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| symbol_type = [[Coat of arms of the Czech Republic|Royal coat of arms of Bohemia]] as a possession of [[Austria-Hungary]] (1890)<ref>[[File:Ströhl - Österreichische Wappenrolle (1890) Tafel 03.png|thumb|upright=0.6|left|From the Roll of Arms of Austria-Hungary in [[Hugo Gerard Ströhl|Ströhl's]] ''Wappenrolle Österreich-Ungarns'' (1890), ''Tafel III. Ungarn, Böhmen, Dalmatien, Kroatien.'']] [[Hugo Gerard Ströhl|Hugo Gerhard Ströhl]]: ''Wappenrolle Österreich-Ungarns. Erste Auflage, Wien 1890, S. VIII.''</ref>
| coa_size = 105px
| other_symbol = <div style="padding:0.5em;">[[File:Arch Cupbearer Holding Augment.png|
| other_symbol_type = Medieval, [[Prince-elector|royal]] shield of the [[List of Bohemian monarchs|King of Bohemia]] as imperial Elector and Arch-[[Cupbearer]]:<ref>[[File:Armorial Emperor Frederick III.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|Page from an armorial showing the arms of Emperor Frederick III, {{Circa|1415}}–1493.]]</ref><ref>[[File:Armorial Emperor Maximilian I.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|Page from an armorial showing arms of Kaiser Maximilian I {{Circa|1508–1519}}]]</ref>
| image_map = Locator Bohemia within the Holy Roman Empire (1618).svg
| image_map_caption = The Kingdom of Bohemia (dark red) with other [[Lands of the Bohemian Crown|Bohemian Crown lands]] (light red) within the [[Holy Roman Empire]] (1618)
| image_map2 = Empire d'Autriche 1914 Bohême.png
| image_map2_caption = The Kingdom of Bohemia (red) within [[Austria-Hungary]] (1914)
| national_anthem = <!-- No official or unofficial national anthems -->
| today = [[Czech Republic]]<br/>[[Germany]]<br/>[[Poland]]<br/>[[Slovakia]]
| government_type = {{nowrap|[[Feudal monarchy]]<br/>[[Absolute monarchy]]<br/>[[Parliamentary system|Parliamentary]] [[monarchy]]}}
| status = Electorate of Holy Roman Empire
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* [[Crown land]] of the [[Lands of the Bohemian Crown|Bohemian Crown]] {{nowrap|(1348–1918)}}
* [[Prince-elector|Imperial elector]] {{nowrap|(1356–1806)}}
* [[Crown land#Austria|Crown land]] of the [[Habsburg monarchy]] {{nowrap|(1526–1804)}}, of the [[Austrian Empire]] {{nowrap|(1804–1867)}}, and
| year_start = 1198
| year_end = 1918
| event_start = Kingdom established
| date_start =
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| date_event7 = 1 May 1749
| event_end = Dissolution of [[Austria-Hungary]]
| date_end = 31 October
| p1 = Duchy of Bohemia
|
| p3 = Duchy of Jawor
| p4 = Duchy of Brzeg
| p5 = Egerland
|
| flag_s1 = Flag of Bohemia.svg
| title_leader = [[List of rulers of Bohemia|King]]
| leader1 = [[Ottokar I of Bohemia|Ottokar I]] <small>(first)</small>
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| year_leader2 = 1916–1918|
| capital = [[Prague]]
| largest_city = [[Prague]]
| religion = {{plainlist|
* {{nowrap|[[
* [[Hussitism]], later {{nowrap|[[Bohemian Reformation|Bohemian Reformed]]}} {{small|([[Utraquism]], [[Moravian Church|Brethren]])}}
* [[Lutheran Church|Lutheranism]]
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* [[Waldensians|Waldensianism]]
* [[Adamites#Neo-Adamites|Neo-Adamitism]]}}
| common_languages = {{ubl|[[Czech language|Czech]]
| currency = {{ubl|[[Denarius]]<ref>[http://kramerius.nkp.cz/kramerius/MShowMonograph.do?id=17769 Czech denarius] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606022905/http://kramerius.nkp.cz/kramerius/MShowMonograph.do?id=17769 |date=6 June 2020 }}. [[National Library of the Czech Republic]].</ref>|[[Bracteate]]|[[Prague groschen|Groschen]]|[[Thaler]]|[[Kreuzer|Kreutzer]]|[[Austro-Hungarian florin|Florin]]|[[Austro-Hungarian crown|Crown]]}}|
| footnotes =
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}}
The '''Kingdom of Bohemia''' ({{
The Kingdom of Bohemia was an [[Imperial State]] in the [[Holy Roman Empire]]. The [[List of Bohemian monarchs|Bohemian king]] was a [[prince-elector]] of the empire. The kings of Bohemia, besides the region of [[Bohemia]] itself, also ruled other [[Lands of the Bohemian Crown|lands belonging to the Bohemian Crown]], which at various times included [[Moravia]], [[Silesia]], [[Lusatia]], and parts of [[Saxony]], [[Brandenburg]], and [[Bavaria]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}}
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The kingdom was established by the [[Přemyslid dynasty]] in the 12th century by the [[Duchy of Bohemia]], later ruled by the [[House of Luxembourg]], the [[Jagiellonian dynasty]], and from 1526 the [[House of Habsburg]] and its successor, the [[House of Habsburg-Lorraine]]. Numerous kings of Bohemia were also elected [[Holy Roman Emperor]]s, and the capital, [[Prague]], was the imperial seat in the late 14th century, and again at the end of the 16th and the beginning of the 17th centuries.
Following the defeat of the [[Central Powers]] in [[World War I]], both the Kingdom and Empire were dissolved. Bohemia became the core part of the newly formed [[First Czechoslovak Republic|Czechoslovak Republic]].
