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<!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:ALSPAggregate Level Simulation Protocol (logo).jpg|100px|thumb|ALSP Logo]] -->

The '''Aggregate Level Simulation Protocol (ALSP)''' is a protocol and supporting software that enables simulations to interoperate with one another. Replaced by the '''[[High Level Architecture (simulation)]] (HLA)''', it was used by the US military to link analytic and training simulations.

ALSP consists of:

#ALSP Infrastructure Software (AIS) that provides distributed runtime simulation support and management;

#A reusable ALSP Interface consisting of generic data exchange message protocols; and

#Participating simulations adapted for use with ALSP.

==History==

In 1990, the '''[[Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency]] (DARPA)''' employed '''The [[MITRE]] Corporation''' to study the application of distributed interactive simulation principles employed in '''[[SIMNET]]''' to aggregate-level constructive training simulations. Based on prototype efforts, a community-based experiment was conducted in 1991 to extend SIMNET to link the US Army's [https://archive.today/20130822204558/http://www.peostri.army.mil/productsPRODUCTS/cbsCBS/home.jsp '''Corps Battle Simulation (CBS)'''] and the US Air Force's [https://web.archive.org/web/20041019105713/http://afmsrr.afams.af.mil/index.cfm?RID=SMN_AF_1000000 '''Air Warfare Simulation (AWSIM)''']. The success of the prototype and users' recognition of the value of this technology to the training community led to development of production software. The first ALSP confederation, providing air-ground interactions between CBS and AWSIM, supported three major exercises in 1992.

By 1995, ALSP had transitioned to a multi-Service program with simulations representing the US Army (CBS), the US Air Force (AWSIM), the US Navy ('''RESA'''), the US Marine Corps ([https://web.archive.org/web/20070826203844/http://www.29palms.usmc.mil/dirs/ont/mands/mwts.asp '''MTWS''']), electronic warfare ('''JECEWSI'''), logistics ('''CSSTSS'''), and intelligence ([https://web.archive.org/web/20070825010050/http://www.peostri.army.mil/productsPRODUCTS/TACSIM/tacsim '''TACSIM''']). The program had also transitioned from DARPA’sDARPA's research and development emphasis to mainstream management by the US Army’sArmy's Program Executive Office for Simulation, Training, and Instrumentation ([http://www.peostri.army.mil '''PEO STRI'''])

==Contributions==

ALSP developed and demonstrated key aspects of distributed simulation, many of which were applied in the development of HLA.

* No central node so that simulations can join and depart from the confederation at will

* Geographic distribution where simulators can be distributed to different geographic locations yet exercise in the same simulated environment

* Object ownership so each simulation controls its own resources, fires its own weapons and determines appropriate damage to its systems when fired upon

* A message-based protocol for distributing information from one simulation to all other simulations.

* Time management so that the times for all simulations appear the same to users and so that event causality is maintained – events should occur in the same sequence in all simulations.

* Data management permits all simulations to share information in a commonly understood manner even though each had its own representation of data. This includes multiple simulations controlling attributes of the same object.

* An architecture that permits simulations to continue to use their existing architectures while participating in an ALSP confederation.

==Motivation==

In 1989, the [[Warrior Preparation Center]] (WPC) in Einsiedlerhof, Germany hosted the computerized military exercise ACE-89. The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency ([[DARPA]]) used ACE-89 as a technology insertion opportunity by funding deployment of the [[Defense Simulation Internet]] (DSI). Its packetized video teleconferencing brought general officers of NATO nations face-to-face during a military exercise for the first time; this was well- received. But the software application of DSI, distribution of Ground Warfare Simulation (GRWSIM), was less successful. The GRWSIM simulation was unreliable and its distributed database was inconsistent, degrading the effectiveness of the exercise.

DARPA was funding development of a distributed tank trainer system called [[SIMNET]] where individual, computerized, tank-crew trainers were connected over local area networks and the DSI to cooperate in a single, virtual battlefield. The success of SIMNET, the disappointment of ACE-89, and the desire to combine existing combat simulations prompted DARPA to initiate research that lead to ALSP.

