Computer-aided engineering: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Use of software for engineering design and analysis}}

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[[File:Plasticity.jpg|thumb|Nonlinear static analysis of a 3D structure subjected to plastic deformations]]

'''Computer-aided engineering''' ('''CAE''') is the broadgeneral usage of [[computer software]]technology to aid in [[engineering]] analysis tasks. related Itto includes {{nowrap|[[finite elementengineering analysis]] (FEA)}}, {{nowrap|[[computational fluid dynamics]] (CFD)}}, {{nowrap|[[multibody dynamics]] (MBD)}}, [[durability]] and [[optimization]]. Any Ituse isof includedtechnology withto [[computer-aidedsolve design]]or (CAD)assist andengineering [[computer-aidedissues manufacturing]]falls (CAM)under inthis theumbrella. collective abbreviation "CAx".

== Overview ==

Following alongside the consistent improvement in computer graphics and speed, computer aid assists engineers with once complicated and time consuming tasks with the input of information and a press of a button.

Computer aided engineering primarily uses [[CAD|Computer Aided Design (CAD)]] software, which are sometimes called CAE tools. CAE tools are being used, for example, to analyse the robustness and performance of components and assemblies. The term encompasses simulation, [[verification and validation|validation]], and optimisation of products and manufacturing tools. In the future, CAE systems will be major providers of information to help support design teams in decision making. Computer-aided engineering is used in many fields such as automotive, aviation, space, and shipbuilding industries.<ref name=saracoglu />

It includes [[finite element method]] or analysis (FEA), [[computational fluid dynamics]] (CFD), [[multibody dynamics]] (MBD), durability and optimization. It is included with [[computer-aided design]] (CAD) and [[computer-aided manufacturing]] (CAM) in a collective term and abbreviation [[computer-aided technologies]] (CAx).

In regard to [[information network]]s, CAE systems are individually considered a single [[node (networking)|node]] on a total information network and each node may interact with other nodes on the network.

The term CAE has also been used by some in the past to describe the use of computer technology within engineering in a broader sense than just engineering analysis. It was in this context that the term was coined by Jason Lemon, founder of Structural Dynamics Research Corporation ([[SDRC]]) in the late 1970s. ThisHowever, this definition is however better known today by the terms [[CAx]] and [[Productproduct Lifecyclelifecycle]] Management|management (PLM]]).<ref>{{cite web|last1=Marks|first1=Peter|title=2007: In Remembrance of Dr. Jason A. Lemon, CAE pioneer|url=http://gfxspeak.com/2011/07/08/in-remembrance-of-dr-jason-a-lemon-cae-pioneer/|website=gfxspeak.com|accessdateaccess-date=2 JulJuly 2011}}</ref>

CAE systems can provide support to businesses. This is achieved by the use of reference architectures and their ability to place information views on the business process. Reference architecture is the basis from which information model, especially product and manufacturing models.

In regard to [[information network]]s, CAE systems are individually considered a single [[node (networking)|node]] on a total information network and each node may interact with other nodes on the network.

The term CAE has also been used by some in the past to describe the use of computer technology within engineering in a broader sense than just engineering analysis. It was in this context that the term was coined by Jason Lemon, founder of [[SDRC]] in the late 1970s. This definition is however better known today by the terms [[CAx]] and [[Product Lifecycle Management|PLM]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Marks|first1=Peter|title=2007: In Remembrance of Dr. Jason A. Lemon, CAE pioneer|url=http://gfxspeak.com/2011/07/08/in-remembrance-of-dr-jason-a-lemon-cae-pioneer/|website=gfxspeak.com|accessdate=2 Jul 2011}}</ref>

== CAE fields and phases ==

CAE areas covered include:

*[[Stress analysis]] on components and assemblies using [[Finitefinite Elementelement Analysis]]analysis (FEA);

*Thermal and fluid flow analysis [[Computationalcomputational fluid dynamics]] (CFD);

*[[Multibody dynamics]] (MBD) and [[Kinematicskinematics]];

*Analysis tools for process simulation for operations such as [[casting]], [[molding (process)|molding]], and die press forming.;

*[[Multidisciplinary design optimization|Optimization]] of the product or process.

In general, there are three phases in any computer-aided engineering task:

*Pre-processing &ndash; defining the model and environmental factors to be applied to it. (typically a finite element model, but facet, [[voxel]], and thin sheet methods are also used);

*Analysis solver (usually performed on high powered computers);

*Post-processing of results (using visualization tools).