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==History==
===13th century (growth)===
Although some former rulers of Bohemia had enjoyed a non-hereditary royal title during the 11th and 12th centuries ([[Vratislaus II of Bohemia|Vratislaus II]], [[Vladislaus II, Duke of Bohemia|Vladislaus II]]), the kingdom was formally established (by elevating [[Duchy of Bohemia]]) in 1198 by [[Ottokar I of Bohemia|Přemysl Ottokar I]], who had his status acknowledged by [[Philip of Swabia]], elected [[King of the Romans]], in return for his support against the rival Emperor [[Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto IV]]. In 1204 Ottokar's royal status was accepted by Otto IV as well as by [[Pope Innocent III]]. It was officially recognized in 1212 by the [[Golden Bull of Sicily]] issued by Emperor [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]], elevating the [[Duchy of Bohemia]] to [[Realm|Kingdom]] status and proclaiming its independence which was also later bolstered by future king of Bohemia and emperor Charles IV, with his golden bull in 1356.
Under these terms, the Czech king was to be exempt from all future obligations to the Holy Roman Empire except for participation in the imperial councils. The imperial prerogative to ratify each Bohemian ruler and to appoint the bishop of [[Prague]] was revoked. The king's successor was his son [[Wenceslaus I of Bohemia|Wenceslaus I]], from his second marriage.
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[[File:Nejstarší dochované barevné vyobrazení znaku Čech, hrad Gozzoburg v Kremži.jpeg|thumb|upright=0.5|left|The oldest depiction of coat of arms of Bohemia, castle Gozzoburg in [[Krems an der Donau|Krems]] (13th century)]]
Wenceslaus I's sister [[Agnes of Bohemia|Agnes]], later canonized, refused to marry the Holy Roman Emperor and instead devoted her life to spiritual works. Corresponding with the Pope, she established the [[Knights of the Cross with the Red Star]] in 1233, the first [[Military order (society)|military order]] in the Kingdom of Bohemia. Four other military orders were present in Bohemia: the [[Order of St. John of Jerusalem]] from {{circa|1160}}; the [[Order of Saint Lazarus]] from the late 12th century; the [[Teutonic Order]] from c. 1200–1421; and the [[Knights Templar]] from 1232 to 1312.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.valka.cz/clanek_11869.html |title=Rytířské řády a Čechy |date=29 November 2006 |access-date=5 March 2013 |archive-date=11 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811095940/https://www.valka.cz/clanek_11869.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Codex Manesse Wenzel II. von Böhmen.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|[[Wenceslaus II of Bohemia|Wenceslaus II]] as depicted in the ''[[Codex Manesse]]'']]
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The [[Hussite]] movement (1402–85) was primarily a religious, as well as national, manifestation. As a religious reform movement (the so-called [[Bohemian Reformation]]), it represented a challenge to papal authority and an assertion of national autonomy in ecclesiastical affairs. The Hussites defeated four crusades from the Holy Roman Empire, and the movement is viewed by many as a part of the (worldwide) [[Protestant Reformation]]. Because many of warriors of the crusades were Germans, although many were also Hungarians and Catholic Czechs, the Hussite movement is seen as a Czech national movement. In modern times it acquired anti-imperial and anti-German associations and has sometimes been identified as a manifestation of a long-term ethnic Czech–German conflict.
Hussitism began during the long reign of [[Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia|Wenceslaus IV]] (1378–1419), a period of papal schism and concomitant anarchy in the Holy Roman Empire. It was precipitated by a controversy at [[Charles University in Prague]]. In 1403 [[Jan Hus]] became rector of the university. A reformist preacher, Hus espoused the anti-papal and anti-hierarchical teachings of [[John Wycliffe]] of England, often referred to as the "Morning Star of the Reformation". Hus' teaching was distinguished by its rejection of what he saw as the wealth, corruption, and hierarchical tendencies of the
[[File:Silver mine, Kutna Hora.jpg|thumb|180px|[[Kutná Hora]], a medieval silver-mining centre, was once the second most important town of the kingdom.]]
Soon after Hus assumed office, German professors of theology demanded the condemnation of Wycliffe's writings. Hus protested, receiving the support of the Czech element at the university. Having only one vote in policy decisions against three for the Germans, the Czechs were outvoted,{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}} and the orthodox position was maintained. In subsequent years, the Czechs demanded a revision of the university charter, granting more adequate representation to the native Czech faculty. The university controversy was intensified by the vacillating position of the Bohemian king Wenceslas. His favoring of Germans in appointments to councillor and other administrative positions had aroused the nationalist sentiments of the Czech nobility and rallied them to Hus' defense. The German faculties had the support of [[Zbyněk Zajíc]], [[Archbishop of Prague]], and the German clergy. For political reasons, Wenceslas switched his support from the Germans to Hus and allied with the reformers. On 18 January 1409, Wenceslas issued the [[Decree of Kutná Hora]]: (as was the case at other major universities in Europe) the Czechs would have three votes; the others, a single vote. In consequence, German faculty and students left Charles University en masse in the thousands, and many ended up founding the [[University of Leipzig]].
Hus' victory was short-lived. He preached against the sale of [[indulgence]]s, which lost him the support of the king, who had received a percentage of such sales. In 1412 Hus and his followers were suspended from the university and expelled from Prague. For two years the reformers served as [[itinerant minister|itinerant preachers]] throughout Bohemia. In 1414, Hus was summoned to the [[Council of Constance]] to defend his views. Imprisoned when he arrived, he was
[[File:Jan Zizka Vitkov Prague CZ 007.jpg|thumb|left|160px|Jan Žižka, the leader of the Hussites]]
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[[George of Poděbrady]], later to become the "national" king of Bohemia, emerged as leader of the Utraquist regency. George installed another Utraquist, [[John of Rokycany]], as archbishop of Prague and succeeded in uniting the more radical Taborites with the Czech Reformed Church. The Catholic party was driven out of Prague. After Ladislaus died of [[leukemia]] in 1457, the following year the Bohemian estates elected George of Poděbrady as king. Although George was noble-born, he was not a successor of royal dynasty; his election to the monarchy was not recognised by the Pope, or any other European monarchs.
