

|-

| {{Mono|name.item(index)}} or {{mono|name @ index<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://smarteiffel.loria.fr/libraries/api/lib.d/storage.d/loadpath.se.d/collection.d/ARRAY/ANY.html|title=Eiffeldoc : ARRAY}}</ref>}}

| [[Eiffel (programming language)|Eiffel]]

|}

Line 231 ⟶ 239:

In the following table:

*{{Mono|first}} -– the index of the first element in the slice

*{{Mono|last}} - – the index of the last element in the slice

*{{Mono|end}} - – one more than the index of last element in the slice

*{{Mono|len}} - – the length of the slice (= end - first)

*{{Mono|step}} - – the number of array elements in each (default 1)

{| class="wikitable"

Line 243 ⟶ 251:

|-

| {{Mono|name'''['''first''':'''last''']'''}}

| [[ALGOL 68]],<ref name="s1"/> [[Julia (programming language)|Julia]], [[Icon (programming language)|Icon]], [[Unicon (programming language)|Unicon]]

|-

| {{Mono|name'''['''first'''+(⍳'''len''')-⎕IO]'''}}

Line 251 ⟶ 259:

| [[Python (programming language)|Python]]<ref name="s2"/><ref name="s4"/>

|-

| {{Mono|name'''['''first''':'''end''']'''}}

| [[Go (programming language)|Go]]

|-

| {{Mono|name'''['''first'''..'''last''']'''}}

| [[Pascal (programming language)|Pascal]], [[Object Pascal]], [[Delphi (programming languagesoftware)|Delphi]], [[Nim (programming language)|Nim]]

|-

| {{Mono|'''$'''name'''['''first'''..'''last''']'''}}

Line 263 ⟶ 271:

| [[Perl]]<ref name="s3"/>

|-

| {{Mono|name'''['''first'''..'''last''']''' <br />name'''['''first'''...'''end''']''' <br />name'''['''first''', '''len''']'''}}

| [[Ruby (programming language)|Ruby]]<ref name="s4"/>

|-

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|-

| {{Mono|name'''{{brackets|'''first''':'''last'''}}'''}}

| [[S-Lang (programming library)|S-Lang]]<ref name="s1"/><ref name="s2"/><ref name="s3"/>

|-

| {{Mono|name'''.['''first'''..'''step'''..'''last''']'''}}

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| [[J (programming language)|J]]

|-

| {{Mono|name'''['''first'''..<'''end''']''' <br />name'''['''first'''...'''last''']'''}}

| [[Swift (programming language)|Swift]]

|-

| {{Mono|name '''copyFrom:''' first '''to:'''last <br />name '''copyFrom:''' first '''count:'''len }}

| [[Smalltalk]]

|-

| {{Mono|name'''['''first'''..'''end''']''' }}

| [[D (programming language)|D]], [[C sharp (programming language)|C#]]<ref name="s5" /><ref name="s6" />

|-

| {{Mono|name'''['''first'''..'''end''']''' <br/>name'''['''first'''..<nowiki>=</nowiki>'''last''']''' }}

| [[Rust (programming language)|Rust]]

|-

| {{Mono|name'''['''first''':'''end''']''' }}

| [[Cobra (programming language)|Cobra]]

|-

| <code>table.move(name, first, last, 1, {})</code>

| [[Lua (programming language)|Lua]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lua 5.3 Reference Manual |url=https://www.lua.org/manual/5.3/manual.html#pdf-table.move |access-date=2022-04-02 |website=www.lua.org}}</ref>

|}

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|-

| [[AWK]]

| style="background:honeydewazure;" | 1

| style="background:honeydew;" | yes, implicitly

| style="background:seashell;" | no

Line 517 ⟶ 528:

| style="background:honeydew;" | yes

|-

| [[Haskell (programming language)|Haskell]]

| style="background:cornsilk;" | 0

| style="background:honeydew;" | yes<ref name="cr24"/>

Line 575 ⟶ 586:

| style="background:honeydew;" | yes

| style="background:honeydew;" | yes

| style="background:honeydew;" | checked <small>(can be skipped locally; or globally by user)</small>

| style="background:honeydew;" | yes, also array of array

| style="background:honeydew;" | yes

| style="background:honeydew;" | yes

|-

| [[Lingo (programming language)|Lingo]]

| style="background:azure;" | 1

| style="background:grey80;" | ?

