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{{Short description|Armed struggle against Dutch colonialism}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=
{{Use
{{good article}}
{{For|a war led by Prince Diponegoro|Java War}}
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| map_caption =
| map_label =
| territory =
| result = Dutch Victory
| combatant1 = Joint army of Chinese and Javanese
| combatant2 = [[File:Flag of the Dutch East India Company.svg|22px|border]] [[Dutch East India Company]] officers and assorted groups
| commander1 = [[Singseh]]
| commander2 = Bartholomeus Visscher<br />Hugo Verijsel<br />{{nowrap|Cakraningrat IV}}<br />{{nowrap|Pakubuwono II}} <small>(1742–1743)</small>
| units1 =
| units2 =
| units3 =
| strength1 = 23,500 (highest)
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}}
The '''Java War''' <!--(also called the '''China War'''<ref name="Laffan2011">{{cite book|author=Michael Laffan|title=The Makings of Indonesian Islam: Orientalism and the Narration of a Sufi Past|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=euR7-YfMyS4C&pg=PA24|date=8 August 2011|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=1-4008-3999-8|page=24}}</ref> or '''Chinese War''')--> of 1741 to 1743 was an armed struggle by a joint [[Chinese Indonesians|Chinese]] and [[Javanese people|Javanese]] army against the [[Dutch East India Company]] and pro-Dutch Javanese that took place in central and eastern [[Java]]. Ending in victory for the Dutch, the war [[Third Javanese War of Succession|led to the fall]] of the [[Sultanate of Mataram]] and, indirectly, the founding of both the [[Sunanate of Surakarta]] and the [[Sultanate of Yogyakarta]].
After the first casualties on 1 February 1741 in [[Pati Regency|Pati]], Chinese insurgents spread through central Java, joining forces with the Javanese while staging sham battles to convince the Dutch that the Javanese were supporting them. As the deception became increasingly obvious and the Chinese drew closer to Semarang, Visscher became mentally unstable. After capturing [[Rembang]], Tanjung, and [[Jepara]], the joint Chinese and Javanese army besieged Semarang in June 1741. Prince [[Cakraningrat IV]] of [[Madura]] offered his alliance, and worked from Madura westward, killing any Chinese he and his troops could find and quashing the rebellion in eastern Java.
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Towards the end of October 1740, survivors of the massacre, led by [[Khe Pandjang]],{{efn|Sources spell his name alternatively as Khe Pandjang, Que Pandjang, Si Pandjang, or Sie Pan Djiang.{{sfn|Setiono|2008|p=135}}{{sfn|Raffles|1830|p=235}}{{sfn|Dharmowijono|2009|p=301}} Setiono suggests that his actual name may have been Oie Panko.{{sfn|Setiono|2008|p=135}}}} attempted to flee to [[Banten]] but were blocked by 3,000 of its [[Sultanate of Banten|sultan's]] troops.{{sfn|Setiono|2008|pp=114–116, 119}}{{sfn|Ricklefs|1983|p=270}} The survivors then fled east, towards [[Semarang]].{{sfn|Setiono|2008|p=135}}{{sfn|Ricklefs|1983|p=27}} Despite being warned of an imminent uprising by Chinese Lieutenant Que Yonko, the military commander for [[Java]], Bartholomeus Visscher, dismissed the threat of the incoming Chinese. A minority in Java, the Chinese began forging alliances with the [[Javanese people|Javanese]], who were the largest ethnic group on the island.{{sfn|Setiono|2008|pp=136–137}}
== 1741 ==
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When the Chinese forces, numbering up to 1,000 and threatening to cut supply lines to Semarang, arrived in Tanjung in April 1741, Visscher told the regent to deal with them; however, the regent's forces stalled, refusing to move until they received a tribute of high quality rice.{{sfn|Setiono|2008|p=137}}{{sfn|Ricklefs|1983|p=271}} After Yonko sent the rice, the regent's men went to Tanjung, stood with the rebels outside of their range, then fired and left.{{sfn|Setiono|2008|p=137}} The rebels soon occupied a sugar mill there.{{sfn|Setiono|2008|p=139}} In Grobogan, Mertopuro, armed with weapons from the Dutch military command, staged an attack on the Chinese rebels, in which the Javanese troops opened fire on the Chinese before the Dutch came.{{sfn|Raffles|1830|p=239}} Once the Dutch arrived, Mertopuro showed bullet wounds in horses—inflicted by his own men—as proof that he had fought.{{sfn|Raffles|1830|p=239}}
