Post-Attack Command and Control System: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Former US nuclear communications network}}

The '''Post Attack Command and Control System''' ('''PACCS''') was a network of communication sites (both ground and airborne) for use before, during and after a nuclear attack. PACCS was designed to ensure that [[National Command Authority]] would retain sole, exclusive, and complete control over US [[nuclear weapon]]s. Among other components, it included [[Strategic Air Command]] assets such as the [[Looking Glass (airplane)|LOOKING GLASS]] aircraft and mission, and various hardened [[command and control]] facilities.<ref>[http://www.sac-acca.org/paccs.htm Ogletree, Greg. "A History of the Post Attack Command and Control System"]</ref>

[[File:PACCS peacetime orbit areas 1972.PNG|thumb|upright=1.35|Peacetime orbits of PACCS aircraft ({{ca|1972}})]]

The '''Post Attack Command and Control System''' ('''PACCS''') was a network of communication sites (both ground and airborne) for use before, during and after a [[Nuclear warfare|nuclear attack.]] on the United States. PACCS was designed to ensure that [[National Command Authority (United States)|National Command Authority]] would retain sole, exclusive, and complete control over US [[nuclear weapon]]s. Among other components, it included [[Strategic Air Command]] assets such as the [[Operation Looking Glass (airplane)|LOOKINGLooking GLASSGlass]] aircraft and mission, and various hardened [[command and control]] facilities.<ref name=PACCShistory>[{{cite web |url=http://www.sac-acca.org/paccs.htm |last1=Ogletree, |first1=Greg. "|title=A History of the Post Attack Command and Control System"] (PACCS)|date=n.d.|publisher= |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20120910090836/http://www.sac-acca.org/paccs.htm |archivedate=September 10, 2012 |accessdate=May 14, 2014}}</ref>

The belief by the [[Soviet Union]] in the reliability of PACCS was a crucial component of the US [[mutual assured destruction]] doctrine, ensuring a long -term [[stalemate]].

==History==

The [[Strategic Air Command]] headquarters staff, under the direction of General [[Thomas S. Power]] assessed the feasibility of placing a continuous command and control element in an airborne mode. The purpose of such a system would be to use the aircraft as a platform for specially installed communications equipment to ensure delivery of command directives to [[Strategic Air Command|SAC]] strike forces in the event ground-based headquarters were destroyed.

The original plan envisioned an aircraft, crew, and command and control team on 15-minute ground alert. This was later changed to a continuous airborne alert posture. The functions of this PACCS Airborne Command Post kept expanding until it became a true alternate command and control system, complete with force status monitoring, initiation or relay of launch/execution directives, a battle staff, communications to support an alternate CINCSAC, and limited capabilities to reconstitute and replan residual resources.

PACCS, in later variants, included an [[Airborne Launch Control System]] (ALCS) capability, which provided an alternate means for execution message delivery to [[missile combat crew]]s and a back-up [[Launch control center (ICBM)|launch control center]], forcing the [[Soviet Union]] to target each missile silo, rather than just the [[Missile launch control center|launch control centers]], to incapacitate the [[LGM-30 Minuteman|Minuteman]] force.<ref>Strategic Air Command: "Weapon Systems Acquisition 1964-1979", 28 Apr 1980</ref>

==Components==

===Airborne===

*[[E-4B]] National Emergency Airborne Command Post (NEACP)

**[[1st Airborne Command and Control Squadron]] - [[Offutt AFBAir Force Base]], [[Nebraska]]

*[[Boeing EC-135|EC-135]] Airborne Command Post (ABNCP) "Looking Glass"

**[[2d Airborne Command and Control Squadron]] - [[Offutt AFB]]Air Force Base, [[Nebraska]]

**[[4th Airborne Command and Control Squadron]] - [[Ellsworth AFBAir Force Base]], [[South Dakota]]

**[[99th22d Air Refueling Squadron]] - [[WestoverMarch AFBAir Force Base]], [[Massachusetts]]California; EastWest Auxiliary Command Post (EastWest AUXCP) <REFref>Strategic Air Command Regulation 100-24 Vol III[http://2accs.com/history.html SAC2d CommunicationsAirborne SystemCommand Operations/EWOand SupportControl Requirements,Squadron 6 Jul 1979history]</REFref>

***Ground Entry Point - Lamar, Colorado<ref name="paccs">[https://www.scribd.com/doc/115566349/Post-Attack-Command-and-Control-System-overview IRIS #010808041 - Post Attack Command and Control System overview]</ref>

*[[913th Air Refueling Squadron]] - [[Barksdale AFB]], [[Louisiana]]; Central Auxiliary Command Post (Central AUX)

**[[99th Air Refueling Squadron]] - [[Westover Air Force Base]], Massachusetts; East Auxiliary Command Post (East AUXCP) <ref>Strategic Air Command Regulation 100-24 Vol III: SAC Communications System Operations/EWO Support Requirements, 6 Jul 1979</ref>

**[[22d Air Refueling Squadron]] - [[March ARB|March AFB]], [[California]]<REF>Ibid</REF>

***Ground Entry Point - Plano, Illinois<ref name="paccs" />

*[[B-47 Stratojet#B-47Es|EB-47L]]; West Auxiliary Command Post (West AUXCP) <REF>[http://2accs.com/history.html 2d Airborne Command and Control Squadron history]</REF>

**[[913th Air Refueling Squadron]] - [[Barksdale AFBAir Force Base]], [[Louisiana]]; Central Auxiliary Command Post (Central AUX)

