Modulibacteria: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Phylum of bacteria}}

{{missing-Automatic taxobox}}

|name = Modulibacteria

|image =

|taxon = Moduliflexota

|authority = corrig. Sekiguchi et al. 2015

| subdivision_ranks = [[Class_(biology)|Class]]<ref name=LPSN/>

| subdivision =

* Class "Moduliflexia"

|synonyms =

* "Modulibacteria" <small>(sic) Sekiguchi et al. 2015</small>

}}

'''Modulibacteria'''(Moduliflexota) is a [[Bacterial phyla|bacterial phylum]] formerly known as '''KS3B3''' or '''GN06'''. It is a [[Candidatus|candidate]] phylum, meaning there are no cultured representatives of this group. Members of the Modulibacteria phylum are known to cause fatal filament overgrowth (bulking) in high-rate industrial [[Anaerobic digestion|anaerobic]] wastewater treatment bioreactors[[bioreactor]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal|lastlast1=Yamada|firstfirst1=Takeshi|last2=Yamauchi|first2=Toshihiro|last3=Shiraishi|first3=Koji|last4=Hugenholtz|first4=Philip|last5=Ohashi|first5=Akiyoshi|last6=Harada|first6=Hideki|last7=Kamagata|first7=Yoichi|last8=Nakamura|first8=Kazunori|last9=Sekiguchi|first9=Yuji|date=2007-05-31|title=Characterization of filamentous bacteria, belonging to candidate phylum KSB3, that are associated with bulking in methanogenic granular sludges|journal=The ISME Journal|volume=1|issue=3|pages=246–255|doi=10.1038/ismej.2007.28|pmid=18043635|s2cid=5077407|issn=1751-7362|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|lastlast1=Yamada|firstfirst1=Takeshi|last2=Kikuchi|first2=Kae|last3=Yamauchi|first3=Toshihiro|last4=Shiraishi|first4=Koji|last5=Ito|first5=Tsukasa|last6=Okabe|first6=Satoshi|last7=Hiraishi|first7=Akira|last8=Ohashi|first8=Akiyoshi|last9=Harada|first9=Hideki|last10=Kamagata|first10=Yoichi|last11=Nakamura|first11=Kazunori|date=2011-01-21|title=Ecophysiology of Uncultured Filamentous Anaerobes Belonging to the Phylum KSB3 That Cause Bulking in Methanogenic Granular Sludge|journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology|volume=77|issue=6|pages=2081–2087|doi=10.1128/aem.02475-10|pmid=21257808|pmc=3067334|bibcode=2011ApEnM..77.2081Y|issn=0099-2240}}</ref>.

The Modulibacteria phylum was first proposed in 2006 by two independent research groups based on analyses of [[16S rRNA]] gene sequences. One group recovered Modulibacteria sequences from the a [[Hypersaline lake|hypersaline]] microbial mat from [[Guerrero Negro]] (Baja California Sur, Mexico) and used the provisional name GN06 for the novel [[phylum]],<ref>{{Cite journal|lastlast1=Ley|firstfirst1=Ruth E.|last2=Harris|first2=J. Kirk|last3=Wilcox|first3=Joshua|last4=Spear|first4=John R.|last5=Miller|first5=Scott R.|last6=Bebout|first6=Brad M.|last7=Maresca|first7=Julia A.|last8=Bryant|first8=Donald A.|last9=Sogin|first9=Mitchell L.|last10=Pace|first10=Norman R.|date=2006-05-01|title=Unexpected Diversity and Complexity of the Guerrero Negro Hypersaline Microbial Mat|journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology|language=en|volume=72|issue=5|pages=3685–3695|doi=10.1128/AEM.72.5.3685-3695.2006|issn=0099-2240|pmid=16672518|pmc=1472358|bibcode=2006ApEnM..72.3685L}}</ref>, while the other recovered sequences from sulfur-rich black mud [[marine sediments]] (CA, USA) and used the provisional name KSB3.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tanner|first=Michael|date=2006|title=Complex Microbial Communities Inhabiting Sulfide-rich Black Mud from Marine Coastal Environments|journal=Biotechnology et Alia|volume=8|pages=1–16}}</ref>.