Line 699 ⟶ 710:

| [[PL/I]]

| style="background:azure;" | 1

| style="background:grey80;" | ?yes

| style="background:honeydew;" | yes

| style="background:honeydew;" | checkedoptional

| style="background:honeydew;" | yes

| style="background:seashell;" | no

| style="background:grey80;" | ?yes<ref name="cr30" />

|-

| [[Python (programming language)|Python]]

Line 756 ⟶ 767:

| style="background:seashell;" | no

| style="background:honeydew;" | checked

| style="background:honeydewcornsilk;" | yesarray of array<ref name="cr2"/>

| style="background:grey80;" | ?no

| style="background:grey80;" | ?

|-

Line 769 ⟶ 780:

| style="background:grey80;" | ?

|-

| [[S-Lang (programming library)|S-Lang]]

| style="background:cornsilk;" | 0

| style="background:grey80;" | ?

Line 814 ⟶ 825:

| style="background:grey80;" | ?

|-

| [[Visual Basic (classic)]]

| style="background:cornsilkhoneydew;" | 0, 1, or index type<ref name="msbasicarrays"/>

| style="background:seashell;" | no

| style="background:honeydew;" | yes

Line 823 ⟶ 834:

| style="background:grey80;" | ?

|-

| [[Visual Basic (.NET)]]

| style="background:cornsilkhoneydew;" | 0 or index type<ref name="msbasicarrays"/>

| style="background:seashell;" | no

| style="background:cornsilk;" | partial<ref name="dotnetarray"/>

Line 870 ⟶ 881:

== Vectorized array operations ==

Some compiled languages such as [[Ada (programming language)|Ada]] and [[Fortran]], and some scripting languages such as [[IDL (programming language)|IDL]], [[MATLAB]], and [[S-Lang (programming library)|S-Lang]], have native support for vectorized operations on arrays. For example, to perform an element by element sum of two arrays, {{Mono|a}} and {{Mono|b}} to produce a third {{Mono|c}}, it is only necessary to write

c = a + b

Some compiled languages such as [[Ada (programming language)|Ada]] and [[Fortran]], and some scripting languages such as [[IDL (programming language)|IDL]], [[MATLAB]], and [[S-Lang (programming library)|S-Lang]], have native support for vectorized operations on arrays. For example, to perform an element by element sum of two arrays, {{Mono|a}} and {{Mono|b}} to produce a third {{Mono|c}}, it is only necessary to write

c = a + b

In addition to support for vectorized arithmetic and relational operations, these languages also vectorize common mathematical functions such as sine. For example, if {{Mono|x}} is an array, then

y = sin (x)

will result in an array {{Mono|y}} whose elements are sine of the corresponding elements of the array {{Mono|x}}.

Vectorized index operations are also supported. As an example,

<syntaxhighlight lang="fortran">

even = x(2::2);

odd = x(::2);

</syntaxhighlight>

is how one would use [[Fortran]] to create arrays from the even and odd entries of an array. Another common use of vectorized indices is a filtering operation. Consider a clipping operation of a sine wave where amplitudes larger than 0.5 are to be set to 0.5. Using [[S-Lang (programming library)|S-Lang]], this can be done by

y = sin(x);

y[where(abs(y)>0.5)] = 0.5;

=== Mathematical matrix operations ===

{| class="wikitable" {{ts|wnw}}style="white-space:nowrap;"

! scope="col" | Language/<br>Library

! scope="col" | Create

Line 904 ⟶ 914:

| {{code|2=apl|⍉m}}

| {{code|2=apl|m[i;j]}} or {{code|2=apl|i j⌷m}}

| {{code|2=apl|m[;j]}} or {{code|2=apl|j⌷[2]m}} or <br/>{{code|2=apl|j⌷⍤1⊢m}} or {{code|2=apl|j⌷⍉m}}

| {{code|2=apl|m[i;]}} or {{code|2=apl|i⌷m}}

| {{code|2=apl|⌹⍠1⊢m}}

Line 925 ⟶ 935:

| {{code|shape(m,1)}}

| {{code|eigen(output, m, NULL)}}

|-

| [[Julia_(programming_language)|Julia]] and its standard library<br/> {{code|LinearAlgebra}}

| {{code|lang=julia|code=m = [1 2; 3 4]}} or

<syntaxhighlight lang="julia">

m = [

1 2

3 4

]