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DARPA sponsored the design of a general interface between large, existing, aggregate-level combat simulations. Aggregate-level combat simulations use [[Lanchester's laws|Lanchestrian]] models of combat rather than individual physical weapon models and are typically used for high-level training. Despite representational differences, several principles of SIMNET applied to aggregate-level simulations:

* ''Dynamic configurability.'' Simulations may join and depart an exercise without restriction.

* ''Geographic distribution.'' Simulations can reside in different geographic locations yet exercise over the same logical terrain.

* ''Autonomous entities.'' Each simulation controls its own resources, fires its own weapons and, when one of its objects is hit, conducts damage assessment locally.

* ''Communication by message passing.'' A simulation uses a message-passing protocol distribute information to all other simulations.

The ALSP challenge had requirements beyond those of SIMNET:

* ''Simulation time management.'' Typically, simulation time is independent of wall-clock time. For the results of a distributed simulation to be "correct," time must be consistent across all simulations. <ref name="lamport">Lamport, L. (1978). "Time, Clocks, and the Ordering of Events in a Distributed System," ''Communications of the ACM,'' 21(7), pp. 558-565, July.</ref>

* ''Data management.'' The schemes for internal state representation differ among existing simulations, necessitating a common representational system and concomitant mapping and control mechanisms.

* Architecture independence. Architectural characteristics (implementation language, user interface, and time flow mechanism) of existing simulations differed. The architecture implied by ALSP must be unobtrusive to existing architectures.

==Conceptual Framework==

A [[Conceptual schema|conceptual framework]] is an organizing structure of concepts that facilitates simulation model development.<ref name="balci">Balci, O., Nance, R.E., Derrick, E.J., Page, E.H. and Bishop, J.L. (1990). "Model Generation Issues in a Simulation Support Environment," In: ''Proceedings of the 1990 Winter Simulation Conference,'' pp. 257-263, New Orleans, LA, 9- 129–12 December.</ref> Common conceptual frameworks include: event scheduling, activity scanning and process interaction.

The ALSP conceptual framework is object-based where a model is composed of objects that are characterized by attributes to which values are assigned. Object classes are organized hierarchically in much the same manner as with object-oriented programming languages. ALSP supports a confederation of simulations that coordinate using a common model.

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To design a mechanism that permits existing simulations to interact, two strategies are possible:

(1) define an infrastructure that translates between the representations in each simulation, or

(2) define a common representational scheme and require all simulations to map to that scheme.

The first strategy requires few perturbations to existing simulations; interaction is facilitated entirely through the interconnection infrastructure. However, this solution does not scale well. Because of an underlying requirement for scalability, the ALSP design adopted the second strategy. ALSP prescribes that each simulation maps between the representational scheme of the confederation and its own representational scheme. This mapping represents one of the three ways in which a simulation must be altered to participate in an ALSP confederation. The remaining modifications are:

* Recognizing that the simulation doesn’tdoesn't own all of the objects that it perceives.

* Modifying the simulation’ssimulation's internal time advance mechanism so that it works cooperatively with the other simulations within the confederation.

In stand-alone simulations, objects come into (and go out of) existence with the passage of simulation time and the disposition of these objects is solely the purview of the simulation. When acting within a confederation, the simulation-object relationship is more complicated.

The simulation-object ownership property is dynamic, i.e. during its lifetime an object may be owned by more than one simulation. In fact, for any value of simulation time, several simulations may own different attributes of a given object. By convention, a simulation owns an object if it owns the "identifying" attribute of the object. Owning an object’sobject's attribute means that a simulation is responsible for calculating and reporting changes to the value of the attribute. Objects not owned by a particular simulation but within the area of perception for the simulation are known as ghosts. Ghosts are local copies of objects owned by other simulations.

When a simulation creates an object, it reports this fact to the confederation to let other simulations create ghosts. Likewise, when a simulation deletes an object, it reports this fact to enable ghost deletion. Whenever a simulation takes an action between one of its objects and a ghost, the simulation must report this to the confederation. In the parlance of ALSP, this is an interaction.

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==ALSP Infrastructure Software (AIS)==

The object-based conceptual framework adopted by ALSP defines classes of information that must be distributed. The ALSP Infrastructure Software (AIS) provides data distribution and process coordination. PrinciplePrincipal components of AIS are the ALSP Common Module (ACM) and the ALSP Broadcast Emulator (ABE).

