Toi (programming language): Difference between revisions

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'''ToyToi''' is an imperative, type-sensitive language that provides the basic functionality of a [[programming language]]. The language was designed and developed from the ground-up by Paul Longtine.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://github.com/bannana/language/blob/master/doc/OVERVIEW|title=bannana/language|website=[[GitHub]]|date=17 February 2021|publisher=}}</ref> Written in C, ToyToi was created with the intent to be an educational experience and serves as a learning tool (or toy, hence the name) for those looking to familiarize themselves with the inner-workings of a programming language.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://banna.tech/projects/post/toy_language/|title=banna - useless things|publisher=|access-date=2016-10-23|archive-date=2016-10-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161024151620/https://banna.tech/projects/post/toy_language/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Specification<ref>{{cite web|url=https://github.com/bannana/language/blob/master/doc/SPECIFICATION|title=bannana/language|website=[[GitHub]]|date=17 February 2021|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dev.nanner.co/language/file/doc/SPECIFICATION.html|title=SPECIFICATION - language - some fools attempt at an interpreted language}}</ref> ==

=== [[Type (computer science)|Types]] ===

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15 G_FIFO - Stack

=== [[Run time (program lifecycle phase)|Runtime]] ===

==== Runtime context definition ====

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* The operating [[Stack (abstract data type)|stack]]

** The operating stack where current running instructions push/pop to.

*** refer to STACK DEFINITION

* Namespace instance

** Data structure that holds the references to variable containers, also proving the interface for Namespace Levels.

*** refer to NAMESPACE DEFINITION

* Argument stack

** Arguments to function calls are pushed on to this stack, flushed on call.

*** refer to STACK DEFINITION, FUNCTION DEFINITION

* Program counter

** An interface around bytecode to keep track of traversing line-numbered instructions.

*** refer to PROGRAM COUNTER DEFINITION

This context gives definition to an 'environment' where code is executed.

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Scopes are handled by referencing to either the Global Scope or the Local Scope.

The Local Scope is denoted by '0' in the scope argument when referring to names,

and this scope is initialized when evaluating any new block of code. When a different block of code is called, a new scope is added as a new Namespace level. Namespace levels act as context switches within function contexts. For example, the local namespace must be 'returned to' if that local namespace context needs to be preserved on return. Pushing 'Namespace levels' ensures that for every ''n'' function calls, you can traverse ''n'' instances of previous namespaces. For example, take this namespace level graphic, where each Level is a namespace instance:

Level 0: Global namespace, LSB == '1'.

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Level 2: Namespace level, where Local Level is at 2, LSB == '0'.

Global scope names (LSB == 1 in the scope argument) are persistientpersistent through the runtime as they handle all function definitions, objects, and

through the runtime as they handle all function definitions, objects, and

names declared in the global scope. The "Local Level" is at where references

that have a scope argument of '0' refer to when accessing names.

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by using the

==== [[Variable (computer science)|Variable]] definition ====

Variables in this definitondefinition provide the following mechanimsmechanisms:

* Provide a distinguishable area of typed data

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Bytecode is arranged in the following order:

<nowiki><opcode>, <arg 0>, <arg 1>, <arg 2></nowiki>

Where the <opcode> is a single byte denoting which subroutine to call with the

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lengths, some having 0 arguments, and others having 3 arguments.

'''===== Interpreting Bytecode Instructions''' =====

A bytecode instruction is a single-byte opcode, followed by at maximum 3

arguments, which can be in the following forms:

* Static (single byte)

* Name (single word)

* Address (depending on runtime state, usually a word)

* Dynamic (size terminated by NULL, followed by (size)*bytes of data)

** i.e. FF FF 00 <nowiki><0xFFFF bytes of data></nowiki>,

** 01 00 <nowiki><0x1 bytes of data></nowiki>,

** 06 00 <nowiki><0x6 bytes of data></nowiki>, etc.

Below is the specification of all the instructions with a short description for

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TOS - 'Top Of Stack' The top element

TBI - 'To be Implemented'

S<nowiki><[variable]></nowiki> - Static Argument.

N<nowiki><[variable]></nowiki> - Name.

A<nowiki><[variable]></nowiki> - Address Argument.

D<nowiki><[variable]></nowiki> - Dynamic bytecode argument.

----

Hex | MemnonicMnemonic | arguments - description

----

'''1 -==== Stack manipulation''' ====

These subroutines operate on the current-working stack(1).