</syntaxhighlight>

| {{code|lang=julia|det(m)}}

| {{code|lang=julia|transpose(m)}} or<br/>

{{code|lang=julia|m'}} for real matrices

| {{code|lang=julia|m[i, j]}}

| {{code|lang=julia|m[:, j]}}

| {{code|lang=julia|m[i, :]}}

| {{code|lang=julia|eigen(m).values}}

|-

| [[Mathematica]] /<br/>[[Wolfram Language]]

Line 952 ⟶ 978:

| {{code|m[i-1,:]}}

| {{code|linalg.eigvals(m)}}

|-

| [[R_(programming_language)|R]]

| {{code|1=m <- matrix(...)}} or {{code|1=m <- array(...)}}

| {{code|det(m)}}

| {{code|t(m)}}

| {{code|m[i, j]}}

| {{code|m[, j]}}

| {{code|m[i, ]}}

| {{code|eigen(m)}}

|-

| [[S-Lang]]

Line 964 ⟶ 999:

| [[SymPy]]

| {{code|1=m = Matrix(...)}}

| {{code|m.det()}}

|

| {{code|m.T}}

| {{code|m[i-1,j-1]}}

| {{code|m.col(j-1)}}

|

| {{code|m.row(i-1)}}

|

| {{code|m.eigenvals()}}

|

|-

|}

Line 980 ⟶ 1,015:

<ref name="s1">Slices for multidimensional arrays are also supported and defined similarly.</ref>

<ref name="s2">Slices of the type <code>''first'':''last'':''step''</code> are also supported.</ref>

<ref name="s3">More generally, for 1-d arrays [[Perl]] and [[S-Lang (programming library)|S-Lang]] allow slices of the form<code>''array''[''indices'']</code>, where <code>''indices''</code> can be a range such mentioned in footnote 2 or an explicit list of indices, e.g., '<code>[0,9,3,4]</code>', or a mix of both, e.g., <code>A[[[0:3]],7,9,[11:2:-3]]]</code>.</ref>

<ref name="s4">{{Mono|''last''}} or {{Mono|''end''}} may be a negative number, indicating to stop at the corresponding number of places before the end of the array.</ref>

<ref name="s5">[[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]] 8.0 proposed feature ({{as of|2019|08|29|lc=y}})</ref>

<ref name="s6">{{cite web |title=Ranges - C# 8.0 language proposals |url=https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/language-reference/proposals/csharp-8.0/ranges |website=Microsoft Docs |publisher=Microsoft |accessdate=29 August 2019}}</ref>

<ref name="cr1">Size can only be chosen on initialization after which it is fixed.</ref>

<ref name="cr2">Allows arrays of arrays which can be used to emulate most—but not all—aspects multi-dimensional arrays</ref>

<ref name="cr3">Size can only be chosen on initialization when memory is allocated on the heap, as distinguished from when it is allocated on the stack. This note need not be made for a language that always allocates arrays on the heap.</ref>

<ref name="cr4">C99 allows for variable size arrays; however there is almost no compiler available to support this new feature</ref>

<ref name="cr5">This list is strictly comparing language features. In every language (even assembler[[assembly language]]) it is possible to provide improved array handling via add on libraries. This language has improved array handling as part of its standard library</ref>

<ref name="cr6">The class Array is fixed-size, but OrderedCollection is dynamic</ref>

<ref name="cr7">The indexing base can be 0 or 1 as per the System Variable {{Mono|⎕IO}}. This value may apply to the whole "workspace", or be localized to a user-defined function or a single primitive function by use of the Variant operator ({{Mono|⍠}}).</ref>

<ref name="cr8">At least 2 dimensions (scalar numbers are 1×1 arrays, vectors are 1×n or n×1 arrays).</ref>

<ref name="cr9">Allows creating fixed-size arrays in "unsafe" code, allowing enhanced [[interoperability]] with other language</ref>

<ref name="cr10">Varies by implementation. Newer implementations (FreePascal[[Free Pascal]], [[Object Pascal]] ([[Delphi (software)|Delphi]])) allow heap-based dynamic arrays.</ref>

<ref name="cr11">Behaviour can be tuned via compiler switches. As in DMD 1.0 bounds are checked in debug mode and unchecked in release mode for efficiency</ref>

<ref name="cr12">Almost all Fortran implementations offer bounds checking options via compiler switches. However by default, bounds checking is usually turned off for efficiency</ref>

<ref name="cr13">Many implementations ([[Turbo Pascal]], [[Object Pascal]] ([[Delphi (software)|Delphi]]), FreePascal[[Free Pascal]]) allow the behaviour to be changed by compiler switches and in-line directives</ref>

