|
<!-- Anyone vandalizing this article using quotes surrounding the word comedian will be blocked for up to 48 hours without further warning. -->
{{sprotected}}
{{Infobox Celebrity
{{Redirect|Gandhi}}
| name = Rove McManus
{{Infobox revolution biography
| image =
|name=Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi
| caption =
|lived=[[2 October]] [[1869]] – [[30 January]] [[1948]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1974|1|21}}
|image=[[Image:Gandhi_studio_1931.jpg|200px]]
| birth_place = {{flagicon|Australia}} <small>[[Perth, Western Australia|Perth]], [[Western Australia|W.A.]], [[Australia]]</small>
|caption= Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi
| death_date =
|alternate name=Mahatma Gandhi
| death_place =
| occupation = Television Presenter<br>Comedian<br>Radio Host<br>Producer
|placeofbirth=[[Porbandar]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]
| salary =
|placeofdeath=[[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| networth =
|movement=[[Indian Independence Movement]]
| spouse = [[Belinda Emmett]] (Deceased) <small><br>''([[2005]] -- [[2006]])''</small>
|organizations=[[Indian National Congress]]
| children =
| website = [http://www.rove.com.au www.rove.com.au]
| footnotes =
}}
'''John "Rove" McManus''' (born [[January 21]], [[1974]]) is a [[Gold Logie Award for Most Popular Personality on Australian Television|Gold Logie Award]] winning [[Australian]] variety show host, [[comedian]] and owner of the production company [[Roving Enterprises]].
==Career history==
'''Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi''' ({{lang-gu|મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી}}, {{lang-hi|मोहनदास करमचंद गांधी}}, [[IAST]]: ''mohandās karamcand gāndhī'', {{IPA2|moːhənd̪aːs kərəmtʃənd̪ gaːnd̪ʱiː}}) ([[October 2]] [[1869]] – [[January 30]], [[1948]]) was a major political and spiritual leader of the [[Indian independence movement]]. He was the pioneer<ref>[[Wikisource: The Birth of Satyagraha]] : From The Story of my Experiments with Truth, by Mohandas K. Gandhi</ref> of ''[[Satyagraha]]'' — resistance through mass [[civil disobedience]] strongly founded upon [[ahimsa]] ([[non-violence]]) becoming one of the strongest philosophies of freedom struggles worldwide. Gandhi is commonly known and spoken of worldwide as '''Mahatma Gandhi''' ({{lang-hi| महात्मा, məhatma}} ; from [[Sanskrit]], ''[[Mahatma|mahātmā]]'': ''Great Soul'') and is fondly called ''Bapu'' (in Gujarati, ''Father'').
===Television===
Born John McManus II in [[Perth, Western Australia|Perth]], [[Western Australia]] to John and Coralie McManus, McManus grew up in [[Riverton, Western Australia|Riverton]] and attended Orana Catholic Primary School and [[Corpus Christi College]] in Bateman. He moved to [[Melbourne]] to pursue a career as a [[stand up comedian]]. He hosted ''[[The Loft Live]]'' on community television ([[Channel 31]]) and subsequently landed ten late night episodes of his own tonight show, ''Rove'', on [[GTV9]] in 1999. Channel Nine did not continue with the series, however this series was later released by Rove's production company, ''[[Roving Enterprises]]'', on DVD.
The [[Ten Network]] offered McManus another ten episodes of his show in late 2000. The resulting ''[[Rove Live]]'' became a weekly talk show on [[Network Ten]], and is syndicated on [[TV3 (New Zealand)|TV3]] in [[New Zealand]]. The show involves [[celebrity]] guests, publicity stunts, variety segments, local and international [[comedian|comedians]] and [[band (music)|live bands]].
Gandhi first employed his ideas of civil disobedience in the Indian struggle for civil rights in [[South Africa]]. Upon his return to India, Gandhi helped lead poor farmers and labourers to protest oppressive taxation and widespread discrimination.
In 2002, he was nominated for the Gold [[Logie Award]] and ''Rove Live'' won the Logie for ''Most Popular Light Entertainment Program''. In 2003, McManus won three Logies: ''Most Popular TV Presenter'', ''Most Popular Light Entertainment/Comedy Program'' and the ''[[Gold Logie Award for Most Popular Personality on Australian Television]]''. In 2004 and 2005 he repeated his 2003 award haul, and in 2006 he won ''Most Popular TV Presenter''. 2007 saw McManus winning again ''Most Popular TV Presenter'' and ''Most Popular Light Entertainment Program'' for Rove Live.
Leading the [[Indian National Congress]], Gandhi worked for the alleviation of poverty, the liberation of women, brotherhood, end to [[untouchability]] and caste discrimination and for the economic self-sufficiency of the nation. However, Gandhi's work focused upon the goal of ''[[Swaraj]]'' — self-rule for India. Gandhi famously led Indians in the disobedience of the salt tax through the 400 kilometre (248 miles) [[Dandi March]], and in an open call for the British to ''[[Quit India]]'' in 1942. However his goal, freedom, came at a heavy cost: tens of thousands died in all of his movements as they clashed with the British. {{fact}}
Roving Enterprises has produced a number of other programs including the sketch comedy program ''[[Skithouse]]'', comedy show [[Real Stories]] and the [[Australian Football League|AFL football]] program, ''[[Before The Game]]''. Roving Enterprises has also produced the [[ARIA Music Awards]] since 2002, hosted by McManus until 2004.