The first [[Genomics|genomic]] insights into the phylum were achieved in 2015, at which time the name "Modulibacteria" was proposed.<ref name=":0" />. Two genomes were recovered from [[Methanogenesis|methanogenic]] sludge samples of a full-scale [[Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket digestion|upflow anaerobic sludge blanket]] (UASB) reactor treating a high-strength organic [[wastewater]] discharged from a food-processing factory. Through a combination of genome-based metabolic reconstruction and microscopic observation, it was determined that that the two studied Modulibacteria species (''Moduliflexus flocculans'' and ''Vecturithrix granuli'') produce filamentous structures and are Gram-negative, strictly anaerobic fermenters capable of non-flagellar based gliding motility. Both have an unusually large number of sensory and response regulator genes compared to other bacteria<ref name=":0" />.

Through a combination of genome-based [[Metabolism|metabolic]] reconstruction and microscopic observation, it was determined that the two studied Modulibacteria species (''Moduliflexus flocculans'' and ''Vecturithrix granuli'') produce filamentous structures and are [[Gram-negative bacteria|Gram-negative]], strictly anaerobic [[fermenter]]s capable of non-[[Flagellum|flagellar]] based gliding motility. Both have an unusually large number of sensory and response [[regulator gene]]s compared to other bacteria.<ref name=":0" />

Members of the Modulibacteria phylum have been detected in a variety of environments in addition to bioreactors and hypersaline mats, such as wetland sediments ([https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/FJ516883 FJ516883.1]), the dolphin mouth<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bik|first=Elisabeth M.|last2=Costello|first2=Elizabeth K.|last3=Switzer|first3=Alexandra D.|last4=Callahan|first4=Benjamin J.|last5=Holmes|first5=Susan P.|last6=Wells|first6=Randall S.|last7=Carlin|first7=Kevin P.|last8=Jensen|first8=Eric D.|last9=Venn-Watson|first9=Stephanie|last10=Relman|first10=David A.|date=2016-02-03|title=Marine mammals harbor unique microbiotas shaped by and yet distinct from the sea|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms10516|journal=Nature Communications|language=en|volume=7|issue=1|page=10516|doi=10.1038/ncomms10516|pmid=26839246|bibcode=2016NatCo...710516B|issn=2041-1723}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dudek|first=Natasha K.|last2=Sun|first2=Christine L.|last3=Burstein|first3=David|last4=Kantor|first4=Rose S.|last5=Aliaga Goltsman|first5=Daniela S.|last6=Bik|first6=Elisabeth M.|last7=Thomas|first7=Brian C.|last8=Banfield|first8=Jillian F.|last9=Relman|first9=David A.|date=2017-12-18|title=Novel Microbial Diversity and Functional Potential in the Marine Mammal Oral Microbiome|journal=Current Biology: CB|volume=27|issue=24|pages=3752–3762.e6|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2017.10.040|issn=1879-0445|pmid=29153320}}</ref>, and a tubeworm from a coldseep ([https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/FM165273 FM165273]).

Members of the Modulibacteria phylum have been detected in a variety of environments in addition to bioreactors and hypersaline mats, such as wetland sediments ([https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/FJ516883 FJ516883.1]), the [[dolphin]] mouth,<ref>{{Cite journal|lastlast1=Bik|firstfirst1=Elisabeth M.|last2=Costello|first2=Elizabeth K.|last3=Switzer|first3=Alexandra D.|last4=Callahan|first4=Benjamin J.|last5=Holmes|first5=Susan P.|last6=Wells|first6=Randall S.|last7=Carlin|first7=Kevin P.|last8=Jensen|first8=Eric D.|last9=Venn-Watson|first9=Stephanie|last10=Relman|first10=David A.|date=2016-02-03|title=Marine mammals harbor unique microbiotas shaped by and yet distinct from the sea|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms10516|journal=Nature Communications|language=en|volume=7|issue=1|page=10516|doi=10.1038/ncomms10516|pmid=26839246|pmc=4742810|bibcode=2016NatCo...710516B|issn=2041-1723}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|lastlast1=Dudek|firstfirst1=Natasha K.|last2=Sun|first2=Christine L.|last3=Burstein|first3=David|last4=Kantor|first4=Rose S.|last5=Aliaga Goltsman|first5=Daniela S.|last6=Bik|first6=Elisabeth M.|last7=Thomas|first7=Brian C.|last8=Banfield|first8=Jillian F.|last9=Relman|first9=David A.|date=2017-12-18|title=Novel Microbial Diversity and Functional Potential in the Marine Mammal Oral Microbiome|journal=Current Biology: CB|volume=27|issue=24|pages=3752–3762.e6|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2017.10.040|issn=1879-0445|pmid=29153320|doi-access=free}}</ref>, and a [[Tube worm|tubeworm]] from a [[Cold seep|coldseep]] ([https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/FM165273 FM165273]).