To deal with the increasing pressure being put on by the Chinese, Visscher sent orders to company strongholds throughout the north coast to hire as many native, non-Javanese, mercenaries as could be found;{{sfn|Ricklefs|1983|p=241}} he also ordered the regents of Pati, [[Jepara Regency|Jepara]], Kudus, and Cekalsewu, then in Semarang for a military meeting, to send troops to cut off the insurgents' escape.{{sfn|Setiono|2008|p=139}} The regents, loyal to {{nowrap|Pakubuwono II}}, sent 540 troops to Tanjung, then secretly left for Kartosuro.{{sfn|Setiono|2008|p=139}} However, when the troops arrived they feinted an attack, then pulled back to Semarang.{{sfn|Raffles|1830|p=240}} When Visscher
News soon spread of thousands of Chinese joining forces with Javanese soldiers in Grobogan, outside of Semarang.{{sfn|Setiono|2008|p=140}} On 1 May, Visscher was accosted by Captain Rudolph Carel von Glan, a unit leader, asking why Visscher had done nothing to deal with the uprising.{{sfn|Setiono|2008|p=140}} Visscher heatedly replied that it was not Glan's business.{{sfn|Setiono|2008|p=140}} The following day, after being questioned by prosecutor Jeronimus Tonnemans Jr., Yonko, and Anko, Visscher became increasingly angry, breaking a table in half and yelling at his Chinese advisers.{{sfn|Setiono|2008|p=141}} When Yonko disappeared after the meeting, Anko told Visscher that he had joined the rebelling Chinese.{{sfn|Setiono|2008|p=141}} This caused Visscher, who had heavily invested in Yonko and had left a large amount of money with him, to take out his carriage and scream to the residents of Semarang to escape while it was still possible. This continued until he crashed into the city walls.{{sfn|Setiono|2008|p=141}} The residents ran away from Semarang in a panic, leaving eight loaded cannons outside the city walls.{{sfn|Setiono|2008|p=141}}
The following day, Visscher surrendered control of the military to Glan.{{sfn|Setiono|2008|p=141}} Not long afterwards, news reached him that Yonko had not joined the insurgents but had been robbed, spending the night at his son's grave in Peterongan in depression.{{sfn|Setiono|2008|p=141}} This
Despite being advised that he would be in danger if he went against the company, on 11 May {{nowrap|Pakubuwono II}} requested that all coastal regents pledge their allegiance to him.{{sfn|Setiono|2008|p=143}} He did the same for the members of his court on 13 May.{{sfn|Setiono|2008|p=143}} However, several leaders, including second in line to the throne Prince Ngabehi Loringpasar, {{nowrap|Pakubuwono II}}'s elder brother Prince Tepasana, and his mother Queen Amangkurat, were against a revolution; Captain Johannes van Velsen, Dutch [[Resident (title)|resident]] in Kartasura, reported to Visscher that the Sunan had been persuaded against rebelling.{{sfn|Setiono|2008|p=144}} However, {{nowrap|Pakubuwono II}} became increasingly certain that he would join forces with the Chinese.{{sfn|Setiono|2008|p=144}}
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With more uprisings appearing in eastern Java, the company was approached by Prince {{nowrap|Cakraningrat IV}} of [[Madura]], who offered to ally himself with the Dutch if they would support his bid to establish his own kingdom in the area;{{sfn|Setiono|2008|p=148}} {{nowrap|Cakraningrat IV}}, formerly a great warrior for Mataram, had taken offence to being left out of {{nowrap|Pakubuwono II}}'s earlier war deliberations and was ready to launch a war of his own against the Sunan's forces.{{sfn|Ricklefs|1983|pp=278–280}} After the Dutch agreed, {{nowrap|Cakraningrat IV}} severed his ties with Mataram, returning his wife ({{nowrap|Pakubuwono II}}'s sister), to Kartosuro.{{sfn|Raffles|1830|p=241}} Throughout June and July {{nowrap|Cakraningrat IV}}'s troops attempted to kill all ethnic Chinese, first starting in Madura then spreading to Tuban, [[Surabaya]], Jipang, and Gresik.{{efn|Sources are unclear as to the number of deaths, although in Gresik the total is estimated to be 400.{{sfn|Raffles|1830|p=241}}{{sfn|Setiono|2008|p=149}}}}{{sfn|Setiono|2008|p=149}} By 12 July, all Chinese in the Surabaya and Gresik areas had either escaped or been killed.{{sfn|Setiono|2008|p=147}}