George sought to establish a "Charter of a
Czech Catholic nobles joined in the League of Zelená Hora in 1465, challenging the authority of George of Poděbrady; the next year, [[Pope Paul II]] excommunicated George. The [[Bohemian War (1468-1478)]] pitted Bohemia against [[Matthias Corvinus]] and [[Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick III of Habsburg]], and the Hungarian forces occupied most of Moravia. George of Poděbrady died in 1471.
===After 1471: Jagiellonian and Habsburg rule===
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[[File:Wappen Königreich Böhmen.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|left|Coat of arms of the Austrian province of Bohemia by [[Hugo Gerard Ströhl]]]]
Upon the death of the Hussite king, the Bohemian estates elected
In 1526, Vladislav's son, King [[Louis II of Hungary|Louis]], was decisively defeated by the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Turks]] at the [[Battle of Mohács]] and subsequently died. As a result, the Turks conquered part of the Kingdom of Hungary, and the rest (mainly present-day Slovakia territory) came under Habsburg rule under the terms of King Louis' marriage contract. The Bohemian estates [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor#Hungary and the Ottomans|in 1526 elected]] [[Archduchy of Austria|Austrian Archduke]] [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand]], younger brother of Emperor [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]], to succeed Louis as king of Bohemia. Thus began almost four centuries of Habsburg rule for both Bohemia and [[Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)|Hungary]].
From 1599 to 1711, Moravia (a [[Lands of the Bohemian Crown|Land of the Bohemian Crown]]) was frequently [[Ottoman raids on Moravia|subjected to raids]] by the Ottoman Empire and its vassals (especially the [[Crimean Khanate|Tatars]] and [[Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)|Transylvania]]). Overall, hundreds of thousands were enslaved whilst tens of thousands were killed.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Petra |last=Košťálová|editor-first1=Mateusz|editor-last1=Chmurski|editor-first2=Irina|editor-last2=Dmytrychyn|year=2022 |title=Contested Landscape: Moravian Wallachia and Moravian Slovakia. An Imagology Study on the Ottoman Border Narrative|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27185958 |journal=[[Revue des études slaves]] |volume=93 |issue=1 |doi=10.4000/res.5138|issn=2117-718X|publisher=OpenEdition|page=110|jstor=27185958 }}</ref>
The incorporation of Bohemia into the [[Habsburg monarchy]] against the resistance of the local [[Protestant]] nobility sparked the 1618 [[Defenestrations of Prague|Defenestration of Prague]], the brief reign of the [[Frederick V of the Palatinate|Winter King]], and the [[Thirty Years' War]]. Their defeat at the [[Battle of White Mountain]] in 1620 put an end to the Bohemian autonomy movement. In 1624, Emperor [[Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand II]] issued a patent that allowed only the Catholic religion in Bohemia.<ref>{{cite news |title=April 1624: Re-Catholicisation of Czech lands begins |url=https://english.radio.cz/april-1624-re-catholicisation-czech-lands-begins-8813203 |work=Radio Prague International |date=7 April 2024}}</ref>
=== Defeat and dissolution ===
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In 1740 the [[Prussian Army]] conquered Bohemian [[Silesia]] in the [[Silesian Wars]] and forced [[Maria Theresa]] in 1742 to cede the majority of Silesia, except the southernmost area with the duchies of Cieszyn, Krnov and Opava, to [[Prussia]]. In 1756 Prussian King [[Frederick the Great|Frederick II]] faced an enemy coalition led by Austria, when Maria Theresa was preparing for war with Prussia to reclaim Silesia. The Prussian army conquered [[Saxony]] and in 1757 invaded Bohemia. In the [[Battle of Prague (1757)]] they defeated the Habsburgs and subsequently occupied{{source?|date=August 2023}} Prague. More than one quarter of Prague was destroyed and the [[St. Vitus Cathedral]] suffered heavy damage. In the [[Battle of Kolín]], however, Frederick lost and had to vacate Prague and retreat from Bohemia.
With the [[dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire]] in 1806, the Bohemian kingdom was incorporated into the now two years old [[Austrian Empire]] and the royal title retained alongside the title of [[Emperor of Austria|Austrian Emperor]]. In the course of the 1867 [[Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867|Austro-Hungarian Compromise]] the provinces of Bohemia, Moravia and Austrian Silesia became ''[[Imperial and Royal|k. k.]]'' crown lands of [[Cisleithania]]. The Bohemian Kingdom officially ceased to exist in 1918 by transformation into the [[Czechoslovakia|Czechoslovak Republic]].
The current Czech Republic consisting of Bohemia, Moravia and [[Czech Silesia]] still uses most of the symbols of the Kingdom of Bohemia: a two-tailed lion in its coat-of-arms, red-white stripes in the [[Flag of the Czech Republic|state flag]] and the [[Prague Castle|royal castle]] as the [[President of Czechia|president's]] office.