== Taxonomy ==

The following taxonomy was proposed by Sekiguchi et al. (2015)<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|lastlast1=Sekiguchi|firstfirst1=Yuji|last2=Ohashi|first2=Akiko|last3=Parks|first3=Donovan H.|last4=Yamauchi|first4=Toshihiro|last5=Tyson|first5=Gene W.|last6=Hugenholtz|first6=Philip|date=2015-01-27|title=First genomic insights into members of a candidate bacterial phylum responsible for wastewater bulking|journal=PeerJ|volume=3|pages=e740|doi=10.7717/peerj.740|issn=2167-8359|pmc=4312070|pmid=25650158 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=LPSN>{{cite web |author=A.C. Parte |url=https://lpsn.dsmz.de/phylum/Moduliflexota |title=Moduliflexota |access-date=2025-02-28 |publisher=[[List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]] (LPSN) |display-authors=et al.}}</ref><ref name=NCBI>{{cite web |author=C.L. Schoch |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Undef&id=3071909&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock |title=Moduliflexota |access-date=2025-02-28 |publisher=[[National Center for Biotechnology Information]] (NCBI) taxonomy database |display-authors=et al.}}</ref> and phylogeny by [[Genome Taxonomy Database|GTDB]] 08-RS214<ref name="about">{{cite web |title=GTDB release 08-RS214 |url=https://gtdb.ecogenomic.org/about#4%7C |website=[[Genome Taxonomy Database]]|access-date=10 May 2023}}</ref><ref name="tree">{{cite web |title=bac120_r214.sp_label |url=https://data.gtdb.ecogenomic.org/releases/release214/214.0/auxillary_files/bac120_r214.sp_labels.tree |website=[[Genome Taxonomy Database]]|access-date=10 May 2023}}</ref><ref name="taxon_history">{{cite web |title=Taxon History |url=https://gtdb.ecogenomic.org/taxon_history/ |website=[[Genome Taxonomy Database]]|access-date=10 May 2023}}</ref>

* Class Moduliflexia

* Class "'''Moduliflexia'''" <small>Sekiguchi et al. 2015</small> ["Vecturitrichia" <small>Sekiguchi et al. 2015</small>]

** Order Moduliflexales

** Order "'''Moduliflexales'''" <small>Sekiguchi et al. 2015</small> ["Vecturatrichales" <small>Sekiguchi et al. 2015</small>]

*** Family ''Moduliflexaceae''

*** Family "Moduliflexaceae" <small>Sekiguchi et al. 2015</small> ["Vecturatrichaceae" <small>Sekiguchi et al. 2015</small>]

**** Genus ''Moduliflexus''

**** Genus "''Candidatus'' [[Moduliflexus]]" <small>Sekiguchi et al. 2015</small><ref>{{cite web |author = Sayers| url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?name=Candidatus+Moduliflexus |title=Moduliflexus|publisher=[[National Center for Biotechnology Information]] (NCBI) taxonomy database |access-date=2016-03-20 }}</ref>

***** Species ''Moduliflexus flocculans''

***** Species "''Ca.'' M. flocculans" <small>Sekiguchi et al. 2015</small>

* Class Vecturitrichia

**** Genus "''Candidatus'' [[Vecturithrix]]" <small>Sekiguchi et al. 2015</small><ref>{{cite web |author = Sayers| url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi |title=Vecturithrix |publisher=[[National Center for Biotechnology Information]] (NCBI) taxonomy database |access-date=2016-03-20 }}</ref>

** Order Vecturatrichales

***** Species "''Ca.'' V. granuli" <small>Sekiguchi et al. 2015</small>

*** Family ''Vecturatrichaceae''

**** Genus ''Vecturithrix''

==See also==

***** Species ''Vecturithrix granuli''

* [[List of bacteria genera]]

* [[List of bacterial orders]]

== References ==

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