**4362d Post Attack Command and Control Squadron - [[Lincoln AFB]], [[Nebraska]]<ref>Lloyd, Alwyn. A Cold War Legacy: A Tribute to Strategic Air Command 1946-1992. ISBN 1-57510-052-5</ref>

***Ground Entry Point - Lyons, Nebraska<ref name="paccs" />

**4363d Post Attack Command and Control Squadron - [[Lockborne AFB]], [[Ohio]]<ref>Ibid</ref>

*[[B-47 Stratojet#B-47|EB-47L]]

**4364th Post Attack Command and Control Squadron - [[Mountain Home AFB]], [[Idaho]]<ref>Ibid</ref>

**[[4362d Post Attack Command and Control Squadron]] - [[Lincoln AFBAir Force Base]], [[Nebraska]]<ref name="Lloyd">{{cite book |last1=Lloyd, |first1=Alwyn T. |title=A Cold War Legacy: A Tribute to Strategic Air Command 1946-1992.|date=January ISBN15, 2000 |publisher=Pictorial Histories Publishing |___location=[[Missoula, Montana]] |isbn=1-57510-052-5 |oclc=44672618}}</ref>

**4365th Post Attack Command and Control Squadron - [[Plattsburgh AFB]], [[New York]]<ref>Ibid</ref>

**[[4363d Post Attack Command and Control Squadron]] - [[LockborneLockbourne AFBAir Force Base]], [[Ohio]]<ref>Ibid< name="Lloyd" /ref>

**[[4364th Post Attack Command and Control Squadron]] - [[Mountain Home AFBAir Force Base]], [[Idaho]]<ref>Ibid< name="Lloyd" /ref>

**[[4365th Post Attack Command and Control Squadron]] - [[Plattsburgh AFBAir Force Base]], [[New York]]<ref>Ibid< name="Lloyd" /ref>

===Ground===

*[[ Barksdale AFB]]Air Force Base, [[Louisiana]] ([[8thSecond Air Force]] (later Eighth Air Force) Command Post)

* Westover Air Force Base, Massachusetts ([[Eighth Air Force]] Combat Operations Center, aka [[Post Attack Command and Control System Facility, Hadley|"The Notch"]])<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.westoveryesterday.com/TheNotch.html |title=Westover Yesterday: "The Notch and Grayson: Eighth Air Force's alternative command posts", no date |access-date=2010-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115201511/http://www.westoveryesterday.com/TheNotch.html |archive-date=2017-11-15 |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

*[[Westover AFB]], [[Massachusetts]] (Command Post)

*[[ March AFB]]Air Force Base, [[California]] ([[15thFifteenth Air Force]] Command Post)

*[[Grissom ARB|GrissomAir AFBForce Base]], [[Indiana]]

*[[ Offutt AFB]]Air Force Base, [[Nebraska]] ([[Strategic Air Command|SAC]] Command PostHeadquarters)

**[[Headquarters Emergency Relocation Team]] (HERT) - [[Cornhusker Army Ammunition Plant]], [[Grand Island, Nebraska]]<ref>[https://archive.today/20130211082114/http://groups.yahoo.com/group/coldwarcomms/message/17285?source=1&var=1 Yahoo! Groups: Cold War Comms Msg 17285, dated Jun 24, 2010]</ref>

===Communications===

*[[Survivable Low Frequency Communications System]] ([[Survivable- Low Frequency Communications System|SLFCS]])VLF/LF

*Alpha and Bravo Nets - High Frequency<ref name="paccs" />

*[[Green Pine (communications)|Green Pine]]<ref name="paccs" />

*[[Emergency Rocket Communications System]]<ref name="paccs" />

==Gallery==

<GALLERY>

File:PACCS Alpha Net.JPG|ALPHA Net stations

File:PACCS UHF Links.JPG|PACCS UHF Links

File:PACCS Primary Alert System.JPG|PACCS Primary Alert System

</GALLERY>

==See also==

*[[Airborne Launch Control Center]]

*[[Survivable Low Frequency Communications System]] ([[Survivable Low Frequency Communications System|SLFCS]])

*[[Survivable Low Frequency Communications System]] (SLFCS)

*[[Ground Wave Emergency Network]] ([[Ground Wave Emergency Network|GWEN]])

*[[MinimumAN/URC-117 EssentialGround Wave Emergency Communications Network]] ([[Minimum Essential Emergency Communications Network|MEECN]]GWEN)

*[[Minimum Essential Emergency Rocket Communications SystemNetwork]] ([[Emergency Rocket Communications System|ERCS]]MEECN)

*[[AN/DRC-8 Emergency Rocket Communications System]] (ERCS)

*[[The Cold War]]

*[[Alternate Reconstitution Base]] (ARB)

*[[The Cold War]]

*[[Game theory]]

*[[Continuity of government]]

==External links==

*[http://members.aol.com/sacacca/paccspatches.html WWABNCP/PACCS patches]

==References==

{{reflist}}

<REFERENCES/>

==External links==

*[https://www.forecastinternational.com/archive/disp_old_pdf.cfm?ARC_ID=286 WWABNCP/PACCS patches]

{{USAF-stub system codes}}

{{US-mil-stub}}

[[Category:Telecommunications equipment of the Cold War]]

[[category:Nuclear warfare]]

[[categoryCategory:NuclearUnited States nuclear command and control]]

[[category:Cold War military equipment]]

[[Category:Continuity of government in the United States]]

[[category:Nuclear command and control]]

[[Category:Equipment of the United States Air Force]]