==Economy==
[[File:Bohemia rail map 1883 Rivnac.jpg|thumb|Railway network of Bohemia in 1883]]
Bohemia was among the first countries in Europe to become industrialized. Mining of tin and silver began in [[Ore mountains]] in early 12th century. The German [[Settler|hospes]] had a major role in the industrial development of the Czech Kingdom. In the late 12th and in the 13th century the Přemyslid rulers promoted the colonisation of certain areas of their lands by German settlers from the adjacent lands of Bavaria, Franconia, Upper Saxony and Austria during the {{Lang|de|[[Ostsiedlung]]}} migration. The new settlers not only brought their customs and language with them, but also new technical skills and equipment that were adapted within a few decades, especially in agriculture and crafts.
In Silesia it had doubled (16% of the total area) by the beginning of the 11th century, 30% in the 16th century and the highest increase rates in the 14th century, the total area of arable land increased seven – to twentyfold in many Silesian regions during the {{Lang|de|Ostsiedlung}}. They settled mostly the hills and mountains and started the mine works and high qualities industry such as metal works, weapon industry and beer making. Forest glass production was a common industry for German Bohemians.<ref>Weinhold, Karl (1887). Die Verbreitung und die Herkunft der Deutschen in Schlesien. Stuttgart: J. Engelhorn</ref><ref>Charles Higounet.(1986) ''Die deutsche Ostsiedlung im Mittelalter'' [Aus dem Französischen von Manfred Vasold]. Berlin : Siedler, 405 p. , cartes, plans, illustrations.</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Prinz | first=Friedrich | title=Böhmen und Mähren | publisher=Siedler | publication-place=Berlin | date=2002 | isbn=3-88680-773-8 | oclc=66743141 | language=de}}</ref>
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==Administrative division==
[[File:Mapa Čech 1712.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Administrative divisions of Bohemia in 1712]]
Prior to 1833, Bohemia was divided into seven to sixteen district units, known in Czech as {{lang|cs|[[Kraj]]e}} ({{singular}} {{lang|cs|Kraj}}) and in German as {{lang|de|[[Kreis (Habsburg monarchy)|Kreise]]}} ({{singular}} {{lang|cs|Kreis}}). These included the following in different time periods:
{{div col|colwidth=
*{{ill|Bechyňský kraj|cs}} at [[Bechyně]] ({{
*{{ill|Boleslavský kraj|cs||de|Bunzlauer Kreis}} at [[Mladá
*{{ill|Čáslavský kraj|cs}} at [[Čáslav]] ({{
*{{ill|Chrudimský kraj|cs||de|Chrudimer Kreis}} at [[Chrudim]]
*{{ill|Hradecký kraj|cs||de|Königgrätzer Kreis}} at [[Hradec Králové]] ({{
*the [[County of Kladsko]] at [[Kłodzko|Kladsko]] ({{
*{{ill|Kouřimský kraj|cs}} at [[Prague]] ({{langx|cs|link=no|Praha}}, {{langx|de|link=no|Prag}}); named for [[Kouřim]] ({{langx|de|link=no|Kaurzim, Kaurzin, Kaurim}})
*{{ill|Litoměřický kraj|cs||de|Leitmeritzer Kreis}} at [[Litoměřice]] ({{
*{{ill|Loketský kraj|cs||de|Elbogener Kreis}} at [[Loket (Sokolov District)|Loket]] ({{
*{{ill|Plzeňský kraj (until 1862)|lt=Plzeňský kraj|cs|Plzeňský kraj (do 1862)}} at [[Plzeň]] ({{langx|de|link=no|Pilsen}})
*{{ill|Podbrdsko|cs|Podbrdský kraj}} or {{ill|Berounský kraj|cs||de|Berauner Kreis}} at [[Beroun]] ({{langx|de|link=no|Beraun}})
*[[Prácheňsko]] or Prácheňský kraj at [[Písek]] ({{langx|de|link=no|Prachens}}; named after {{ill|Prácheň castle|de|Burg Prácheň|cs|Prácheň (hrad)}})
*
*{{ill|Slánský kraj|cs}} at [[
*{{ill|Vltavský kraj|cs}} at [[
*{{ill|Žatecký kraj|cs||de|Saazer Kreis}} at [[Žatec]] ({{
{{div col end}}
[[File:Mapa království českého 1847.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Administrative divisions of Bohemia in 1847]]
According to Johann Gottfried Sommer Bohemia was divided into 16 district units between 1833 and 1849:
{{div col|colwidth=
*
*Bydžovský kraj at [[Nový Bydžov]] (German:
*Budějovický kraj at [[České Budějovice]] (German:
*
*
*
*
*
*{{ill|Klatovský kraj|cs}} at [[Klatovy]] (German:
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
{{div col end}}
===Okresy/Bezirke 1849–1854===