===ALSP Common Module (ACM)===

The ALSP Common Module (ACM) provides a common interface for all simulations and contains the essential functionality for ALSP. One ACM instance exists for each simulation in a confederation. ACM services require time management and object management; they include:

* Coordinate simulations joining and departing from a confederation..

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# A simulation sends an event-request message to its ACM with a time parameter corresponding to simulation time T, (the time of its next local event).

# If the ACM has messages for its simulation with timestamps older than or the same as T, the ACM sends the oldest one to the simulation. If all messages have timestamps newer than T, the ACM send a grant-advance to the simulation, giving it permission to process its local event at time T.

# The simulation sends any messages resulting from the event to its ACM.

# The simulation repeats from step (1).

The mechanism to support time-stepped simulation is:

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# The simulation repeats from step (1).

AIS includes a [[deadlock avoidance]] mechanism using null messages. The mechanism requires that the processes have exploitable [[Combinatorial search#Lookahead|lookahead]] characteristics.

====Object management====

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| | If (enough information is present to create a ghost)

| | | Send a create message to the simulation

| | Else (not enough information is knowknown)

| | | Store information provided

| | | Send a request to the confederation for missing data

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</pre>

The ownership and filtering information maintained by the ACM provide the information necessary to coordinate the transfer of attribute ownership between simulations.

===ALSP Broadcast Emulator (ABE)===

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===Inter-component Communications Model===

AIS employs a persistent connection communications model<ref name="boggs"> Boggs, D.R. Shoch, J.F., Taft, E.A., and Metcalfe, R.M. (1979). "PUP: An Internetwork Architecture," Report CSL-79- 10, XEROX Palo Alto Research Center, July.</ref> to provide the inter-component communications. The transport layer interface used to provide inter-component communications was dictated by simulation requirements and the transport layer interfaces on AIS-supporting operating systems: local VMS platforms used shared mailboxes; non-local VMS platforms used either Transparent DECnet or TCP/IP; and UNIX-like platforms use TCP/IP.

===ALSP Protocol===

The ALSP protocol is based on a set of orthogonal issues that comprise ALSP’sALSP's problem space: simulation-to-simulation communication, object management, and time management. These issues are addressed by a layered protocol that has at the top a simulation protocol with underlying simulation/ACM, object management, time management, and event distribution protocols.

====Simulation Protocol====

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* ''Update.'' Objects in ALSP are defined by a unique id number, a class, and a set of attributes associated with a c1ass. As a simulation changes the state its objects, it sends update messages to the ACM that provide initial or changed attribute values. The ACM then distributes the information via AIS to other simulations in that have indicated interest.

* ''Interaction.'' Interactions between objects are identified by kind. Interaction kinds are described by parameters, just as objects are described by attributes. When a simulation’ssimulation's object engages either another simulation’ssimulation's object or a geographic area, the simulation sends an interaction message to the ACM for further dissemination to other interested simulations.

* ''Refresh request.'' A simulation can request an update of a set of attribute values for any object or class of objects by sending a refresh request message to the confederation.

* ''Interaction.'' Interactions between objects are identified by kind. Interaction kinds are described by parameters, just as objects are described by attributes. When a simulation’s object engages either another simulation’s object or a geographic area, the simulation sends an interaction message to the ACM for further dissemination to other interested simulations.

* ''Refresh request.'' A simulation can request an update of a set of attribute values for any object or class of objects by sending a refresh request message to the confederation.

* ''Delete.'' When a simulation causes one of its objects to cease to exist, the simulation sends a delete message to inform other simulations.

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Distributed object ownership presumes that no single simulation must own all objects in a confederation, but many simulations require knowledge of some objects. A simulation uses simulation protocol update messages to discover objects owned by other simulations. If this simulation is interested in the objects, it can ghost them (track their locations and state) and model interactions to them from owned objects.

Locks implement attribute ownership. A primary function of the object management protocol is to ensure that a simulation only updates attributes for which it has acquired a lock. The object manager in the ACM manages the objects and object attributes of the owned and ghosted objects known to the ACM. Services provided by the simulation/ACM protocol are used by the simulations to interact with the ACM’sACM's attribute locking mechanism. The coordination of status, request, acquisition, and release of object attributes, between ACMs, uses the object management protocol.

