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{{for|the Bardo Pond album|Set and Setting (album)}}
[[File:Day 020.jpg|thumb|The "set" and "setting" are critical to avoid a "[[bad trip]]"]]
'''Set and setting''', when referring to a [[Psychedelic experience|psychedelic drug experience]] or the use of other [[Psychoactive drug|psychoactive substances]], means one's mindset (shortened to "set") and the physical and social environment (the "setting") in which the user has the experience.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hartogsohn |first=Ido |date=2017 |title=Constructing drug effects: A history of set and setting |journal=Drug Science, Policy and Law |language=en |volume=3 |pages=205032451668332 |doi=10.1177/2050324516683325 |s2cid=53373205 |issn=2050-3245|doi-access=free }}</ref> Set and setting are factors that can condition the effects of psychoactive substances: "Set" refers to the mental state a person brings to the experience, like thoughts, mood and expectations; "[[Setting (narrative)|setting]]" to the physical and social environment.<ref>{{cite book |last=Zinberg |first=N. E. |url=https://archive.org/details/drugsetsettingba0000zinb |title=Drug, Set, and Setting: The Basis for Controlled Intoxicant Use |date=1984 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-03110-2 |___location=New Haven |url-access=registration}}</ref> This is especially relevant for [[Psychedelic drug|psychedelic]] experiences in either a therapeutic or recreational context.
== History ==
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== Practice ==
Social support networks have shown to be particularly important in the outcome of the psychedelic experience.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Shewan |first1=David |last2=Dalgarno |first2=Phil |last3=Reith |first3=Gerda |date=2000 |title=Perceived risk and risk reduction among ecstasy users: the role of drug, set, and setting |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0955395999000389 |journal=International Journal of Drug Policy |language=en |volume=10 |issue=6 |pages=431–453 |doi=10.1016/S0955-3959(99)00038-9|url-access=subscription }}</ref> They are able to control or guide the course of the experience, both consciously and subconsciously. Stress, fear, a disagreeable material, social, and cultural environment, including situations of racism or discrimination,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Neitzke-Spruill |first=Logan |date=2019-09-19 |title=Race as a component of set and setting: How experiences of race can influence psychedelic experiences |url=https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/4/1/article-p51.xml |journal=Journal of Psychedelic Studies |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=51–60 |doi=10.1556/2054.2019.022 |s2cid=204363168 |issn=2559-9283|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pilecki |first1=Brian |last2=Luoma |first2=Jason B. |last3=Bathje |first3=Geoff J. |last4=Rhea |first4=Joseph |last5=Narloch |first5=Vilmarie Fraguada |date=2021 |title=Ethical and legal issues in psychedelic harm reduction and integration therapy |journal=[[Harm Reduction Journal]] |language=en |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=40 |doi=10.1186/s12954-021-00489-1 |issn=1477-7517 |pmc=8028769 |pmid=33827588 |doi-access=free }}</ref> may result in an unpleasant experience ([[bad trip]]). Conversely, a relaxed, curious person in a warm, comfortable and safe place is more likely to have a pleasant experience.
{{quote|text=Of course, the [[Psychedelics, dissociatives and deliriants|drug]] dose does not produce the [[transcendence (philosophy)|transcendent]] experience. It merely acts as a [[chemical]] key{{snd}}it opens the mind, frees the [[Central nervous system|nervous system]] of its ordinary patterns and structures. The nature of the experience depends almost entirely on set and setting. Set denotes the preparation of the individual, including his personality structure and his mood at the time. Setting is physical{{snd}}the weather, the room's atmosphere; social{{snd}}feelings of persons present towards one another; and cultural{{snd}}prevailing views as to what is real. It is for this reason that manuals or guide-books are necessary. Their purpose is to enable a person to understand the new realities of the expanded [[consciousness]], to serve as road maps for new interior territories which modern science has made accessible.|sign=[[Timothy Leary]]|source=''[[The Psychedelic Experience|The Psychedelic Experience: A Manual Based on the Tibetan Book of the Dead]]''}}
Research has shown that a curated [[Playlist|music playlist]] can be part of a favourable setting.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Naftulin |first=Julia |date=2020-11-06 |title=Listen: The playlist scientists used to unlock 'elevated states of consciousness' in people tripping on 'magic' mushrooms for a research study |url=https://www.insider.com/listen-psychedelic-playlist-researchers-use-to-reach-elevated-state-2020-11 |access-date=2020-12-02 |website=Insider}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Strickland |first1=Justin C. |last2=Garcia-Romeu |first2=Albert |last3=Johnson |first3=Matthew W. |date=2020-12-29 |title=Set and Setting: A Randomized Study of Different Musical Genres in Supporting Psychedelic Therapy |journal=ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science |publisher=[[American Chemical Society]] |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=472–478 |doi=10.1021/acsptsci.0c00187 |pmc=8033606 |pmid=33860177 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lhooq |first=Michelle |date=2021-10-22 |title=Countdown to ecstasy: how music is being used in healing psychedelic trips |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2021/oct/22/countdown-to-ecstasy-how-music-is-being-used-in-healing-psychedelic-trips |access-date=2021-10-28 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> Set and setting are critical in the design of psychiatric facilities and modalities of [[Psychedelic therapy|psychedelic-assisted psychotherapies]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Noorani |first=Tehseen |date=2021 |title=Containment Matters: Set and Setting in Contemporary Psychedelic Psychiatry |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/806099 |journal=Philosophy, Psychiatry, & Psychology |language=en |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=201–216 |doi=10.1353/ppp.2021.0032 |s2cid=240529037 |issn=1086-3303}}</ref>
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