On 9 July {{nowrap|Pakubuwono II}} ordered the execution of Prince Tepasana and another younger brother, accused of being informants for Velsen; their families, including Tepasana's preteen son Raden Mas Garendi, were exiled.{{sfn|Ricklefs|1983|p=288}} {{nowrap|Pakubuwono II}} soon afterwards openly showed his support for the Chinese rebellion in July with a sneak attack.{{sfn|Setiono|2008|p=147}}{{sfn|Raffles|1830|p=241}} His troops entered the Dutch garrison in Kartasura, under the pretension of helping to prepare for a Chinese attack, on {{nowrap|20 July}}.{{sfn|Raffles|1830|p=241}} Once inside, the Javanese soldiers opened fire, surprising the Dutch; despite being caught unaware and losing thirty-five men in the initial attack, the Dutch were able to hold out for three weeks.{{sfn|Raffles|1830|p=241}}{{sfn|Ricklefs|1983|p=280}} However, after the Chinese joined the battle, the garrison soon fell, with Velsen being executed and other surviving troops being given the choice (or [[forced conversion|forced]]) to [[religious conversion|convert to Islam]] or be killed.{{sfn|Setiono|2008|p=147}}{{sfn|Raffles|1830|p=241}}
On 25 July, Visscher's replacement Abraham Roos—sent in late June because Visscher was considered mentally unstable—arrived in Semarang with 170 men, noting that the company only controlled the fortress, European quarters and beachhead.{{sfn|Setiono|2008|p=146}}{{sfn|Ricklefs|1983|p=273}} After Roos' arrival, the Dutch government began sending more reinforcements, eventually totalling at least 1,400 Dutch and 1,600 Indonesian soldiers.{{sfn|Ricklefs|1983|p=273}} By November 1741, the company's fortress in Semarang was surrounded by 3,500 Chinese and 20,000 Javanese troops, who were armed with 30 cannons, as opposed to 3,400 Dutch and loyalist troops.{{sfn|Setiono|2008|p=145}}{{sfn|Ricklefs|1983|p=281}} With the superior Dutch firepower and tactics causing {{nowrap|Pakubuwono II}}'s troops to scatter, the siege was eventually broken and an expedition was able to reclaim Jepara.{{sfn|Ricklefs|1983|p=281}}
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=== Dutch control is restored ===
In early July, Verijsel received 360 [[Ambonese people|Ambonese]] troops, led by Kraeng Tanate, to aid him in the defence of Semarang.{{sfn|Setiono|2008|p=154}} On 21 July, Captain Gerrit Mom arrived from [[Sulawesi]] with 800 troops to serve as further reinforcements.{{sfn|Setiono|2008|p=154}} Mom and Tanate were then sent to recapture Demak, occupied by 4,000 rebels under the command of the Chinese general Singseh and Javanese general Raden Suryakusuma.{{sfn|Setiono|2008|p=155}} The ensuing battle took place over several days and resulted in a Dutch victory.{{sfn|Setiono|2008|p=155}}
The Dutch troops continued on to Kudus, where an estimated 2,000 Chinese soldiers were awaiting arrivals from Kartosuro.{{sfn|Setiono|2008|p=155}} With their numbers reinforced by further troops led by Ngabehi Secanegara from Jepara and Captain Hendrik Brule from Semarang, Mom and Tanate recaptured the city without a fight on 28 August.{{sfn|Setiono|2008|p=155}} After the recapture of Demak and Kudus, the remaining regents began to surrender, promised pardon by {{nowrap|Pakubuwono II}}.{{sfn|Setiono|2008|p=154}}{{sfn|Raffles|1830|p=244}}
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== Aftermath ==
Although {{nowrap|Pakubuwono II}} was reinstated by the Dutch, in early 1743 he was forced to sign a treaty.{{sfn|Setiono|2008|p=161}} Aside from moving his palace to nearby [[Surakarta|Solo]], {{nowrap|Pakubuwono II}} surrendered two of the Javanese leaders.{{sfn|Raffles|1830|p=245}} As part of the conditions of the treaty, {{nowrap|Pakubuwono II}} also surrendered the northern coast of Java, Madura, and eastern Java to the Dutch; the treaty also obligated him to pay {{convert|8,600
Prince {{nowrap|Cakraningrat IV}} did not receive the land or powers promised, instead being isolated to Madura.{{sfn|Setiono|2008|p=161}} Unwilling to accept what he saw as Dutch betrayal, he joined another rebellion in 1745; after his son surrendered to the Dutch, {{nowrap|Cakraningrat IV}} escaped to [[Banjarmasin]] in [[Borneo]] but was captured and exiled to the [[Cape of Good Hope]] in 1746.{{sfn|Setiono|2008|pp=161–162}}
The Dutch East India Company, although it had gained a large amount of coastal land, was "in an advanced state of exhaustion".{{sfn|Ricklefs|1983|p=282}} According to the noted scholar of Indonesia [[M. C. Ricklefs|Merle Calvin Ricklefs]], the new Sultan of Yogyakarta Mangkubumi went on to be the Dutch colonial government's "most dangerous enemy of the eighteenth century".{{sfn|Ricklefs|1983|p=282}}
== Notes ==
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