Each attribute of each object known to a given ACM has a status that assumes one of three values:

* ''Locked.'' A simulation controls the attribute and may update the attribute value. A simulation "owns" the attribute if it has that attribute locked. A simulation "owns" the object if it has its id attribute locked.

* ''Unlocked.'' No simulation currently controls the attribute. Any simulation asking for control is granted control.

* ''Gone.'' The state of control is held elsewhere in the confederation.

From the ACM’sACM's perspective, objects come into existence through the registration process performed by its simulation or through the discovery of objects registered by other simulations. The initial state attribute locks for registered objects and discovered objects is as follows:

* ''Object Registration'' places each object-attribute pair in the locked state. The simulation may optionally specify attributes to be in the unlocked state.

* ''Object Discovery'' adds an object to the object database as a ghosted object. All of the attributes for this object are marked with a status of gone.

====Time Management Protocol====

The time management protocol is also a peer-level protocol that sits below the simulation protocol. It provides time management services for synchronizing simulation time among ACMs. The protocol provides services for the distributed coordination of a simulation’ssimulation's entrance into the confederation, time progression, and confederation saves.

The join/resign services and time synchronization mechanisms are described in Section earlier. The save mechanism provides fault tolerance. Coordination is required to produce a consistent snapshot of all ACMs, translators and simulations for a particular value of simulation time.

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The ACM uses simulation message filtering to evaluates the content of a message received from the confederation. The ACM delivers messages to its simulation that are of interest, and pass filtering criteria and discards those that are not of interest. The ACM filters two types of messages: update messages and interaction messages.

''Update messages.'' The ACM evaluates update messages based on the simulation’ssimulation's update message filtering criteria that the simulation provides. As discussed in earlier, when an ACM receives an update message there are four possible outcomes: (1) the ACM discards the message, (2) the ACM sends the simulation a create message, (3) the ACM sends the simulation the update message, or (4) the ACM sends the simulation a delete message.

''Interaction messages.'' An ACM may discard interaction messages because of the kind parameter. The kind parameter has a hierarchical structure similar to the object class structure. The simulation informs its ACM of the interaction kinds that should pass or fail the interaction filter.

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===Message Distribution===

To minimize message traffic between components in an ALSP confederation, AIS employs a form of intelligent message routing that uses the Event Distribution Protocol (EDP). <ref name="Weatherly">Weatherly, R.M., Wilson, A.L. and Griffin, S.P. (1993). "ALSP - Theory, Experience, and Future Directions," In: ''Proceedings of the 1993 Winter Simulation Conference,'' pp. 1068-1072, Los Angeles, CA, 12-1512–15 December.</ref> The EDP allows ACMs to inform the other AIS components about the update and interaction filters registered by their simulations.

In the case of update messages, distribution of this information allows ACMs to only distribute data on classes (and attributes of classes) that are of interest to the confederation. The ABE also use this information to send only information that is of interest to the components it serves. For interaction messages, the process is similar, except that the kind parameter in the interaction message determines where the message is sent.

==ReferencesFurther reading==

{{reflist}}

==See also==

* Anita Adams, Gordon Miller, and David Seidel, November 1993, [http://ms.ie.org/alsp/biblio/93_annual_report/93_annual_report_pr.html "Aggregate Level Simulation Protocol (ALSP) 1993 Confederation Annual Report"], The MITRE Corporation. A history of the ALSP program in fiscal year 1993.

* GeorgeWilliam JE. McFaddenBabineau, Philip S. Barry, C. Zachary Furness, [http://ms.ie.org/alsp/biblio/SIW_Spring00/00S-SIW-032Fall98/testing.docrtf "AnAutomated ApproachTesting towithin Management ofthe EnumeratedJoint DataTraining inconfederation Federations(JTC)"], ''Proceedings of the SpringFall 20001998 Simulation Interoperability Workshop'', Orlando, FL, MarchSeptember, 20001998.