In 1849 the number of {{lang|de|Kreise}}/{{lang|cs|Kraje}} was reduced to seven. They were then subdivided into political districts (German: {{lang|de|politischer Bezirk}} or {{lang|de|[[Bezirkshauptmannschaft]]}} ('district [[Hauptmann|captain]]cy'), {{plural form}} {{lang|de|politische Bezirke/Bezirkshauptmannschaften}}; Czech: {{lang|cs|Okres}}), which took over most of the political functions of the {{lang|de|Kreise}}/{{lang|cs|Kraje}}. Prague became a statutory city, administered directly by the kingdom. A total of 79 districts existed during this period.<ref>Gesetz vom 9. August 1849, RGBl. 352/1849: {{cite web|url=https://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=rgb&datum=1849&page=745&size=45|title=Erlaß der Ministeriums des Innern vom 9. August 1849, womit die in Folge Allerhöchster Entschliesung vom 4. August 1849 genehmigte Organisirung der politischen Verwaltungsbehörden für das Kronland Böhmen kundgemacht wird, und sie Maßregeln zu deren Durchführung festgesetzt werden.|language=de|date=1849-08-09|accessdate=2023-11-04|work=Reichs-Gesetz-Blatt für das Kaiserthum Österreich|via=ÖNB-ALEX - Historische Rechts- und Gesetztexte Online|archive-date=5 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705115054/https://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=rgb&datum=1849&page=745&size=45|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{bulleted list
|City of Prague
|{{lang|de|Prager Kreis}} – 8 political districts:
{{flatlist|indent=1|
* Smichow
* Eule
* Carolinenthal
* Rakonitz
* Schlan
* Melnik
* Przibram
* Horzowic
}}
|{{lang|de|Budweiser Kreis}} – 9 political districts:
{{flatlist|indent=1|
* Budweis
* Krumau
* Kaplitz
* Neuhaus
* Tabor
* Mühlhausen
* Pilgram
* Beneschau
* Wotitz
}}
|{{lang|de|Pardubitzer Kreis}} – 11 political districts:
{{flatlist|indent=1|
* Pardubitz
* Kolin
* Schwarz-Kosteletz
* Kuttenberg
* Ledetsch
* Deutsch-Brod
* Chotieborg
* Chrudim
* Hohenmauth
* Leitomischl
* Landskron
}}
|{{lang|de|Gitschiner Kreis}} – 16 political districts:
{{flatlist|indent=1|
* Gitschin
* Königgrätz
* Königinhof
* Trautenau
* Braunau
* Reichenau
* Senftenberg
* Neustadt
* Horzic
* Hohenelbe
* Podiebrad
* Neubidschow
* Turnau
* Semil
* Jungbunzlau
* Nimburg
}}
|{{lang|de|Böhmisch-Leippaer Kreis}} – 10 political districts:
{{flatlist|indent=1|
* Böhmisch-Leippa
* Reichenberg
* Friedland
* Gabel
* Tetschen
* Außig
* Schlukenau
* Rumburg
* Dauba
* Leitmeritz
}}
|{{lang|de|Egerer Kreis}} – 12 political districts:
{{flatlist|indent=1|
* Eger
* Falkenau
* Plan
* Tachau
* Carlsbad
* Luditz
* Graßlitz
* Joachimsthal
* Saaz
* Kaaden
* Brüx
* Teplitz
}}
|{{lang|de|Pilsner Kreis}} – 13 political districts:
{{flatlist|indent=1|
* Pilsen
* Rokitzan
* Kralowitz
* Klattau
* Przestiz
* Bischofteinitz
* Tauß
* Schüttenhofen
* Winterberg
* Prachatitz
* Pisek
* Strakinitz
* Brzeznitz
}}}}
===Kraje/Kreise 1854–1868===
[[File:Karte des Königreiches Böhmen nach der Eintheilung vom Jahre 1854 01.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Administrative divisions of Bohemia in 1858]]
In 1854 the political districts were abolished and the previous more centralised administrative structure largely restored. However, 13 new {{lang|cs|Kraje}}/{{lang|de|Kreise}} were established in place of the old ones. These {{lang|cs|Kraje}}/{{lang|de|Kreise}} were subdivided into between twelve and 20 {{lang|de|Bezirke}} (207 in total, plus the capital city of Prague); these acted merely as administrative units of the {{lang|cs|Kraje}}/{{lang|de|Kreise}} rather than taking on powers of their own. Prague remained a statutory city, as well acting as the administrative centre of the {{lang|de|Prager Kreis}}/{{lang|cs|Pražský kraj}}. The city of Reichenberg was a {{lang|de|Stadtbezirk}} (city district) subordinate to the {{lang|de|Bunzlauer Kreis}}, as well as the seat of {{lang|de|Landbezirk Reichenberg}}; the two were counted together as a single {{lang|de|Bezirk}}.<ref name="administrative divisions 1854">Gesetz vom 9. October 1854, RGBl. 274/1854: {{cite web|url=https://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=rgb&datum=18540004&seite=00001019|title=Verordnung der Ministerien des Innern, der Justiz und der Finanzen vom 9. October 1854, betreffend die politische und gerichtliche Organisirung des Königreiches Böhmen|language=de|date=1854-10-09|accessdate=2023-11-04|work=Reichs-Gesetz-Blatt für das Kaiserthum Österreich|via=ÖNB-ALEX - Historische Rechts- und Gesetztexte Online|archive-date=2 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202103256/https://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=rgb&datum=18540004&seite=00001019|url-status=live}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Name (German) !! Name (Czech) !! Area {{small|(square [[mile#German|Austrian miles]])}} !! Population !! Districts {{small|({{lang|de|Bezirke}}, {{lang|cs|Okresy}})}}
