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Functional neuroimaging studies usually involve multiple participants, each of whom have differently shaped brains. All are likely to have the same gross anatomy, saving minor differences in overall brain size, individual variation in topography of the [[gyri]] and [[Sulcus (neuroanatomy)|sulci]] of the [[cerebral cortex]], and morphological differences in deep structures such as the [[corpus callosum]]. To aid comparisons, the 3D image of each brain is transformed so that superficial structures line up, via ''[[spatial normalization]]''. Such normalization typically involves translation, rotation and scaling and nonlinear warping of the brain surface to match a standard template. Standard brain maps such as the [[Talairach coordinates|Talairach-Tournoux]] or templates from the [[Montréal Neurological Institute]] (MNI) allow researchers from across the world to compare their results.
Images can be smoothed to make the data less noisy (similar to the 'blur' effect used in some image-editing software) by which voxels are averaged with their neighbours, typically using a [[Gaussian
===Statistical comparison===
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* [[Analysis of Functional NeuroImages|AFNI]]
* [[FreeSurfer]]
* [[Computational anatomy toolbox]]
* [[FMRIB Software Library|FSL]]
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