----

10 POP S<nowiki><n></nowiki> - pops the stack n times.

11 ROT - rotates top of stack

12 DUP - duplicates the top of the stack

13 ROT_THREE - rotates top three elements of stack

----

'''2 -==== Variable management''' ====

20 DEC S<nowiki><scope></nowiki> S<nowiki><type></nowiki> N - declare variable of type

----

2021 DECLOV S<nowiki><scope> S<type/nowiki> N - declareloads reference variable ofon to typestack

2122 LOVSTV S<nowiki><scope></nowiki> N - loadsstores reference variable onTOS to stackreference variable

2223 STVCTV S<nowiki><scope></nowiki> N -D<nowiki><data></nowiki> stores- TOSloads toconstant referenceinto variable

2324 CTVCTS SD<scopenowiki> N D<data></nowiki> - loads constant into variablestack

24 CTS D<data> - loads constant into stack

'''3 -==== Type management''' ====

----

'''3 - Type management'''

Types are in the air at this moment. I'll detail what types there are when

the time comes

----

30 [[typeof|TYPEOF]] - pushes type of TOS on to the stack TBI

31 CAST S<nowiki><type></nowiki> - Tries to cast TOS to <nowiki><type></nowiki> TBI

----

'''4 -==== Binary Ops''' ====

OPS take the two top elements of the stack, preformperform an operation and push

the result on the stack.

----

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4D OR - or's TBI

4E XOR - xor's TBI

4F NAND - and's TBI

----

'''5 -==== [[Conditional (computer programming)|Conditional Expressions]]''' ====

Things for comparison, < > = ! and so on and so forth.

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57 OR - Boolean OR

58 AND - Boolean AND

----

'''6 -==== Loops''' ====

----

60 STARTL - Start of loop

61 CLOOP - Conditional loop. If TOS is true, continue looping, else break

6E BREAK - Breaks out of loop

6F ENDL - End of loop

----

'''7 -==== Code flow''' ====

These instructions dictate code flow.

----

70 [[GOTO]] A<nowiki><addr></nowiki> - Goes to address

71 JUMPF A<nowiki><n></nowiki> - Goes forward <n> lines

72 IFDO - If TOS is TRUE, do until done, if not, jump to done

73 ELSE - Chained with an IFDO statement, if IFDO fails, execute ELSE

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7E DONE - End of block

7F CALL N - Calls function, pushes return value on to STACK.

----

'''8 - Generic object interface. Expects object on TOS'''

----

80 GETN N<name> - Returns variable assosiated with name in object

'''8 -==== Generic object interface. Expects object on TOS''' ====

81 SETN N<name> - Sets the variable assosiated with name in object

80 GETN N<nowiki><name></nowiki> - Returns variable assosiatedassociated with name in object

81 SETN N<nowiki><name></nowiki> - Sets the variable assosiatedassociated with name in object

Object on TOS, Variable on TOS1

82 CALLM N<nowiki><name></nowiki> - Calls method in object

83 INDEXO - Index an object, uses argument stack

84 MODO S<nowiki><OP></nowiki> - Modify an object based on op. [+, -, *, /, %, ^ .. etc.]

'''==== F - Functions/classes''' ====

82 CALLM N<name> - Calls method in object

FF DEFUN NS<nowiki><type></nowiki> D<nowiki><args></nowiki> - Un-funs everything. no, no- it defines a

83 INDEXO - Index an object, uses argument stack

function. D is its name, S<nowiki><type></nowiki> is

the return value, D<nowiki><args></nowiki> is the args.

84 MODO S<OP> - Modify an object based on op. [+, -, *, /, %, ^ .. etc.]

----

'''F - Functions/classes'''

----

FF DEFUN NS<type> D<args> - Un-funs everything. no, no- it defines a

function. D is its name, S<type> is

the return value, D<args> is the args.

FE DECLASS ND<args> - Defines a class.

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F1 NEW S<scope> N - Instantiates class

F0 RETURN - Returns from function

----

'''0 -==== Special Bytes''' ====

00 [[Null character|NULL]] - No-op

----

01 LC N<nowiki><name></nowiki> - Calls OS function library, i.e. I/O, opening files, etc. TBI

00 NULL - No-op

01 LC N<name> - Calls OS function library, i.e. I/O, opening files, etc. TBI

02 PRINT - Prints whatever is on the TOS.

03 DEBUG - Toggle debug mode

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abstract notation for the code will be broken down into a binary tree as so:

<nowiki><node></nowiki>

/\

/ \

/ \

<nowiki><arg></nowiki> <nowiki><next></nowiki>

node> can be an argument of its parent node, or the next instruction.

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The various instruction nodes are as follows:

* def <nowiki><type></nowiki> <nowiki><name></nowiki>

** Define a named space in memory with the type specified

*** See the 'TYPES' section under 'OVERVIEW'

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The various instruction nodes within the tree will call specific functions

that will take arguemetsarguments specified and lookahead and lookbehind to formulate the

correct bytecode equivalent.

== Developer's Website ==

The developer of the language, Paul Longtine, operates a publicly available website and blog called [http://banna.tech banna.tech], named after his online alias 'banna'.

==References==

{{Reflist}}

[[Category:SurnameProgramming language topics|Specification]]