|-
|{{lang|de|Prag}} {{small|(English: Prague)}} || {{lang|cs|Praha}} ||style="text-align: right;"| 0.2 ||style="text-align: right;"| 67,260 ||style="text-align: right;"| 1
|-
|{{lang|de|Budweiser Kreis}} || {{lang|cs|Budějovický kraj}} ||style="text-align: right;"| 78.9 ||style="text-align: right;"| 260,597 ||style="text-align: right;"| 15
|-
|{{lang|de|Bunzlauer Kreis}} || {{lang|cs|Boleslavský kraj}} ||style="text-align: right;"| 62.4 ||style="text-align: right;"| 385,910 ||style="text-align: right;"| 17
|-
|{{lang|de|Chrudimer Kreis}} || {{lang|cs|Chrudimský kraj}} ||style="text-align: right;"| 58.4 ||style="text-align: right;"| 332,455 ||style="text-align: right;"| 12
|-
|{{lang|de|Časlauer Kreis}} || {{lang|cs|Čáslavský kraj}} ||style="text-align: right;"| 68.6 ||style="text-align: right;"| 340,267 ||style="text-align: right;"| 14
|-
|{{lang|de|Egerer Kreis}} || {{lang|cs|Chebský kraj}} ||style="text-align: right;"| 75.7 ||style="text-align: right;"| 342,017 ||style="text-align: right;"| 19
|-
|{{lang|de|Jičiner Kreis}} || {{lang|cs|Jičínský kraj}} ||style="text-align: right;"| 51.7 ||style="text-align: right;"| 318,855 ||style="text-align: right;"| 16
|-
|{{lang|de|Königgrätzer Kreis}} || {{lang|cs|Hradecký kraj}} ||style="text-align: right;"| 51.6 ||style="text-align: right;"| 333,153 ||style="text-align: right;"| 13
|-
|{{lang|de|Leitmeritzer Kreis}} || {{lang|cs|Litoměřický kraj}} ||style="text-align: right;"| 55.0 ||style="text-align: right;"| 386,401 ||style="text-align: right;"| 19
|-
|{{lang|de|Pilsner Kreis}} || {{lang|cs|Plzeňský kraj}} ||style="text-align: right;"| 86.0 ||style="text-align: right;"| 358,603 ||style="text-align: right;"| 18
|-
|{{lang|de|Piseker Kreis}} || ||style="text-align: right;"| 77.4 ||style="text-align: right;"| 288,088 ||style="text-align: right;"| 13
|-
|{{lang|de|Prager Kreis}} || {{lang|cs|Pražský kraj}} ||style="text-align: right;"| 101.6 ||style="text-align: right;"| 443,378 ||style="text-align: right;"| 20
|-
|{{lang|de|Saazer Kreis}} || {{lang|cs|Žatecký kraj}} ||style="text-align: right;"| 54.9 ||style="text-align: right;"| 219,441 ||style="text-align: right;"| 15
|-
|{{lang|de|Taborer Kreis}} || {{lang|cs|Táborský kraj}} ||style="text-align: right;"| 80.5 ||style="text-align: right;"| 329,680 ||style="text-align: right;"| 16
|-
!colspan="2"|Total
|style="text-align: right;"| 902.9 ||style="text-align: right;"|4,406,105 ||style="text-align: right;"| 208
|}
11 of the {{lang|cs|Kraje}}/{{lang|de|Kreise}} had a single district court ({{lang|de|Kreisgericht}}). These were located in the administrative centre of the {{lang|cs|Kraj}}/{{lang|de|Kreis}}, except for the {{lang|cs|Čáslavský kraj}}/{{lang|de|Časlauer Kreis}}, whose district court was located at [[Kutná Hora]]/Kuttenberg. The {{lang|de|Bunzlauer}} and {{lang|de|Leitmeritzer Kreise}} ({{lang|cs|Boleslavský}} and {{lang|cs|Litoměřický kraje}}) each had two district courts: Jung-Bunzlau and Reichenberg for the {{lang|de|Bunzlauer Kreis}}; Leitmeritz and Böhmisch-Leipa for the {{lang|de|Leitmeritzer Kreis}}.<ref name="administrative divisions 1854" />
===Okresy/Bezirke 1868–1954===
{{Expand German|topic=hist|Liste der Bezirke in Böhmen|Liste der Gerichtsbezirke in Böhmen|date=May 2015}}
[[File:Verwaltungsgliederung des Königreichs Böhmen 1893.svg|thumb|upright=1.1|Districts of Bohemia in 1893]]