This cycle is iterated, often many times, either manually or with the use of [[Multidisciplinary design optimization#Commercial MDO Tools|commercial optimization software]].

==CAE in the automotive industry==

CAE tools are very widely used in the [[automotive industry]]. In fact, theirTheir use has enabled the automakers to reduce product development costcosts and time while improving the safety, comfort, and durability of the vehicles they produce. The predictive capability of CAE tools has progressed to the point where much of the design verification is now done using computer simulations (diagnosis) rather than physical [[prototype]] testing. CAE dependability is based upon all proper assumptions as inputs and must identify critical inputs (BJ). Even though there have been many advances in CAE, and it is widely used in the engineering field, physical testing is still a must. It is used for verification and [[Finite element updating|model updating]], to accurately define loads and boundary conditions, and for final prototype sign-off.

==The future of CAE in the product development process==

Even though CAE has built a strong reputation as a verification, troubleshooting and analysis tool, there is still a perception that sufficiently accurate results come rather late in the [[design cycle]] to really drive the design. This can be expected to become a problem as modern products become ever more complex. They include [[smart system]]s, which leads to an increased need for multi-physics analysis including [[Control Systemsystem|controls]], and contain new lightweight materials, towith which engineers are often less familiar.
CAE software companies and manufacturers are constantly looking for tools and process improvements to change this situation.

On the software side, they are constantly looking to develop more powerful solvers, to better useutilize computer resources, and to include engineering knowledge in pre- and post-processing. Recent developments have seen the integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning into CAE tools, enabling real-time simulations and predictive modeling.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kohar |first=Christopher P. |last2=Greve |first2=Lars |last3=Eller |first3=Tom K. |last4=Connolly |first4=Daniel S. |last5=Inal |first5=Kaan |date=2021-11-01 |title=A machine learning framework for accelerating the design process using CAE simulations: An application to finite element analysis in structural crashworthiness |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S004578252100339X |journal=Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering |volume=385 |pages=114008 |doi=10.1016/j.cma.2021.114008 |issn=0045-7825|url-access=subscription }}</ref> On the process side, they try to achieve a better alignment between 3D CAE, 1D Systemsystem Simulationsimulation, and physical testing. This should increase modeling realism and calculation speed. On

CAE topsoftware ofcompanies that,and theymanufacturers try to better integrate CAE in the overall [[Product lifecycle|product lifecycle management]]. In this way, they can connect product design with product use, which is an absolute mustneeded for smart products. Such anThis enhanced engineering process is also referred to as [[predictive engineering analytics]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Van der Auweraer|first1=Herman|last2=Anthonis|first2=Jan|last3=De Bruyne|first3=Stijn|last4=Leuridan|first4=Jan|title=Virtual engineering at work: the challenges for designing mechatronic products|journal=Engineering with Computers|date=2012|volume=29|issue=3|pages=389–408|doi=10.1007/s00366-012-0286-6|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Seong Wook Cho|last2=Seung Wook Kim|last3=Jin-Pyo Park|last4=Sang Wook Yang|last5=Young Choi|title=Engineering collaboration framework with CAE analysis data|journal=International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing|date=2011|volume=12}}</ref>

==See also==

{{cmn|

* [[Multiphysics simulation]]

* [[List of finite element software packages]]

* [[Computer representation of surfaces]]

* [[Finite element analysis]] (FEA/FEM)

* [[Computational fluid dynamics]] (CFD)

* [[Computational electromagnetics]] (CEM)

* [[Multibody dynamics]] (MBD)

* [[Electronic design automation]] (EDA)

* [[Multidisciplinary design optimization]] (MDO)

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* [[Finite element updating]]

* [[Predictive engineering analytics]]

* [[VE-Suite]]

* [[List of computer-aided engineering software]]

}}

== References ==

{{reflist
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<ref name=saracoglu>{{cite book|doi=10.1109/PICMET.2006.296739

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| year = 2006

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| title = 2006 Technology Management for the Global Future - PICMET 2006 Conference

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| s2cid = 23963474

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{{Engineering fields}}

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[[Category:Computer-aided engineering software]]

[[Category:Computer-aided engineering| ]]

[[Category:Product lifecycle management]]