* WilliamMAJ E.John Babineau,Bullington Philipand S.Gordon BarryMiller, C. ZacharySeptember Furness1996, [http://ms.ie.org/alsp/biblio/SIW-Fall98MORS_TACSIM/testingmors_sep96.rtfhtml "AutomatedIntelligence TestingSimulation Support withinto the Joint Training confederationConfederation: Implications for Future (JTC)Development"], ''ProceedingsTACSIM ofProject theOffice Falland 1998The SimulationMITRE Interoperability Workshop''Corporation, Orlando,published FL,in the September 1996 edition of ''Phalanx, 1998.a MORS publication''.

* Lydia P. Dubon, 1993, [httphttps://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel4stamp/5826/15525/00718362stamp.pdfjsp?arnumber=718362 "Joining a Distributed Simulation Environment via ALSP]," ''Proceedings of the 1993 Winter Simulation Conference''.

* MAJ John Bullington and Gordon Miller, September 1996, [http://ms.ie.org/alsp/biblio/MORS_TACSIM/mors_sep96.html "Intelligence Simulation Support to the Joint Training Confederation: Implications for Future Development"], TACSIM Project Office and The MITRE Corporation, published in the September 1996 edition of ''Phalanx, a MORS publication''.

* Lydia P. Dubon, 1993, [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel4/5826/15525/00718362.pdf?arnumber=718362 "Joining a Distributed Simulation Environment via ALSP]," ''Proceedings of the 1993 Winter Simulation Conference''.

* Laura Feinerman, Gordon Miller, David Prochnow, Richard Weatherly, Annette Wilson, and Anita Adams Zabek, [http://ms.ie.org/alsp/biblio/94_annual_report/94_an_rpt_pr.html "Aggregate Level Simulation Protocol (ALSP) Project 1994 Annual Report"], dated March 1995, The MITRE Corporation. A history of the ALSP program in fiscal year 1994.

* Mary C. Fischer, April 1994, [https://web.archive.org/web/20071013080320/http://ms.ie.org/alsp/biblio/elecsim_94_paper_fischer/elecsim_connie.html "Aggregate Level Simulation Protocol (ALSP) - Managing Confederation Development"], U. S. Army Simulation, Training and Instrumentation Command. A paper presented on the ''1994 Elecsim Internet Conference''.

* Mary C. Fischer, AprilAnita Adams, Gordon Miller, June 1994, [http://ms.ie.org/alsp/biblio/elecsim_94_paper_fischermors_94_fischer/elecsim_conniemors_94_fischer.html "Aggregate Level Simulation Protocol (ALSP) - ManagingTraining Confederationfor the DevelopmentFuture"], U. S. Army Simulation, Training and Instrumentation Command and The MITRE Corporation. A paper presented onat the ''1994Military ElecsimOperations InternetResearch ConferenceSymposium 62''. meeting at the Air Force Academy in Colorado Springs, Colorado.

* AnnetteMary Wilson and RichardC. WeatherlyFischer, December 1994, [httphttps://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel4stamp/5825/15524/00717433stamp.pdfjsp?tp=&isnumber=&arnumber=717433717432 "The Aggregate Level Simulation Protocol: An(ALSP) Evolving- SystemManaging Confederation Development"], TheU. S. Army Simulation, Training and MITREInstrumentation CorporationCommand. A paper presented at the ''1994 Winter Simulation Conference'' in Orlando, Florida.

* Mary C. Fischer, AnitaApril Adams, Gordon Miller, June 19941995, [http://ms.ie.org/alsp/biblio/mors_94_fischeritec_95_fischer/mors_94_fischeritec_95_fischer.html "Aggregate Level Simulation Protocol (ALSP) - Future Training forwith theDistributed FutureInteractive Simulations"], U. S. Army Simulation, Training and Instrumentation Command and The MITRE Corporation. A paper presented at the ''Military1995 OperationsInternational ResearchTraining SymposiumEquipment 62Conference'' meetingon at25–27 theApril Air1995 Forceat AcademyThe Hague in ColoradoThe Springs, ColoradoNetherlands.

* Mary C. Fischer, OctoberSeptember 1995, [http://ms.ie.org/alsp/biblio/SESC_PaperDRG_Paper/sesc95w36nato-w.html "Joint Simulated Battlefield Through Aggregate Level Simulation Protocol'"], U. S. Army Simulation, Training, and Instrumentation Command, published in ''Proceedings of the Southeastern36th SimulationDefence ConferenceResearch '95Group (DRG) Seminar on Modeling and Simulation'', Orlando,5–8 FL.September 1995, Washington, D.C.