In 1868 the {{lang|cs|Kraj}}/{{lang|de|Kreis}} system was abolished and the political districts re-established.<ref>Gesetz vom 19. Mai 1868, RGBl. 44/1868: {{cite web|url=https://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=rgb&datum=1868&page=104|title=Gesetz vom 19. Mai 1868, über die Einrichtung der politischen Verwaltungsbehörden in den Königreichen Böhmen, Dalmatien, Galizien und Lodomerien mit den Herzogthümern Auschwitz und Zator und dem Großherzogthume Krakau, den Erzherzogthümern Oesterreich unter und ob der Enns, den Herzogthümern Salzburg, Steiermark, Kärnthen, Krain, Bukowina, der Markgrafschaft Mähren, den Herzogthümern Ober- und Nieder-Schlesien, der gefürsteten Grafschaft Tirol und dem Lande Vorarlberg, der Markgrafschaft Istrien, der gefürsteten Grafschaft Görz und Gradiska und der Stadt Triest mit ihrem Gebiete.|date=1868-05-19|accessdate=2023-11-04|work=Reichs-Gesetz-Blatt für das Kaiserthum Österreich|via=ÖNB-ALEX - Historische Rechts- und Gesetztexte Online|archive-date=22 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722215038/https://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=rgb&datum=1868&page=104|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1868 Bohemia was divided into 89 political districts, each of which was constituted from between one and four of the 1854 administrative districts.<ref>Gesetz vom 10. Juli 1868, RGBl. 101/1868: {{cite web|url=https://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=rgb&datum=1868&page=315&size=45|title=Verordnung des Ministers des Innern vom 10. Juli 1868, die Durchführung des Gesetzes vom 19. Mai 1868 (Reichs-Gesetz-Blatt Nr. 44) in Böhmen, Dalmatien, Oesterreich unter und ob der Enns, Steiermark, Kärnthen, Bukowina, Mähren, Schlesien, Tirol und Vorarlberg, Istrien, Görz und Gradiska betreffend.|language=de|date=1868-07-10|accessdate=2023-11-04|work=Reichs-Gesetz-Blatt für das Kaiserthum Österreich|via=ÖNB-ALEX - Historische Rechts- und Gesetztexte Online}}</ref> This would grow to 104 districts by 1913.{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}}
'''1868 districts:'''
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* {{ill|Bezirk Asch|de|lt=Asch}} (Czech: ''{{lang|cs|Aš}}'')
* {{ill|Bezirk Außig|de|lt=
* {{ill|Bezirk Beneschau|de|lt=Beneschau}} (Czech: ''{{lang|cs|Benešov}}'')
* {{ill|Bezirk Bischofteinitz|de|lt=Bischofteinitz}} (Czech: ''{{lang|cs|Horušův Týn}}'')
Line 269 ⟶ 410:
* {{ill|Bezirk Böhmisch Brod|de|lt=Böhmisch Brod}} (Czech: ''{{lang|cs|Český Brod}}'')
* {{ill|Bezirk Böhmisch Leipa (Königreich Böhmen)|de|lt=Böhmisch Leipa}} (Czech: ''{{lang|cs|Česká Lípa}}'')
* {{ill|Bezirk Braunau (Königreich Böhmen)|de|lt=Braunau}} (Czech: ''{{lang|cs|Broumov}}'')
* {{ill|Bezirk Brüx (Königreich Böhmen)|de|lt=Brüx}} (Czech: ''{{lang|cs|Most}}'')
Line 279 ⟶ 419:
* {{ill|Bezirk Deutsch Gabel|de|lt=Deutsch Gabel}} (Czech: ''{{lang|cs|Německé Jablonné}}'')
* {{ill|Bezirk Deutschbrod|de|lt=Deutschbrod}} (Czech: ''{{lang|cs|Německý Brod}}'')
* {{ill|Bezirk Eger (Königreich Böhmen)|de|lt=Eger}} (Czech: ''{{lang|cs|Cheb}}'')
* {{ill|Bezirk Falkenau (Königreich Böhmen)|de|lt=Falkenau}} (Czech: ''{{lang|cs|Falknov}}'')
* {{ill|Bezirk Friedland|de|lt=Friedland}} (Czech: ''{{lang|cs|Frýdlant}}'')
Line 289 ⟶ 427:
* {{ill|Bezirk Hohenmauth|de|lt=Hohenmauth}} (Czech: ''{{lang|cs|Vysoké Mýto}}'')
* {{ill|Bezirk Hořowitz|de|lt=Hořowitz}} (Czech: ''{{lang|cs|Hořovice}}'')
* {{ill|Bezirk Jičin|de|lt=Jičin}} (Czech: ''{{lang|cs|Jičín}}'')
* {{ill|Bezirk Joachimsthal|de|lt=Joachimsthal}} (Czech: ''{{lang|cs|Jáchymov}}'')
* {{ill|Bezirk Jungbunzlau|de|lt=Jungbunzlau}} (Czech: ''{{lang|cs|Mláda Boleslav}}'')
* {{ill|Bezirk Kaaden|de|lt=Kaaden}} (Czech: ''{{lang|cs|Kadaň}}'')
* {{ill|Bezirk Kaplitz|de|lt=Kaplitz}} (Czech: ''{{lang|cs|Kaplice}}'')
* {{ill|Bezirk Karlsbad|de|lt=Karlsbad}} (Czech: ''{{lang|cs|Karlovy Vary}}'')
* {{ill|Bezirk Karolinenthal|de|lt=Karolinenthal}} (Czech: ''{{lang|cs|Karlín}}'')
* {{ill|Bezirk Klattau|de|lt=Klattau}} (Czech: ''{{lang|cs|Klatovy}}'')
* {{ill|Bezirk Kolin|de|lt=Kolin}} (Czech: ''{{lang|cs|Kolín}}'')
Line 303 ⟶ 439:
* {{ill|Bezirk Königgrätz|de|lt=Königgrätz}} (Czech: ''{{lang|cs|Hradec Králové}}'')
* {{ill|Bezirk Königinhof an der Elbe|de|lt=Königinhof an der Elbe}} (Czech: ''{{lang|cs|Dvůr Králové nad Labem}}'')
* {{ill|Bezirk Kralowitz|de|lt=Kralowitz}} (Czech: ''{{lang|cs|Kralovice}}'')
* {{ill|Bezirk Krumau|de|lt=Krumau}} (Czech: ''{{lang|cs|Krumlov}}'')
* {{ill|Bezirk Kuttenberg|de|lt=Kuttenberg}} (Czech: ''{{lang|cs|Kutná Hora}}'')
Line 314 ⟶ 448:
* {{ill|Bezirk Leitomischl|de|lt=Leitomischl}} (Czech: ''{{lang|cs|Litomyšl}}'')
* {{ill|Bezirk Luditz|de|lt=Luditz}} (Czech: ''{{lang|cs|Žlutice}}'')
