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{{Short description|Object-oriented programming language}}
{{Infobox programming language
| name = Crystal
| logo = Crystal language logo.svg
| paradigm = [[Multi-paradigm programming language|Multi-paradigm]]: [[Object-oriented programming|object-oriented]], [[Concurrent computing|concurrent]]
| released = {{Start date and age|2014|06|19}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://crystal-lang.org/2014/06/19/crystal-0.1.0-released.html|title=Crystal 0.1.0 released!|website=crystal-lang|date=19 June 2014 }}</ref>
| designer = Ary Borenszweig, Juan Wajnerman, Brian Cardiff
| developer = Manas Technology Solutions
| latest release version = {{wikidata|property|preferred|references|edit|P348|P548=Q2804309}}
| latest release date = {{Start date and age|{{wikidata|qualifier|preferred|single|P348|P548=Q2804309|P577}}|df=yes}}
| typing = [[Type system#Static type checking|static]], [[Type system#Inferred type checking|inferred]], [[Nominal type system|nominal]], [[Duck_typing|duck]]
| influenced by = [[Ruby (programming language)|Ruby]], [[Go (programming language)|Go]]<ref name="go multithread" />
| programming language = Crystal
| platform = [[IA-32]] (i386), [[x86-64]], [[AArch64]]<ref name="platform-support" />
| operating system = [[Linux]], [[macOS]], [[FreeBSD]], [[OpenBSD]], [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]]<ref name="platform-support" />
| license = [[Apache License 2.0]]
| file ext = .cr
| website = {{URL|https://crystal-lang.org}}}}
'''Crystal''' is a [[high-level programming language|high-level]] [[general-purpose programming language|general-purpose]], [[object-oriented programming
is currently in active development. It is released as [[free and open-source software]] under the [[Apache License]] version 2.0.
==
Work on the language began in June 2011,<ref name="story"/> with the aim of merging the elegance and productivity of Ruby with the speed, efficiency, and type safety of a compiled language.<ref name="why_crystal"/><ref name="story"/> Initially named ''Joy'', it was quickly renamed to ''Crystal''.<ref name="story"/>
The Crystal compiler was first written in Ruby, but later rewritten in Crystal, thus becoming [[Self-hosting (compilers)|self-hosting]], {{as of|November 2013|lc=true}}.<ref name="goodbye_ruby"/> The first official version was released in June 2014.<ref name="rel_0.1.0"/> In July 2016, Crystal joined the [[TIOBE index]].
Although resembling the Ruby language in syntax, Crystal compiles to much more efficient native code using an [[LLVM]] backend, at the cost of precluding the dynamic aspects of Ruby. The advanced global type inference used by the Crystal compiler, combined with [[union type]]s, gives it more the feel of a higher-level scripting language than many other comparable programming languages. It has automated garbage collection and offers a [[Boehm garbage collector|Boehm collector]]. Crystal possesses a macro system and supports generics as well as method and operator overloading. Its concurrency model is inspired by [[communicating sequential processes]] (CSP) and implements lightweight fibers and channels (for interfiber communication), inspired by [[Go (programming language)|Go]].<ref name = "go multithread">{{cite web | url=https://forum.crystal-lang.org/t/crystal-multithreading-support/6622/19 | title=Crystal multithreading support | date=23 February 2024 }}</ref>
== Examples ==
=== Hello World ===
This is the simplest way to write the [["Hello, World!" program|Hello World]] program in Crystal:
<syntaxhighlight lang="
puts "Hello World!"
</syntaxhighlight>
The same as in Ruby.
Or using an [[object-oriented programming]] style:
<syntaxhighlight lang="
class Greeter
def initialize(@name : String)
end
Line 33 ⟶ 54:
</syntaxhighlight>
=== HTTP
<syntaxhighlight lang="crystal">
require "http/server"
server = HTTP::Server.new
context.response.content_type = "text/plain"
context.response.print "Hello world! The time is #{Time.
end
server.bind_tcp("0.0.0.0", 8080)
puts "Listening on http://0.0.0.0:8080"
server.listen
</syntaxhighlight>
===
<syntaxhighlight lang="crystal">
require "socket"
def handle_client(client)
message = client.gets
client.puts message
end
server = TCPServer.new("localhost", 1234)
while client = server.accept?
spawn handle_client(client)
end
</syntaxhighlight>
=== Type inference and union types ===
The following code defines an array containing different types with no usable common ancestor. Crystal automatically creates a union type out of the types of the individual items.
<syntaxhighlight lang="
desired_things = [:unicorns, "butterflies", 1_000_000]
p typeof(desired_things.first) # typeof returns the compile time type, here (
p desired_things.first.class # the class method returns the runtime type, here Symbol
</syntaxhighlight>
=== Concurrency ===
Channels can be used to communicate between fibers, which are initiated using the keyword <code>spawn</code>.
