Crystal (programming language): Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Object-oriented programming language}}
{{Infobox programming language
| name = Crystal
| logo = Crystal language logo.svg
|logo = The_Crystal_programming_language_logo.svg
| paradigm = [[Multi-paradigm programming language|Multi-paradigm]]: [[Object-oriented programming|object-oriented]], [[Concurrent computing|concurrent]]
|logo size = 260px
| released = {{Start date and age|2014|06|19}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://crystal-lang.org/2014/06/19/crystal-0.1.0-released.html|title=Crystal 0.1.0 released!|website=crystal-lang|date=19 June 2014 }}</ref>
| paradigm = [[Multi-paradigm programming language|Multi-paradigm]]: [[Object-oriented programming|Object-oriented]]
| designer = Ary Borenszweig, Juan Wajnerman, Brian = Ary BorenszweigCardiff
| developer = Manas Technology Solutions
| latest previewrelease version = 0.20.3{{wikidata|property|preferred|references|edit|P348|P548=Q2804309}}
| latest previewrelease date = {{Start date and age|2016{{wikidata|12qualifier|23preferred|single|P348|P548=Q2804309|P577}}|df=yes}}
| typing = [[Type system#Static type =checking|static]], [[Type system#StaticInferred type checking|staticinferred]], [[Nominal type system|nominal]], [[Duck_typing|duck]]
| influenced by = [[Ruby (programming language)|Ruby]], [[Go (programming language)|Go]]<ref name="go multithread" Crystal/>
| programming language = Crystal
| platform = '[[IA-32]]' (i386), '[[x86-64]]'
| operating system platform = [[OS XIA-32]] (i386), [[Linuxx86-64]], [[FreeBSDAArch64]]<ref name="platform-support" />
| operating system = [[Linux]], [[macOS]], [[FreeBSD]], [[OpenBSD]], [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]]<ref name="platform-support" />
| license = [[Apache License]] 2.0
| license = [[Apache License 2.0]]
| file ext = .cr
| file ext = .cr
| website = {{URL|https://crystal-lang.org/}}
| website = {{URL|https://crystal-lang.org}}}}
| influenced by = [[Ruby (programming language)|Ruby]],<ref name="rel_0.18.0"/> [[C (programming language)|C]], [[Rust (programming language)|Rust]], [[Go (programming language)|Go]],<ref name="rel_0.18.0"/> [[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]],<ref name="rel_0.18.0"/> [[Python (programming language)|Python]]<ref name="rel_0.18.0"/>
}}
 
'''Crystal''' is a [[high-level programming language|high-level]] [[general-purpose programming language|general-purpose]], [[object-oriented programming language|object-oriented]] programming language, designed and developed by Ary Borenszweig and, Juan Wajnerman, Brian Cardiff and overmore one-hundredthan listed400 contributors.<ref>[https://github.com/manastech/crystal Crystalname="contributors" source code]</ref> CrystalWith issyntax developedinspired as open source software (underby the language [[ApacheRuby License(programming language)|Ruby]],<ref Version 2name="rel_0.18.0)"/> withit syntaxis inspired bya [[Ruby (programmingcompiled language)|Ruby]]. Thewith language[[Type issystem#Static staticallytype checking|static type-checkedchecking]], but does not require thatspecifying the typetypes of variables or method arguments beis generally specifiedunneeded. ThisTypes isare theresolved resultby ofan advanced global [[type inference]] algorithm.<ref>[http://crystal-lang.org/2013/09/23/ name="type-inference-part-1.htmli" Type/><ref inferencename="devm" part 1]</ref> TheCrystal language is in an active development phase.
is currently in active development. It is released as [[free and open-source software]] under the [[Apache License]] version 2.0.
 
== History ==
Work on the language began in June 2011,<ref name="story"/> with the purposeaim of creating a language which hadmerging the elegance and productivity of Ruby andwith the speed, efficiency, and type safety of a compiled language.<ref name="why_crystal"/><ref name="story"/> Initially callednamed ''Joy'', it was quickly renamed to ''Crystal''.<ref name="story"/>
 
In November 2013, theThe Crystal compiler (previouslywas first written in Ruby), becamebut later rewritten in Crystal, thus becoming [[Self-hosting (compilers)|self-hosting]], {{as of|November 2013|lc=true}}.<ref name="goodbye_ruby"/> The first official version was released in June 2014.<ref name="rel_0.1.0"/> In July 2016, Crystal was added tojoined the [[TIOBE index|TIOBE Index]].
 