* Mary C. Fischer, DecemberOctober 19941995, [http://ieeexplorems.ieeeie.org/iel4alsp/5825biblio/15524SESC_Paper/00717432sesc95w.pdfhtml "Joint Simulated Battlefield Through Aggregate Level Simulation Protocol (ALSP) - Managing Confederation Development"'], U. S. Army Simulation, Training, and Instrumentation Command., Apublished paperin presented''Proceedings atof the ''1994 WinterSoutheastern Simulation Conference '95' in', Orlando, FloridaFL.

* Mary C. Fischer, March 1996, [http://ms.ie.org/alsp/biblio/SIMTECT_Paper/simtect3.html "Joint Training Confederation"], U. S. Army Simulation, Training, and Instrumentation Command, published in ''Proceedings of the First International Simulation Technology and Training (SimTecT) Conference'', 25-2625–26 March 1996, Melbourne, Australia.

* MarySean CP. FischerGriffin, AprilErnest 1995H. Page, Zachary Furness, Mary C. Fischer, [http://ms.ie.org/alsp/biblio/itec_95_fischerSIMTECT97/itec_95_fischerPAPER.html "AggregateProviding LevelUninterrupted SimulationTraining Protocolto the Joint Training Confederation (ALSPJTC) -During FutureTransition Trainingto withthe DistributedHigh InteractiveLevel SimulationsArchitecture (HLA)"],''Proceedings U.of S.the Army1997 Simulation, TrainingTechnology and Instrumentation Command. A paper presented at the ''1995 International Training Equipment(SimTecT) Conference'', onCanberra, 25-27Australia, April17–20 1995March at The Hague in The Netherlands1997.

* George J. McFadden, [http://ms.ie.org/alsp/biblio/SIW_Spring00/00S-SIW-032.doc "An Approach to Management of Enumerated Data in Federations"], ''Proceedings of the Spring 2000 Simulation Interoperability Workshop'', Orlando, FL, March, 2000.

* MaryGordon C.Miller and Anita FischerZabek, SeptemberMarch 19951996, [http://ms.ie.org/alsp/biblio/DRG_Papermors_96_miller/36nato-wmors_96.html "The Joint SimulatedTraining Battlefield"],Confederation U.and S.the ArmyAggregate Level Simulation, TrainingProtocol"], andThe InstrumentationMITRE CommandCorporation, published in ''Proceedings of the 36thJune Defence1996 Researchedition Groupof (DRG) Seminar on Modeling and Simulation''Phalanx, 5-8a SeptemberMORS 1995, Washington, D.Cpublication''.

* {{cite journal | author1 = Ernest Page, | author2 = Brad Canova, John| Tufarolo,author3 February= 1996John (revisedTufarolo September| 1996),title [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.37.1829&rep=rep1&type=pdf "A Case Study of Verification, Validation and Accreditation for Advanced Distributed Simulation"], ''| citeseerx = 10.1.1.37.1829 | journal =ACM Transactions on Modeling and Computer Simulation'', | date =July 1997. }}

* {{cite conference | author1 = David L. Prochnow, | author2 = Ernest H. Page, | author3 = Mary C. Fischer, [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi| title =10.1.1.37.935&rep=rep1&type=pdf "Management of the Joint Training Confederation Family of Specifications"], ''| citeseerx = 10.1.1.37.935 | book-title = Proceedings of the Spring 1997 Simulation Interoperability Workshop'', | ___location = Orlando, FL, 3-7| date = 3–7 March, 1997. }}

* Mary C. Fischer, October 1995, [http://ms.ie.org/alsp/biblio/SESC_Paper/sesc95w.html "Joint Simulated Battlefield Through Aggregate Level Simulation Protocol'], U. S. Army Simulation, Training, and Instrumentation Command, published in ''Proceedings of the Southeastern Simulation Conference '95'', Orlando, FL.

