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{{Short description|Program to compare computer programming languages}}
The '''TPK algorithm''' is a simple [[computer program|program]] introduced by [[Donald Knuth]] and [[Luis Trabb Pardo]] to illustrate the evolution of computer [[programming language]]s. In their 1977 work "The Early Development of Programming Languages", Trabb Pardo and Knuth introduced a small program that involved [[Array data structure|arrays]], indexing, mathematical [[Function (mathematics)|function]]s, [[subroutine]]s, [[I/O]], [[conditional (programming)|conditional]]s and [[iteration]]. They then wrote implementations of the algorithm in several early programming languages to show how such concepts were expressed.
To explain the name "TPK", the authors referred to [[Grimm's law]] (which concerns the consonants 't', 'p', and 'k'), the sounds in the word "typical", and their own initials (Trabb Pardo and Knuth).<ref name="edpl"
{{quote|You can only appreciate how deep the subject is by seeing how good people struggled with it and how the ideas emerged one at a time. In order to study this—Luis I think was the main instigator of this idea—we take one program—one algorithm—and we write it in every language. And that way from one example we can quickly psych out the flavor of that particular language. We call this the TPK program, and well, the fact that it has the initials of Trabb Pardo and Knuth is just a funny coincidence.}}
In the paper, the authors implement this algorithm in [[Konrad Zuse]]'s [[Plankalkül]], in [[Herman Goldstine|Goldstine]] and [[John von Neumann|von Neumann]]'s [[Flowchart|flow diagrams]], in [[Haskell Curry]]'s proposed notation, in [[Short Code (computer language)|Short Code]] of [[John Mauchly]] and others, in the Intermediate Program Language of [[Arthur Burks]], in the notation of [[Heinz Rutishauser]], in the language and compiler by [[Corrado Böhm]] in 1951–52, in [[Autocode#Glennie's Autocode|Autocode]] of [[Alick Glennie]], in the [[A-0 System|A-2]] system of [[Grace Hopper]], in the [[Laning and Zierler system]], in the earliest proposed [[Fortran]] (1954) of [[John Backus]], in the [[Autocode#Mark 1 Autocode|Autocode]] for [[Manchester Mark 1|Mark 1]] by [[Tony Brooker]], in ПП-2 of [[Andrey Ershov]], in BACAIC of Mandalay Grems and R. E. Porter, in Kompiler 2 of A. Kenton Elsworth and others, in ADES of E. K. Blum, the Internal Translator of [[Alan Perlis]], in [[Fortran]] of John Backus, in [[ARITH-MATIC]] and [[MATH-MATIC]] from [[Grace Hopper]]'s lab, in the system of [[Friedrich L. Bauer|Bauer]] and [[Klaus Samelson|Samelson]], and (in addenda in 2003 and 2009) PACT I and TRANSCODE. They then describe what kind of arithmetic was available, and provide a subjective rating of these languages on parameters of "implementation", "readability", "control structures", "data structures", "machine independence" and "impact", besides mentioning what each was the first to do.▼
==The algorithm==
Knuth describes it as follows:<ref>Donald Knuth, ''TPK in INTERCAL'', Chapter 7 of ''Selected Papers on Fun and Games'', 2011 (p. 41)</ref>
{{quote|We introduced a simple procedure called the “TPK algorithm,” and gave the flavor of each language by expressing TPK in each particular style. […] The TPK algorithm inputs eleven numbers <math>a_0, a_1, \ldots, a_{10}</math>; then it outputs a sequence of eleven pairs <math>(10, b_{10}), (9, b_9), \ldots, (0, b_0),</math> where
<math>b_i = \begin{cases}
f(a_i), & \text{if }f(a_i) \le 400; \\
999, & \text{if }f(a_i) > 400; \end{cases} \quad f(x) = \sqrt{|x|} + 5x^3.</math>
This simple task is obviously not much of a challenge, in any decent computer language.}}
In pseudocode:
'''ask''' for 11 numbers to be read into a sequence ''S''
'''reverse''' sequence ''S''
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The algorithm reads eleven numbers from an input device, stores them in an array, and then processes them in reverse order, applying a user-defined function to each value and reporting either the value of the function or a message to the effect that the value has exceeded some threshold.
== Implementations ==
==[[ALGOL 60]] implementation==▼
=== Implementations in the original paper ===
<syntaxhighlight lang="Pascal">▼
In the original paper, which covered "roughly the first decade" of the development of high-level programming languages (from 1945 up to 1957), they gave the following example implementation "in a dialect of [[ALGOL 60]]", noting that ALGOL 60 was a later development than the languages actually discussed in the paper:<ref name="edpl"/>
begin integer i; real y; real array a[0:10];▼
▲<syntaxhighlight lang="Pascal" line>
▲TPK: begin integer i; real y; real array a[0:10];
real procedure f(t); real t; value t;
f := sqrt(abs(t)) + 5
for i := 0 step 1 until 10 do read(a[i]);
for i := 10 step -1 until 0 do
begin y := f(a[i]);
if y > 400 then write(i,
else write(i, y);
end
end TPK.