== Description ==
Although resembling the Ruby programming language in syntax, Crystal compiles to much more efficient native code using an [[LLVM]] backend, at the cost of disallowingprecluding the dynamic aspects of Ruby. However, theThe advanced global type inference used by the Crystal compiler, combined with the usage of [[union type]]s, givegives Crystalit more the feel of a higher-level scripting language than many other comparable programming languages. Recent benchmarks have demonstrated that Crystal has a performance broadly similar to [[C (programming language)|C]] for a wide range of computing tasks.<ref>[https://github.com/kostya/benchmarks Some benchmarks of different languages]</ref><ref>[https://github.com/kostya/crystal-benchmarks-game Crystal implementations for The Computer Language Benchmarks Game]</ref><ref>[https://github.com/smarr/are-we-fast-yet/tree/master/benchmarks/Crystal Are We Fast Yet?]</ref> The languageIt has automated garbage collection and currently offers a [[Boehm garbage collector|Boehm collector]]. Crystal possesses a macro system and supports generics andas well as method and operator overloading. Crystal'sIts concurrency model is inspired by [[communicating sequential processes]] (CSP), and implements light-weightlightweight fibers and channels (for communicatinginterfiber between fiberscommunication), inspired by the [[Go (programming language)|Go programming language]].<ref name = "rel_0go multithread">{{cite web | url=https://forum.18crystal-lang.0"org/t/crystal-multithreading-support/6622/19 | title=Crystal multithreading support | date=23 February 2024 }}</ref>
 
== Examples ==
=== Hello World ===
This is the simplest way to write the [["Hello, World!" program|Hello World]] program in Crystal:
 
<syntaxhighlight lang="crystal">
=== [[Hello World]] ===
This is the simplest way to write the Hello World program in Crystal:
 
<syntaxhighlight lang="ruby">
puts "Hello World!"
</syntaxhighlight>
The same as in Ruby.
 
Or using an [[object-oriented programming]] style:
 
<syntaxhighlight lang="rubycrystal">
class Greeter
def initialize(@name : String)
@name = name
end
 
Line 54:
</syntaxhighlight>
 
=== HTTP Serverserver ===
<syntaxhighlight lang="crystal">
 
<syntaxhighlight lang="ruby">
require "http/server"
 
server = HTTP::Server.new(8080) do |context|
context.response.content_type = "text/plain"
context.response.print "Hello world! The time is #{Time.nowlocal}"
end
 
server.bind_tcp("0.0.0.0", 8080)
puts "Listening on http://0.0.0.0:8080"
server.listen
</syntaxhighlight>
 
===Type InferenceTCP andecho Unionserver Types===
<syntaxhighlight lang="crystal">
require "socket"
 
def handle_client(client)
message = client.gets
client.puts message
end
 
server = TCPServer.new("localhost", 1234)
while client = server.accept?
spawn handle_client(client)
end
</syntaxhighlight>
 
=== Type inference and union types ===
The following code defines an array containing different types with no usable common ancestor. Crystal automatically creates a union type out of the types of the individual items.
 
<syntaxhighlight lang="rubycrystal">
desired_things = [:unicorns, "butterflies", 1_000_000]
p typeof(desired_things.first) # typeof returns the compile time type, here (Int32Symbol | String | SymbolInt32)
p desired_things.first.class # the class method returns the runtime type, here Symbol
</syntaxhighlight>
 
=== Concurrency ===
Channels can be used to communicate between fibers, which are initiated using the keyword <code>spawn</code>.
 
<syntaxhighlight lang="crystal">
Channels can be used to communicate between fibers, which are initiated using the 'spawn' keyword.
 