* David L. Prochnow, Mary C. Fischer, [https://web.archive.org/web/20081222093252/http://www.sisostds.org/index.php?tg=fileman&idx=get&id=2&gr=Y&path=Simulation+Interoperability+Workshops%2F1997+Spring+SIW%2F1997+Spring+SIW+-+Papers+and+Presentations&file=007.mcw "Unique Requirements for the Representation of Logistics in a Distributed Simulation Environment for Military Training"], ''Proceedings of the Spring 1997 Simulation Interoperability Workshop'', Orlando, FL, 3-73–7 March, 1997.

* {{cite conference | author1 = David L. Prochnow, | author2 = Ernest H. Page, | author3 = Bryan Youmans, [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi| title =10.1.1.37.6101&rep=rep1&type=pdf "Development of a Federation Management Tool: Implications for HLA"], ''| citeseerx = 10.1.1.37.6101 | book-title = Proceedings of the Spring 1998 Simulation Interoperability Workshop'', | ___location =Orlando, FL, 9-13| date = 9–13 March, 1998. }}

* Mary C. Fischer, March 1996, [http://ms.ie.org/alsp/biblio/SIMTECT_Paper/simtect3.html "Joint Training Confederation"], U. S. Army Simulation, Training, and Instrumentation Command, published in ''Proceedings of the First International Simulation Technology and Training (SimTecT) Conference'', 25-26 March 1996, Melbourne, Australia.

* Sean P. Griffin, Ernest H. Page, Zachary Furness, Mary C. Fischer, [http://ms.ie.org/alsp/biblio/SIMTECT97/PAPER.html "Providing Uninterrupted Training to the Joint Training Confederation (JTC) During Transition to the High Level Architecture (HLA)"],''Proceedings of the 1997 Simulation Technology and Training (SimTecT) Conference'', Canberra, Australia, 17-20 March, 1997.

* George J. McFadden, [http://ms.ie.org/alsp/biblio/SIW_Spring00/00S-SIW-032.doc "An Approach to Management of Enumerated Data in Federations"], ''Proceedings of the Spring 2000 Simulation Interoperability Workshop'', Orlando, FL, March, 2000.

* Gordon Miller and Anita Zabek, March 1996, [http://ms.ie.org/alsp/biblio/mors_96_miller/mors_96.html "The Joint Training Confederation and the Aggregate Level Simulation Protocol"], The MITRE Corporation, published in the June 1996 edition of ''Phalanx, a MORS publication''.

* Ernest Page, Brad Canova, John Tufarolo, February 1996 (revised September 1996), [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.37.1829&rep=rep1&type=pdf "A Case Study of Verification, Validation and Accreditation for Advanced Distributed Simulation"], ''ACM Transactions on Modeling and Computer Simulation'', July 1997.

* David L. Prochnow, Ernest H. Page, Mary C. Fischer, [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.37.935&rep=rep1&type=pdf "Management of the Joint Training Confederation Family of Specifications"], ''Proceedings of the Spring 1997 Simulation Interoperability Workshop'', Orlando, FL, 3-7 March, 1997.

* David L. Prochnow, Mary C. Fischer, [http://www.sisostds.org/index.php?tg=fileman&idx=get&id=2&gr=Y&path=Simulation+Interoperability+Workshops%2F1997+Spring+SIW%2F1997+Spring+SIW+-+Papers+and+Presentations&file=007.mcw "Unique Requirements for the Representation of Logistics in a Distributed Simulation Environment for Military Training"], ''Proceedings of the Spring 1997 Simulation Interoperability Workshop'', Orlando, FL, 3-7 March, 1997.

* David L. Prochnow, Ernest H. Page, Bryan Youmans, [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.37.6101&rep=rep1&type=pdf "Development of a Federation Management Tool: Implications for HLA"], ''Proceedings of the Spring 1998 Simulation Interoperability Workshop'', Orlando, FL, 9-13 March, 1998.

* David Seidel, March 1993, [http://ms.ie.org/alsp/biblio/89-92_history/89-92_history.html "Aggregate Level Simulation Protocol (ALSP) Program Status and History"], The MITRE Corporation. A history of the ALSP program from its beginning in 1989 through 1992.

* John Tufarolo and Ernest Page, [http://portal.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=256869&type=pdf&coll=portal&dl=ACM&CFID=3273248&CFTOKEN=54531066 "Evolving the VV&A Process for the ALSP Joint Training Confederation"], ''Proceedings for the 1996 Winter Simulation Conference'', pp. &nbsp;952–958, Coronado, CA, 8-118–11 December, 1996.

