Modality (human–computer interaction): Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Type of data}}

{{distinguish|Mode (computeruser interface)}}

In the context of [[human–computer interaction]], a '''modality''' is the classification of a single independent channel of sensory [[input/output]] between a computer and a human. Such channels may differ based on sensory nature (e.g., visual vs. auditory),<ref name="HCI Overview2">{{cite journal|last1 = Karray|first1 = Fakhreddine|last2 = Alemzadeh|first2 = Milad|last3 = Saleh|first3 = Jamil Abou|last4 = Arab|first4 = Mo Nours|title = Human-Computer Interaction: Overview on State of the Art|journal = International Journal on Smart Sensing and Intelligent Systems|date = March 2008|volume = 1|issue = 1| pages=137–159 | doi=10.21307/ijssis-2017-283 |url = http://www.s2is.org/issues/v1/n1/papers/paper9.pdf|accessdate = April 21, 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150430205510/http://s2is.org/Issues/v1/n1/papers/paper9.pdf|archive-date = April 30, 2015|url-status = dead}}</ref> or other significant differences in processing (e.g., text vs. image).<ref>{{cite arXiv | eprint=2301.13823 | author1=Jing Yu Koh | last2=Salakhutdinov | first2=Ruslan | last3=Fried | first3=Daniel | title=Grounding Language Models to Images for Multimodal Inputs and Outputs | date=2023 | class=cs.CL }}</ref>

A system is designated unimodelunimodal if it has only one modality implemented, and multimodel[[multimodal interaction|multimodal]] if it has more than one.<ref name="HCI Overview2" /> When multiple modalities are available for some tasks or aspects of a task, the system is said to have overlapping modalities. If multiple modalities are available for a task, the system is said to have redundant modalities. Multiple modalities can be used in combination to provide complimentarycomplementary methods that may be redundant but convey information more effectively.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Interactive Systems. Design, Specification, and Verification|lastlast1 = Palanque|firstfirst1 = Philippe|publisher = Springer Science & Business Media|year = 2001|isbn = 9783540416630|___location = |pages = [https://archive.org/details/springer_10.1007-3-540-44675-3/page/n50 43]|last2 = Paterno|first2 = Fabio|url = https://booksarchive.google.comorg/books?id=RddIwyhAvDAC&dq=details/springer_10.1007-3-540-44675-3}}</ref> Modalities can be generally defined in two forms: human-computer-human and computer-human-computer modalities.

==Computer–Human Modalities==

==Computer–human modalities==

Computers utilize a wide range of technologies to communicate and send information to humans:

* Common modalities

** [[Visual perception|Vision]] -– computer graphics typically through a screen

** [[Hearing (sense)|Audition]] -– various audio outputs

** [[HapticsHaptic technology|Tactition]] -– vibrations or other movement

* Uncommon modalities

** [[Taste|Gustation]] (taste)

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** [[Equilibrioception]] (balance)

Any human sense can be used as a computer to human modality. However, the modalities of [[visual perception|seeing]] and [[hearing (sense)|hearing]] are the most commonly employed since they are capable of transmitting information at a higher speed than other modalities, 250 to 300<ref name=Ziefle98>{{cite journal|last1=Ziefle|first1=M|title=Effects of display resolution on visual performance.|journal=Human factorsFactors|date=December 1998|volume=40|issue=4|pages=554–68|pmid=9974229|doi=10.1518/001872098779649355}}</ref> and 150 to 160<ref>Williams, J. R. (1998). Guidelines for the use of multimedia in instruction, Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 42nd Annual Meeting, 1447–1451</ref> [[words per minute]], respectively. Though not commonly implemented as computer-human modality, tactition can achieve an average of 125 wpm <ref>{{cite web|title=Braille|url=http://www.acb.org/node/67|website=ACB|publisher=American Council of the Blind|accessdate=21 April 2015}}</ref> through the use of a [[refreshable Braille display]]. Other more common forms of tactition are smartphone and game controller vibrations.

