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{{Short description|Phylum of bacteria}}
{{Automatic taxobox
|name = Modulibacteria
|image =
|taxon = Moduliflexota
|authority = corrig. Sekiguchi et al. 2015
| subdivision_ranks = [[Class_(biology)|Class]]<ref name=LPSN/>
| subdivision =
|synonyms =
* "Modulibacteria" <small>(sic) Sekiguchi et al. 2015</small>
}}
'''Modulibacteria'''(Moduliflexota) is a [[Bacterial phyla|bacterial phylum]] formerly known as '''KS3B3''' or '''GN06'''. It is a [[Candidatus|candidate]] phylum, meaning there are no cultured representatives of this group. Members of the Modulibacteria phylum are known to cause fatal filament overgrowth (bulking) in high-rate industrial [[Anaerobic digestion|anaerobic]] wastewater treatment
The Modulibacteria phylum was first proposed in 2006 by two independent research groups based on analyses of [[16S rRNA]] gene sequences. One group recovered Modulibacteria sequences from the a [[Hypersaline lake|hypersaline]] microbial mat from [[Guerrero Negro]] (Baja California Sur, Mexico) and used the provisional name GN06 for the novel [[phylum]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ley|first1=Ruth E.|last2=Harris|first2=J. Kirk|last3=Wilcox|first3=Joshua|last4=Spear|first4=John R.|last5=Miller|first5=Scott R.|last6=Bebout|first6=Brad M.|last7=Maresca|first7=Julia A.|last8=Bryant|first8=Donald A.|last9=Sogin|first9=Mitchell L.|last10=Pace|first10=Norman R.|date=2006-05-01|title=Unexpected Diversity and Complexity of the Guerrero Negro Hypersaline Microbial Mat|journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology|language=en|volume=72|issue=5|pages=3685–3695|doi=10.1128/AEM.72.5.3685-3695.2006|issn=0099-2240|pmid=16672518|pmc=1472358|bibcode=2006ApEnM..72.3685L}}</ref> while the other recovered sequences from sulfur-rich black mud [[marine sediments]] (CA, USA) and used the provisional name KSB3.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tanner|first=Michael|date=2006|title=Complex Microbial Communities Inhabiting Sulfide-rich Black Mud from Marine Coastal Environments|journal=Biotechnology et Alia|volume=8|pages=1–16}}</ref>
The first genomic insights into the phylum were achieved in 2015, at which time the name "Modulibacteria" was proposed. Two genomes were recovered from methanogenic sludge samples of a full-scale upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor treating a high-strength organic wastewater discharged from a food-processing factory. Through a combination of genome-based metabolic reconstruction and microscopic observation, it was determined that that the two studied Modulibacteria species (''Moduliflexus flocculans'' and ''Vecturithrix granuli'') produce filamentous structures and are Gram-negative, strictly anaerobic fermenters capable of non-flagellar based gliding motility. Both have an unusually large number of sensory and response regulator genes compared to other bacteria.▼
The first [[Genomics|genomic]] insights into the phylum were achieved in 2015, at which time the name "Modulibacteria" was proposed.<ref name=":0" /> Two genomes were recovered from [[Methanogenesis|methanogenic]] sludge samples of a full-scale [[Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket digestion|upflow anaerobic sludge blanket]] (UASB) reactor treating a high-strength organic [[wastewater]] discharged from a food-processing factory.
▲
Members of the Modulibacteria phylum have been detected in a variety of environments in addition to bioreactors and hypersaline mats, such as wetland sediments ([https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/FJ516883 FJ516883.1]), the [[dolphin]] mouth,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bik|first1=Elisabeth M.|last2=Costello|first2=Elizabeth K.|last3=Switzer|first3=Alexandra D.|last4=Callahan|first4=Benjamin J.|last5=Holmes|first5=Susan P.|last6=Wells|first6=Randall S.|last7=Carlin|first7=Kevin P.|last8=Jensen|first8=Eric D.|last9=Venn-Watson|first9=Stephanie|last10=Relman|first10=David A.|date=2016-02-03|title=Marine mammals harbor unique microbiotas shaped by and yet distinct from the sea|journal=Nature Communications|language=en|volume=7|issue=1|page=10516|doi=10.1038/ncomms10516|pmid=26839246|pmc=4742810|bibcode=2016NatCo...710516B|issn=2041-1723}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dudek|first1=Natasha K.|last2=Sun|first2=Christine L.|last3=Burstein|first3=David|last4=Kantor|first4=Rose S.|last5=Aliaga Goltsman|first5=Daniela S.|last6=Bik|first6=Elisabeth M.|last7=Thomas|first7=Brian C.|last8=Banfield|first8=Jillian F.|last9=Relman|first9=David A.|date=2017-12-18|title=Novel Microbial Diversity and Functional Potential in the Marine Mammal Oral Microbiome|journal=Current Biology|volume=27|issue=24|pages=3752–3762.e6|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2017.10.040|issn=1879-0445|pmid=29153320|doi-access=free}}</ref> and a [[Tube worm|tubeworm]] from a [[Cold seep|coldseep]] ([https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/FM165273 FM165273]).
== Taxonomy ==
The following taxonomy was proposed by Sekiguchi et al.
* Class "'''Moduliflexia'''" <small>Sekiguchi et al. 2015</small> ["Vecturitrichia" <small>Sekiguchi et al. 2015</small>]
▲* Class Moduliflexia
** Order "'''Moduliflexales'''" <small>Sekiguchi et al. 2015</small> ["Vecturatrichales" <small>Sekiguchi et al. 2015</small>]
*** Family
**** Genus "''Candidatus'' [[Moduliflexus]]" <small>Sekiguchi et al. 2015</small><ref>{{cite web |author = Sayers| url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?name=Candidatus+Moduliflexus |title=Moduliflexus|publisher=[[National Center for Biotechnology Information]] (NCBI) taxonomy database |access-date=2016-03-20 }}</ref>
***** Species "''Ca.'' M. flocculans" <small>Sekiguchi et al. 2015</small>
**** Genus "''Candidatus'' [[Vecturithrix]]" <small>Sekiguchi et al. 2015</small><ref>{{cite web |author = Sayers| url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi |title=Vecturithrix |publisher=[[National Center for Biotechnology Information]] (NCBI) taxonomy database |access-date=2016-03-20 }}</ref>
***** Species "''Ca.'' V. granuli" <small>Sekiguchi et al. 2015</small>
==See also==
* [[List of bacteria genera]]
* [[List of bacterial orders]]
== References ==
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{{Portal bar|Biology}}
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[[Category:Bacteria phyla]]
[[Category:Candidatus taxa]]
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