Semi-cursive script: Difference between revisions

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{{shortShort description|Cursive styleStyle of Chinese writing that is not as cursive as grassChinese scriptcharacters}}

{{Infobox writing system

|name=Semi-cursive script

|type=[[Logographic]]

|languages=[[Old Chinese]], [[Middle Chinese]], [[Modern language|Chinese]], [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]], [[Japanese language|Japanese]], [[Korean language|Korean]]

|time=[[Han dynasty]] to present

| fam1 = [[Oracle bone script]]

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| fam3 = [[Clerical script]]

| fam4 = [[Cursive script (East Asia)|Cursive script]]

| children = [[Regular script]]

|children=[[Regular script]]<br>[[Zhuyin]]<br>[[Simplified Chinese]]<br>[[Chu Nom]]<br>[[Khitan small script|Khitan script]]<br>[[Jurchen script]]<br>[[Tangut script]]

| sample=Lanting_P3rd.jpg

| imagesize=200px

|unicode=4E00–9FFF, 3400–4DBF, 20000–2A6DF, 2A700–2B734, 2F00–2FDF, F900–FAFF

|iso15924=

}}

{{Infobox Chinese

{{Chinese

|float=left

|pic=Semi-Cur Eg.svg

|picsize=100px

|piccap=Traditional characters for "semiSemi-cursive script" written in [[regular script]] (left) and semi-cursive script (right).

|t={{linktext|lang=zh|行書}}

|s={{linktext|lang=zh|行书}}

|l=walking/running script<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |first=ShozoShōzō |last=SatoSatō |author-link=Shōzō Satō |title=Shodo: The quiet art of Japanese Zen calligraphy |dateyear=2014 |publisher=Tuttle Publishing|isbn=978-4-8053805-120431204-9|oclc=1183131287}}</ref>

|p=xíng shūxíngshū

|bpmf={{bpmfsp|ㄒㄧㄥˊ |ㄕㄨ}}

|j=hang4 syu1

|j=hang⁴ syu¹|h=hang¹¹ su²⁴

|h={{tonesup|hang11 su24}}

|poj=hâng-su|wuu=ghaon^平 sy^平

|poj=hâng-su

|kanji={{linktext|lang=ja|行書}}

|poj=hâng-su|wuu=ghaon^平 sy^平

|kanji=行書

|kana=ぎょうしょ

|romaji=gyōsho

|hangul={{linktext|lang=ko|행서}}

|hanja={{linktext|lang=ko|行書}}

|rr=haengseo

|mc={{IPA|/ɦˠæŋ .ɕɨʌ/}}

|qn={{linktext|lang=viubl|hành thư}}<br />{{linktext|lang=vi|chữ hành}}

|hn={{linktext|lang=viubl|行書}}<br />{{linktext|lang=vi|𡨸行}}

}}

'''Semi-cursive script''' ({{zh|s=行书|t=行書|first=t|p=xíngshū}}), also known as '''running hand script''', is a style of [[Chinese calligraphy|calligraphy]] whichthat emerged in [[China]] during the [[Han dynasty]] (3rd century 202&nbsp;BC – 3rd century {{snd}}220&nbsp;AD). The style is used to write [[Chinese characters]] and is abbreviated slightly where a character's strokes are permitted to be visibly connected as the writer writes, but not to the extent of the [[Cursive script (East Asia)|cursive style]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web |access-date=2021-08-14 |title=5 script styles in Chinese Calligraphy |url=http://www.columbia.edu/~xc2282/calligraphy/calligraphy.html |website=www.columbia.edu}}</ref> This makes the style easily readable by readers who can read [[regular script]] and quickly writable by calligraphers who require ideas to be written down quickly.<ref name=":0" /> In order to produce legible work using the semi-cursive style, a series of writing conventions is followed, including the linking of the strokes, simplification and merging strokes, adjustments to stroke order and the distribution of text of the work.<ref name=":1" />

One of the most notable calligraphers who used this style was [[Wang Xizhi]], (303–361). Wang is known for his workthe ''[[Lantingji Xu|]]'' ('Preface to the Orchid Pavilion Collection]]''), (''Lantingjia Xu''),work producedpublished in AD 353. This workwhich remains highly influential into China,calligraphers asthroughout well as outside of China where calligraphy using Chinese characters are still in practice, such as [[Japan]] andthe [[KoreaSinosphere]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Li |first=Wendan |title=Chinese Writing and Calligraphy |dateyear=2010-05-31 |publisher=University of HawaiiHawaiʻi Press|doi=10.1515/9780824860691 |isbn=978-0-8248824-606986069-1}}</ref> In modern times, semiSemi-cursive script is the most prominent in modern Chinese daily lifesociety despite athe lack of official education offered for it, havinga gainedstatus thisaided status withby the introduction of [[fountain penspen]], and there have been proposals to allow for customizable fonts on computerss.

== History ==

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=== Korea ===

Chinese calligraphy appeared in Korea at around 2nd or 3rd century AD. Korea also used Chinese characters (called ''[[hanja]]'' in [[Korean language|Korean]]) until the invention of the Korean alphabet, ''[[hangul]]'', in 1443.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Choi|first=Yearn-hong|date=2016|title=Choe Chi-won, great Tang and Silla poet|work=The Korean Times|url=httphttps://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/culture/2016/07/142_208963.html|access-date=13 August 2021}}</ref> Even then, many calligraphers did not choose to use the newly created ''hangul'' writing system and continued to write calligraphy and its various styles using Chinese characters.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Brown|first=Ju|title=China, Japan, Korea: Culture and customs|date=2006|publisher=BookSurge|others=John Brown|isbn=1-4196-4893-4|___location=North Charleston, South Carolina|oclc=162136010}}</ref> In this environment, semi cursive script started seeing use in Korea during the [[Joseon dynasty]].<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2021-07-30|title=Categories of calligraphy|url=https://swmuseum.suwon.go.kr/eng/html/02exhibit_02_04.jsp|website=swmuseum.suwon.go.kr}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=2021-07-30|title=Collection of Calligraphic Works by Successive Kings from Seonjo to Sukjong – Kings of Joseon (Seonjo~Sukjong)|url=https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/collection-of-calligraphic-works-by-successive-kings-from-seonjo-to-sukjong/5QE0w581sbMB3A|work=[[Jangseogak]]|publisher=[[Academy of Korean Studies]]|via=Google Arts & Culture}}</ref>

== Characteristics ==

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=== Stroke linking ===

One of the characteristics of semi-cursive script is the joining of consecutive strokes. To execute this, one must write a character in an uninterrupted manner and only stop the brush movement when required. In some scenarios, the strokes may not be visibly linked, but it is possible to grasp the direction in which each stroke is drawn.<ref name=":1" />

=== Stroke merging and character simplification ===