<syntaxhighlight lang="
channel = Channel(Int32).new
Line 79 ⟶ 114:
</syntaxhighlight>
==
In 2020, it was reported that the infotainment units in vehicles produced by [[Nikola Corporation]] were written in Crystal.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pettinati |first1=Martin |title=Nikola Motor Company: Crystal powered dashboards on the trucks of the future {{!}} Manas.Tech |url=https://manas.tech/blog/2020/02/11/nikola-motor-company/ |website=Manas Technology Solutions |language=en |date=11 February 2020}}</ref> Much of the backend of the [[Kagi (search engine)|Kagi search engine]] is written with Crystal.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zac Nowicki – Tales from Kagi {{!}} CrystalConf 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r7t9xPajjTM |date=13 November 2023}}</ref>
== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{citation
| first1 = Simon
| last1 = St. Laurent
| first2 = Ivo
| last2 = Balbaert
| date = February 1, 2019
| title = Programming Crystal
| edition = P1.0
| publisher = [[Pragmatic Bookshelf]]
| isbn = 978-1-68050-286-2
| url = https://pragprog.com/book/crystal/programming-crystal
}}
* {{citation
| first1 = George
| last1 = Dietrich
| first2 = Guilherme
| last2 = Bernal
| date = May 27, 2022
| title = Crystal Programming
| publisher = [[Packt Publishing]]
| isbn = 978-1801818674
}}
* {{citation
| first1 = Ramon
| last1 = Wartala
| date = March 2016
| title = Die Ruby-artige Programmiersprache Crystal
| trans-title = The Ruby-like programming language Crystal
| work = [[Linux Magazine|Linux Magazin]]
| issue = 3/2016
| issn = 1432-640X
| language = de
| url = https://www.linux-magazin.de/ausgaben/2016/03/crystal/
}}
{{Refend}}
== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="platform-support">
{{cite web
| url = https://crystal-lang.org/reference/platform_support.html
| title = Crystal Platform Support
| website = crystal-lang.org
}}
</ref>
<ref name="contributors">
{{cite web
| url = https://github.com/crystal-lang/crystal/graphs/contributors
| title = Contributors
| accessdate=July 25, 2019
| via = [[GitHub]]
}}
</ref>
<ref name="type-inference-i">
{{cite web
| url = http://crystal-lang.org/2013/09/23/type-inference-part-1.html
| title = Type inference part 1
| last = Brian J.
| first = Cardiff
| date = September 9, 2013
| website = crystal-lang.org
}}
</ref>
<ref name="goodbye_ruby">
{{cite web
| url = https://crystal-lang.org/2013/11/14/good-bye-ruby-thursday.html
| title = Good bye Ruby Thursday
| last = Borenszweig
| first = Ary
| date = November 14, 2013
| website = crystal-lang.org
}}
</ref>
<ref name="rel_0.1.0">
{{cite web
| url = https://crystal-lang.org/2014/06/19/crystal-0.1.0-released.html
| title = Crystal 0.1.0 released!
| last = Borenszweig
| first = Ary
| date = June 19, 2014
| website = crystal-lang.org
}}
</ref>
<ref name="why_crystal">
{{cite web
| url = https://adlerhsieh.com/p/why-use-crystal-lang
| title = Why Crystal programming language?
| last = Hsieh
| first = Adler
| date = September 20, 2015
| website = adlerhsieh.com
}}
</ref>
<ref name="story">
{{cite web
| url = https://manas.tech/blog/2016/04/01/the-story-behind-crystal/
| title = The story behind #CrystalLang
| last = David
| first = María Inti
| date = April 1, 2016
| website = manas.tech
}}
</ref>
<ref name="rel_0.18.0">
{{cite web
| url = http://crystal-lang.org/2016/06/14/crystal-0.18.0-released.html#comment-2732771703
| title = Crystal 0.18.0 released!
| last = Borenszweig
| first = Ary
| date = June 16, 2016
| website = crystal-lang.org
| quote =
}}
</ref>
<ref name="devm">
{{cite web
| url = https://devm.io/ruby/crystal-ruby-programming
| title = Programming with Crystal: 'A language for humans and computers'
| date = July 3, 2023
| website = devm.io
}}
</ref>
}}
== External links ==
* {{Official website|crystal-lang.org}}
* [https://crystal-lang.org/reference/ Documentation]
* {{Github|crystal-lang}}
* [https://reddit.com/r/crystal_programming /r/crystal_programming subreddit]
* [https://crystal-ann.com Crystal Announcements]
[[Category:Programming languages]]
[[Category:Multi-paradigm programming languages]]
[[Category:Object-oriented programming languages]]
[[Category:Concurrent programming languages]]
[[Category:Statically typed programming languages]]
[[Category:Cross-platform free software]]
[[Category:Cross-platform software]]
[[Category:Free and open source compilers]]
[[Category:Software using the Apache license]]
[[Category:Programming languages created in 2014]]
[[Category:2014 software]]
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