* John Tufarolo and Ernest Page, [http://portal.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=256869&type=pdf&coll=portal&dl=ACM&CFID=3273248&CFTOKEN=54531066 "Evolving the VV&A Process for the ALSP Joint Training Confederation"], ''Proceedings for the 1996 Winter Simulation Conference'', pp. 952–958, Coronado, CA, 8-11 December, 1996.

* Richard Weatherly, David Seidel, and Jon Weissman, July 1991, [http://ms.ie.org/alsp/biblio/ssc_91_paper/SSC_91_Paper.html "Aggregate Level Simulation Protocol"], The MITRE Corporation. A paper presented at the ''1991 Summer Computer Simulation Conference'' in Baltimore, Maryland

* Richard Weatherly, Annette Wilson, and Sean Griffin, December 1993, [httphttps://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel4stamp/5826/15525/00718361stamp.pdfjsp?arnumber=718361 "ALSP - Theory, Experience, and Future Directions"], The MITRE Corporation. A paper presented at the ''1993 Winter Computer Simulation Conference'' in Los Angeles, California.

* {{Cite conference | last1 = Weatherly | first1 = Richard M. | last2 = Wilson | first2 = Annette L. | last3 = Canova | first3 = Bradford S. | last4 = Page | first4 = Ernest H. | last5 = Zabek | first5 = Anita A. | last6 = Fischer | first6 = Mary C. | chapter = Advanced distributed simulation through the Aggregate Level Simulation Protocol | doi = 10.1109/HICSS.1996.495488 | title = Proceedings of HICSS-29: 29th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences | conference = [[Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences]] | pages = [https://archive.org/details/proceedingsoftwe0000annu/page/407 407] | year = 1996 | isbn = 0-8186-7324-9 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.37.4784 | s2cid = 16082035 | chapter-url-access = registration | chapter-url = https://archive.org/details/proceedingsoftwe0000annu/page/407 }}

* Annette Wilson and Richard Weatherly, April 1994, [https://web.archive.org/web/20071013081152/http://ms.ie.org/alsp/biblio/elecsim_94_paper/Elecsim_94_mod.html "New Traffic Reduction and Management Tools for ALSP Confederations"], The MITRE Corporation. A paper presented on the ''1994 Elecsim Internet Conference''.

* Annette Wilson and Richard Weatherly, December 1994, [https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=717433 "The Aggregate Level Simulation Protocol: An Evolving System"], The MITRE Corporation. A paper presented at the ''1994 Winter Simulation Conference'' in Orlando, Florida.

==References==

* Richard Weatherly, Annette Wilson, and Sean Griffin, December 1993, [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel4/5826/15525/00718361.pdf "ALSP - Theory, Experience, and Future Directions"], The MITRE Corporation. A paper presented at the ''1993 Winter Computer Simulation Conference'' in Los Angeles, California.

{{reflist}}

* R.M. Weatherly, A.L. Wilson, B.S. Canova, E.H. Page, A.A. Zabek, M.C. Fischer, January 1996, [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.37.4784&rep=rep1&type=pdf "Advanced Distributed Simulation Through the Aggregate Level Simulation Protocol"], published in ''Proceedings of the 29th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences'', Volume 1, pp. 407–415, Wailea, Hawaii, 3-6 January.

* Annette Wilson and Richard Weatherly, April 1994, [http://ms.ie.org/alsp/biblio/elecsim_94_paper/Elecsim_94_mod.html "New Traffic Reduction and Management Tools for ALSP Confederations"], The MITRE Corporation. A paper presented on the ''1994 Elecsim Internet Conference''.

* Annette Wilson and Richard Weatherly, December 1994, [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel4/5825/15524/00717433.pdf?tp=&isnumber=&arnumber=717433 "The Aggregate Level Simulation Protocol: An Evolving System"], The MITRE Corporation. A paper presented at the ''1994 Winter Simulation Conference'' in Orlando, Florida.

[[Category:DistributedApplications of distributed computing]]

[[Category:Distributed computing architecture]]

[[Category:Application layer protocols]]

[[Category:Simulation software]]

[[Category:MITREMitre Corporation]]