<syntaxhighlight lang="ruby">
channel = Channel(Int32).new
 
Line 100 ⟶ 114:
</syntaxhighlight>
 
==References Adoption ==
 
In 2020, it was reported that the infotainment units in vehicles produced by [[Nikola Corporation]] were written in Crystal.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pettinati |first1=Martin |title=Nikola Motor Company: Crystal powered dashboards on the trucks of the future {{!}} Manas.Tech |url=https://manas.tech/blog/2020/02/11/nikola-motor-company/ |website=Manas Technology Solutions |language=en |date=11 February 2020}}</ref> Much of the backend of the [[Kagi (search engine)|Kagi search engine]] is written with Crystal.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zac Nowicki – Tales from Kagi {{!}} CrystalConf 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r7t9xPajjTM |date=13 November 2023}}</ref>
 
== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{citation
| first1 = Simon
| last1 = St. Laurent
| first2 = Ivo
| last2 = Balbaert
| date = February 1, 2019
| title = Programming Crystal
| edition = P1.0
| publisher = [[Pragmatic Bookshelf]]
| isbn = 978-1-68050-286-2
| url = https://pragprog.com/book/crystal/programming-crystal
}}
* {{citation
| first1 = George
| last1 = Dietrich
| first2 = Guilherme
| last2 = Bernal
| date = May 27, 2022
| title = Crystal Programming
| publisher = [[Packt Publishing]]
| isbn = 978-1801818674
}}
* {{citation
| first1 = Ramon
| last1 = Wartala
| date = March 2016
| title = Die Ruby-artige Programmiersprache Crystal
| trans-title = The Ruby-like programming language Crystal
| work = [[Linux Magazine|Linux Magazin]]
| issue = 3/2016
| issn = 1432-640X
| language = de
| url = https://www.linux-magazin.de/ausgaben/2016/03/crystal/
}}
{{Refend}}
 
== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="platform-support">
{{cite web
| url = https://crystal-lang.org/reference/platform_support.html
| title = Crystal Platform Support
| website = crystal-lang.org
}}
</ref>
<ref name="contributors">
{{cite web
| url = https://github.com/crystal-lang/crystal/graphs/contributors
| title = Contributors
| accessdate=July 25, 2019
| via = [[GitHub]]
}}
</ref>
<ref name="type-inference-i">
{{cite web
| url = http://crystal-lang.org/2013/09/23/type-inference-part-1.html
| title = Type inference part 1
| last = Brian J.
| first = Cardiff
| date = September 9, 2013
| website = crystal-lang.org
}}
</ref>
<ref name="goodbye_ruby">
{{cite web
Line 108 ⟶ 189:
| last = Borenszweig
| first = Ary
| date = November 14, 2013
| website = crystal-lang.org
}}
</ref>
Line 116 ⟶ 199:
| last = Borenszweig
| first = Ary
| date = June 19, 2014
| website = crystal-lang.org
}}
</ref>
<ref name="why_crystal">
{{cite web
| url = httphttps://motion-expressadlerhsieh.com/blogp/why-use-crystal-lang
| title = Why Crystal programming language?
| last = Hsieh
| first = Adler
| date = September 20, 2015
| website = adlerhsieh.com
}}
</ref>
<ref name="story">
{{cite web
| url = httphttps://manas.com.artech/blog/2016/04/01/the-story-behind-crystal.html/
| title = The story behind #CrystalLang
| last = David
| first = María Inti
| date = April 1, 2016
| website = manas.tech
}}
</ref>
Line 140 ⟶ 229:
| last = Borenszweig
| first = Ary
| date = June 16, 2016
| quote = It's heavily inspired by Ruby, and other languages (like C#, Go and Python).
| website = crystal-lang.org
| quote =
}}
</ref>
<ref name="devm">
{{cite web
| url = https://devm.io/ruby/crystal-ruby-programming
| title = Programming with Crystal: 'A language for humans and computers'
| date = July 3, 2023
| website = devm.io
}}
</ref>
}}
 
== External links ==
* [http://{{Official website|crystal-lang.org/ Crystal official site]}}
* [https://githubcrystal-lang.comorg/manastechreference/crystal Crystal source codeDocumentation]
* {{Github|crystal-lang}}
* [https://reddit.com/r/crystal_programming /r/crystal_programming subreddit]
* [https://crystal-ann.com Crystal Announcements]
 
[[Category:Programming languages]]
[[Category:Multi-paradigm programming languages]]
[[Category:Object-oriented programming languages]]
[[Category:Concurrent programming languages]]
[[Category:Statically typed programming languages]]
[[Category:Cross-platform free software]]
[[Category:Cross-platform software]]
[[Category:Free and open source compilers]]
[[Category:Software using the Apache license]]
[[Category:Programming languages created in 2014]]
[[Category:2014 software]]