</syntaxhighlight>
As many of the early high-level languages could not handle the TPK algorithm exactly, they allow the following modifications:<ref name="edpl"/>
* If the language supports only integer variables, then assume that all inputs and outputs are integer-valued, and that <code>sqrt(x)</code> means the largest ''integer'' not exceeding <math>\sqrt{x}</math>.
==[[C (programming language)|C]] implementation==▼
* If the language does not support alphabetic output, then instead of the string <code>'TOO LARGE'</code>, output the number 999.
* If the language does not allow ''any'' input and output, then assume that the 11 input values <math>a_0, a_1, \ldots, a_{10}</math> have been supplied by an external process somehow, and the task is to compute the 22 output values <math>10, f(10), 9, f(9), \ldots, 0, f(0)</math> (with 999 replacing too-large values of <math>f(i)</math>).
* If the language does not allow programmers to define their own functions, then replace <code>f(a[i])</code> with an expression equivalent to <math>\sqrt{|a_i|} + 5x^3</math>.
▲
=== Implementations in more recent languages ===
This shows a C implementation equivalent to the above ALGOL 60.
<syntaxhighlight lang="C" line>
#include <math.h>
#include <stdio.h>
double f
{
return sqrt
}
int main
{
double a[11] = {0}, y;
for (int i = 0; i < 11; i++)
scanf
for (int i = 10; i >= 0; i--) {
y = f
if (y > 400)
printf
else
printf
}
}
</syntaxhighlight>
====[[Python
This shows a Python implementation.
<syntaxhighlight lang="python" line>
▲def f(t) -> float:
▲ return math.sqrt(abs(t)) + 5 * t ** 3
a = [float(input()) for _ in range(11)]
for i, t in reversed(list(enumerate(a))):
y = f(t)
print(i, "TOO LARGE" if y > 400
</syntaxhighlight>
print(i, 'TOO LARGE')▼
else:▼
This shows a Rust implementation.
<syntaxhighlight lang="Rust" line>
use std::{io, iter};
fn f(t: f64) -> Option<f64> {
let y = t.abs().sqrt() + 5.0 * t.powi(3);
(y <= 400.0).then_some(y)
}
fn main() {
let mut a = [0f64; 11];
for (t, input) in iter::zip(&mut a, io::stdin().lines()) {
*t = input.unwrap().parse().unwrap();
a.iter().enumerate().rev().for_each(|(i, &t)| match f(t) {
Some(y) => println!("{i} {y}"),
});
}
</syntaxhighlight>
==References==
{{reflist
<ref name="edpl">Luis Trabb Pardo and Donald E. Knuth, "The Early Development of Programming Languages".
* First published August 1976 in [https://web.archive.org/web/20131102050629/http://www.textfiles.com/bitsavers/pdf/stanford/cs_techReports/STAN-CS-76-562_EarlyDevelPgmgLang_Aug76.pdf typewritten draft form, as Stanford CS Report STAN-CS-76-562]
* Published in ''Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology'', Jack Belzer, Albert G. Holzman, and [[Allen Kent]] (eds.), Vol. 6, pp. 419-493. Dekker, New York, 1977.
* Reprinted ({{doi|10.1016/B978-0-12-491650-0.50019-8}}) in ''A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century'', [[N. Metropolis]], [[Jack Howlett|J. Howlett]], and [[G.-C. Rota]] (eds.), New York, Academic Press, 1980. {{ISBN|0-12-491650-3}}
* Reprinted with amendments as Chapter 1 of ''Selected Papers on Computer Languages'', Donald Knuth, Stanford, CA, CSLI, 2003. {{ISBN|1-57586-382-0}})</ref>
<ref name="chm">"A Dozen Precursors of Fortran", lecture by Donald Knuth, 2003-12-03 at the [[Computer History Museum]]: [https://computerhistory.org/events/dozen-precursors-fortran/ Abstract], [https://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102622137 video]</ref>}}
==External links==
* [https://rosettacode.org/wiki/Trabb_Pardo%E2%80%93Knuth_algorithm Implementations in many languages] at ''[[Rosetta Code]]''
* [http://cs.fit.edu/~ryan/compare Implementations in several languages]
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[[Category:Test items in computer languages]]
[[Category:Computer programming folklore]]
[[Category:Articles with example Python (programming language) code]]
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