* {{ill|Bezirk Melnik|de|lt=Melnik}} (Czech: ''{{lang|cs|Mělník}}'')
* {{ill|Bezirk Mies|de|lt=Mies}} (Czech: ''{{lang|cs|Stříbro}}'')
Line 320 ⟶ 453:
* {{ill|Bezirk Mühlhausen|de|lt=Mühlhausen}} (Czech: ''{{lang|cs|Milevsko}}'')
* {{ill|Bezirk Münchengrätz|de|lt=Münchengrätz}} (Czech: ''{{lang|cs|Mnichovo Hradiště}}'')
* {{ill|Bezirk Neubydžow|de|lt=Neubydžow}} (Czech: ''{{lang|cs|Nový Bydžov}}'')
* {{ill|Bezirk Neuhaus|de|lt=Neuhaus}} (Czech: ''{{lang|cs|Jindřichův Hradec}}'')
* {{ill|Bezirk Neustadt an der Mettau|de|lt=Neustadt an der Mettau}} (Czech: ''{{lang|cs|Nové Město nad Metují}}'')
* {{ill|Bezirk Pardubitz|de|lt=Pardubitz}} (Czech: ''{{lang|cs|Pardubice}}'')
Line 337 ⟶ 467:
* {{ill|Bezirk Prachatitz|de|lt=Prachatitz}} (Czech: ''{{lang|cs|Prachatice}}'')
* Prague (statutory city; German: ''{{lang|de|Prag}}''; Czech: ''{{lang|cs|Praha}}'')
* {{ill|Bezirk Přestitz|de|lt=Přestitz}} (Czech: ''{{lang|cs|Přeštice}}'')
* {{ill|Bezirk Příbram|de|lt=Příbram}} (Czech: ''{{lang|cs|Příbram}}'')
Line 344 ⟶ 473:
* {{ill|Bezirk Reichenau an der Kněžna|de|lt=Reichenau an der Kněžna}} (Czech: ''{{lang|cs|Rychnov nad Kněžnou}}'')
* {{ill|Bezirk Reichenberg (Königreich Böhmen)|de|lt=Reichenberg}} (statutory city and seat of the ''{{ill|Bezirkshauptmannschaft|de}}''; Czech: ''{{lang|cs|Liberec}}'')
* {{ill|Bezirk Rumburg|de|lt=Rumburg}} (Czech: ''{{lang|cs|Rumburk}}'')
* {{ill|Bezirk Saaz|de|lt=Saaz}} (Czech: ''{{lang|cs|Žatec}}'')
* {{ill|Bezirk Schlan|de|lt=Schlan}} (Czech: ''{{lang|cs|Slaný}}'')
* {{ill|Bezirk Schluckenau|de|lt=Schluckenau}} (Czech: ''{{lang|cs|Šluknov}}'')
Line 365 ⟶ 492:
* {{ill|Bezirk Trautenau (Königreich Böhmen)|de|lt=Trautenau}} (Czech: ''{{lang|cs|Trutnov}}'')
* {{ill|Bezirk Turnau|de|lt=Turnau}} (Czech: ''{{lang|cs|Turnov}}'')
* {{ill|Bezirk Wittingau|de|lt=Wittingau}} (Czech: ''{{lang|cs|Třeboň}}'')
{{div col end}}
'''Districts established after 1868:'''
{{div col|colwidth=40em}}
* {{ill|Bezirk Brandeis an der Elbe|de|lt=Brandeis an der Elbe}} (after 1908; Czech: ''{{lang|cs|Brandýs nad Labem}}'')
* {{ill|Bezirk Dux|de|lt=Dux}} (after 1896; Czech: ''{{lang|cs|Duchcov}}'')
* {{ill|Bezirk Elbogen|de|lt=Elbogen}} (before 1913 part of the Falkenau district;<ref name="Kralup and Elbogen">Kundmachung vom 24. Oktober 1913, RGBl. 226/1913: {{cite web|url=https://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=rgb&datum=1913&page=870&size=45|title=Kundmachung des Ministeriums des Innern vom 24. Oktober 1913, betreffend die Errichtung neuer Bezirkshauptmannschaften in Böhmen mit dem Amtssitze in Kralup und Elbogen|language=de|date=1913-10-24|accessdate=2023-11-04|work=Reichs-Gesetz-Blatt für das Kaiserthum Österreich|via=ÖNB-ALEX - Historische Rechts- und Gesetztexte Online}}</ref> Czech: ''{{lang|cs|Loket}}'')
* {{ill|Bezirk Humpoletz|de|lt=Humpoletz}} (from 1910; Czech: ''{{lang|cs|Humpolec}}'')
* {{ill|Bezirk Kamenitz an der Linde|de|lt=Kamenitz an der Linde}} (from 1905; Czech: ''{{lang|cs|Kamenice nad Lipou}}'')
* {{ill|Bezirk Kladno|de|lt=Kladno}} (from 1893)
* {{ill|Bezirk Königliche Weinberge|de|lt=Königliche Weinberge}} (from 1884; Czech: ''{{lang|cs|Královské Vinohrady}}'')
* {{ill|Bezirk Kralup an der Moldau|de|lt=Kralup an der Moldau}} (before 1913 part of the Schlan district;<ref name="Kralup and Elbogen" /> Czech: ''{{lang|cs|Kralupy nad Vltavou }}'')
* {{ill|Bezirk Neupaka|de|lt=Neupaka}} (from 1903; Czech: ''{{lang|cs|Nová Paka}}'')
* {{ill|Bezirk Marienbad|de|lt=Marienbad}} (from 1902; Czech: ''{{lang|cs|Mariánské Lázně}}'')
* {{ill|Bezirk Nachod|de|lt=Nachod}} (before 1899 part of the ''Neustadt an der Mettau'' district; Czech: ''{{lang|cs|Náchod}}'')
* {{ill|Bezirk Neudek|de|lt=Neudek}} (from 1910; Czech: ''{{lang|cs|Neydek}}'')
* {{ill|Bezirk Preßnitz|de|lt=Preßnitz}} (from 1902; Czech: ''{{lang|cs|Přísečnice}}'')
* {{ill|Bezirk Rokitzan|de|lt=Rokitzan}} (from 1896; Czech: ''{{lang|cs|Rokycany}}'')
* {{ill|Bezirk Warnsdorf|de|lt=Warnsdorf}} (from 1908; Czech: ''{{lang|cs|Varnsdorf}}'')
* {{ill|Bezirk Žižkov|de|lt=Žižkov}} (from 1898)
{{div col end}}
Line 381 ⟶ 526:
!%
|-
|[[
| align=right |6,475,835
| align=right |95.66
Line 1,673 ⟶ 1,818:
|548
|0.5%
|-
|'''''TOTAL'''''
|
|
|6,703,089
|2,453,704
|36,6%
|4,189,853
|62,5%
|59,511
|0,9%
|}
| |||