<ref name="cr14">COBOL provides a way to specify that the usable size of an array is variable, but this can never be greater than the declared maximum size, which is also the allocated size</ref>

<ref name="cr15">Most Common Lisp implementations allow checking to be selectively disabled</ref>

<ref name="cr16">The index type can be a freely chosen [[integer (computer science)|integer type]], [[enumerated type]], or [[character (computing)|character type]]. For arrays with non-compact index types see: [[Associative array]]</ref>

<ref name="cr17">The default base index is the lowest value of the index type used</ref>

<ref name="cr18">Standard [[Perl]] array data types do not support vectorized operations as defined here. However, the [[Perl Data Language]] extension adds array objects with this ability.</ref>

<ref name="cr19">The standard [[Python (programming language)|Python]] array type, <code>list</code>, does not support vectorized operations as defined here. However, the [[numpy]] extension adds array objects with this ability</ref>

<ref name="cr20">By specifying a base index, arrays at an arbitrary base can be created. However, by default, Lua's length operator does not consider the base index of the array when calculating the length. This behavior can be changed via metamethods.</ref>

<ref name="cr21">FreeBASIC supports both variable array lengths and fixed length arrays. Arrays declared with no index range are created as variable-length arrays, while arrays with a declared range are created as fixed-length arrays</ref>

<ref name="cr22">In these languages, one can access or write to an array index greater than or equal to the length of the array, and the array will implicitly grow to that size. This may appear at first as if the bounds are not checked; however, the bounds are checked in order to decide to grow the array, and you do not have unsafe memory access like you do in C.</ref>

<ref name="cr23">PHP's "arrays" are associative arrays. You can use integers and strings as the keys (indexes); floats can also be used as the key but are truncated to integers. There is not really any "base index" or "bounds"</ref>

<ref name="cr24">Haskell arrays (Data.Array) allow using any type which is an instance of Ix as index type. So a custom type can be defined and used as an index type as long as it instances Ix. Also, tuples of Ix types are also Ix types; this is commonly used to implement multi-dimensional arrays</ref>

<ref name="cr25">ALGOL 68 arrays must be subscripted (and sliced) by type {{Mono|INT}}. However a hash function could be used to convert other types to {{Mono|INT}}. e.g. {{Mono|name'''['''hash("string")''']'''}}</ref>

<ref name="cr26">Because C does not bound-check indices, a pointer to the interior of any array can be defined that will symbolically act as a pseudo-array that accommodates negative indices or any integer index origin.</ref>

<ref name="cr27">COBOL arrays may be indexed with "INDEX" types, distinct from integer types</ref>

<ref name="cr28">While COBOL only has arrays-of-arrays, array elements can be accessed with a multi-dimensional-array-like syntax, where the language automatically matches the indexes to the arrays enclosing the item being referenced</ref>

<ref name="cr29">While Golang's Array type is not dynamically sized, the data type [https://tour.golang.org/moretypes/7 Slice] is dynamically-sized and is much more common in use than arrays.</ref>

<ref name="cr30">Size can be chosen when the array is declared, or when it is allocated, after which it is fixed.</ref>

<ref name="dotnetarray">The base can be changed when initializing with {{Mono|System.Array.CreateInstance}} (which returns {{Mono|System.Array}}), but not when using the language syntax. Arrays with non-zero base indices are not the same type as those with zero base indices and cannot be manipulated using language syntax (the {{Mono|GetValue}} and {{Mono|SetValue}} methods must be used instead) or downcast to a specific type ({{Mono|T[]}} in [[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]], or {{Mono|T()}} in VB.NET), preventing breakage of code assuming base indices of zero.</ref>

<ref name="xpath">XPath/XQuery has two kinds of arrays. ''Sequences'' {{Mono|(1,2,3)}} which cannot nest and in the XPath/XQuery 3.1 version ''arrays'' {{Mono|array { 1,2,3 }}} or {{Mono|[1,2,3]}} which can.</ref>

<ref name="msbasicarrays">Microsoft QBASIC, [[QuickBASIC]], Visual Basic, and VBA all had/have the ability to specify ''Option Base 1'', which caused all arrays in the module to default starting at 1 instead of 0. Support for ''Option Base'' was phased out in [[Visual Basic (.NET)]]. In various Microsoft BASIC implementations, arrays can be DIMensioned using ''to'' to specify the minimum and maximum index values (e.g. {{Mono|DIM MyArray(2 to 50) AS STRING}} would have the first index at 2 instead of the default).</ref>

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