==Human–Computer Modalities==

==Human–computer modalities==

Computers can be equipped with various types of [[input devices]] and sensors to allow them to receive information from humans. Common input devices are often interchangeable if they have a standardized method of communication with the computer and [[Affordance|afford]] practical adjustments to the user. Certain modalities can provide a richer interaction depending on the context, and having options for implementation allows for more robust systems.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Berkshire Encyclopedia of Human-computer Interaction|last = Bainbridge|first = William|publisher = Berkshire Publishing Group LLC|year = 2004|isbn = 9780974309125|pages = 483|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=568u_k1R4lUC}}</ref>

* Simple modalities

** [[Keyboard (computing)|Keyboard]]

** [[Pointing device]]

** [[Touchscreen]]

* Complex modalities

** [[Computer Visionvision]]

** [[Speech Recognitionrecognition]]

** [[Accelerometer|Motion]]

** [[Orientation (geometry)|Orientation]]

With the increasing popularity of [[smartphones]], the general public are becoming more comfortable with the more complex modalities. SpeechMotion recognitionand wasorientation aare majorcommonly sellingused pointin ofsmartphone themapping [[iPhoneapplications. 4S]]Speech andrecognition followingis [[Applewidely Inc.|Apple]] products,used with theVirtual introductionAssistant of [[Sirius|Siri]]applications.<ref>{{Cite news|urlComputer =Vision http://bgr.com/2011/11/02/siri-said-to-be-driving-force-behind-huge-iphone-4s-sales/|titleis =now Siricommon saidin tocamera beapplications drivingthat forceare behind huge iPhone 4S sales|last = Epstein|first = Zach|date = Nov 2, 2011|work = |access-date = April 21, 2015|via = }}</ref> This techology gives humans a more natural wayused to communicatescan withdocuments computers ifand implementedQR effectivelycodes.

==Using Multiplemultiple Modalitiesmodalities==

{{main|Multimodal interaction}}

Having multiple modalities in a system gives more [[affordance]] to users and can contribute to a more robust system. Having more also allows for greater [[accessibility]] for users who work more effectively with certain modalities. Multiple modalities can be used as backup when certain forms of communication are not possible. This is especially true in the case of redundant modalities in which two or more modalities are used to communicate the same information. Certain combinations of modalities can add to the expression of a computer-human or human-computer interaction because the modalities each may be more effective at expressing one form or aspect of information than others.

There are six types of cooperation between modalities, and they help define how a combination or fusion of modalities work together to convey information more effectively.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title = Multimodal Human Computer Interaction and Pervasive Services|last = Grifoni|first = Patrizia|publisher = IGI Global|year = 2009|isbn = 9781605663876|___location = |pages = 37|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=O8CqMtIKSWwC&source=gbs_navlinks_s}}</ref>

There are six types of cooperation between modalities, and they help define how a combination or fusion of modalities work together to convey information more effectively.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Multimodal Human Computer Interaction and Pervasive Services|last = Grifoni|first = Patrizia|publisher = IGI Global|year = 2009|isbn = 9781605663876|___location = |pages = 37|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=O8CqMtIKSWwC&source=gbs_navlinks_s}}</ref>

* '''Equivalence:''' information is presented in multiple ways and can be interpreted as the same information

* '''Specialization:''' when a specific kind of information is always processed through the same modality

* '''Redundancy:''' multiple modalities process the same information

* '''ComplimentarityComplementarity:''' multiple modalities take separate information and merge it

* '''Transfer: '''a modality produces information that another modality consumes

* '''Concurrency:''' multiple modalities take in separate information that is not merged

Complementary-redundant systems are those which have multiple sensors to form one understanding or dataset, and the more effectively the information can be combined without duplicating data, the more effectively the modalities cooperate. Having multiple modalities for communication is common, particularly in smartphones, and often their implementations work together towards the same goal, for example gyroscopes and accelerometers working together to track movement.<ref name=":0"/>

==See also==

* [[{{Annotated link|Multimodal interaction]]learning}}

* [[{{Annotated link|Multisensory integration]]}}

* [[{{Annotated link|User- interface]]}}

* [[Multisensory integration]]

* [[Interactive Multimodal Information Management (IM)2|NCCR IM2: Swiss project on Multimodal interaction]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Modality (Human-Computer Interaction)}}

[[Category:Multimodal interaction]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}