Gandhi remained committed to [[non-violence]] and [[truth]] even in the most extreme situations. Gandhi was a student of [[Hindu philosophy]] and lived simply, organizing an [[ashram]] that was self-sufficient in its needs. He made his own clothes and lived on a simple [[vegetarian]] diet. He used rigorous [[fasts]] for self-purification as well as a means of protest. All this was mainly done to raise the status of India's depressed classes and draw them into the freedom struggle.
McManus undertook a live solo [[stand-up comedy]] show in 2005, touring Australian capital cities as well as [[Wellington]] and [[Auckland]] in New Zealand. During the tour, he was still returning to Melbourne each Tuesday to film ''Rove Live''.
Gandhi's teachings have inspired civil rights leaders such as [[Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.]], [[Steve Biko]], [[Nelson Mandela]] and [[Aung San Suu Kyi]]. Gandhi is honoured as the ''[[Father of the Nation]]'' in India. [[Gandhi Jayanti|His birthday]] on [[October 2]]nd is annually commemorated as ''[[Gandhi Jayanti]]'', a [[holidays in India|national holiday]].
In 2004, he had a [[fatwa]] placed on him by [[John Safran]] in an episode of ''[[John Safran vs God]]'', for dropping Safran's scheduled appearance on Rove Live. It was later removed. He also unsuccessfully campaigned to have [[Prime Minister of Australia|Australian Prime Minister]] [[John Howard]] appear on his program during the [[Australian legislative election, 2004|2004 federal election]]. On the [[25 October]] [[2005]] episode, ''Rove Live'' had a segment that Rove himself deemed "controversial" when it aired a live TV [[vasectomy]]. For the season finale, he offered six cars as prizes on his show. After falling viewing figures, the show was revamped for 2006, with the first episode of the new show airing on [[14 February]]. In 2005, his long time supporting presenter, [[Corinne Grant]], left the show. McManus then had comedian [[Meshel Laurie]] join his key presenters team.
==Early life==
'''Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi''' was born into the [[Hindu]] [[Modh]] family in [[Porbandar]], [[Gujarat]], India, in 1869. He was the son of Karamchand Gandhi, the ''[[Diwan (title)|diwan]]'' (Prime Minister) of Porbandar, and Putlibai, Karamchand's fourth wife, a Hindu of the Pranami [[Vaishnava]] order. Karamchand's first two wives, who each bore him a daughter, died from unknown reasons (rumored to be in childbirth). His third wife was deemed incapacitated and gave her permission to Karamchand for him to marry again. Growing up with a devout mother and surrounded by the [[Jainism|Jain]] influences of Gujarat, Gandhi learned from an early age the tenets of non-injury to living beings, [[vegetarianism]], [[fasting]] for self-purification, and mutual tolerance between members of various creeds and sects. He was born into the ''[[vaishya]]'', or business, [[caste]].
[[Image:Gandhi and Kasturbhai 1902.jpg|left|thumb|240px|Gandhi and his wife [[Kasturba Gandhi|Kasturba]] (1902)]]
In May 1883, at the age of 13, Gandhi was married through his parents' arrangement to [[Kasturba Gandhi|Kasturba Makhanji]] (also spelled "Kasturbai" or known as "Ba"), who was his age. They had four sons: [[Harilal Gandhi]], born in 1888; [[Manilal Gandhi]], born in 1892; [[Ramdas Gandhi]], born in 1897; and [[Devdas Gandhi]], born in 1900. Gandhi was a mediocre student in his youth at Porbandar and later [[Rajkot]]. He barely passed the [[Matriculation|matriculation exam]] for Samaldas College at Bhavanagar, Gujarat. He was also unhappy at the college, because his family wanted him to become a [[barrister]].
In November 2006 Rove's career was put on hold indefinitely. His weekly show ''Rove Live'' did not screen its last two planned episodes of the year, due to the death of his wife [[Belinda Emmett]]. At the time there were rumors circulating in the media and industry that he might quit TV for good. After 173 episodes the show appeared to be over. However, it was announced in the media on March 8 2007 that Rove would return with a new show on the [[Ten Network]]. The host returns to TV in the competitive 8.30pm Sunday timeslot, commencing April 1 2007 with a major format overhaul on the old ''Rove Live'', including renaming the show to simply ''Rove''.<ref>http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,21343387-661,00.html</ref> Rove returned to TV on [[1 April]], [[2007]] prominently, as he scored his highest ever audience of 1.69 million viewers. <ref>http://news.ninemsn.com.au/article.aspx?id=94668 Ninemsn News </ref>
At the age of 18 on [[September 4]] [[1888]], Gandhi went to [[University College London]] to train as a [[barrister]]. His time in [[London, United Kingdom|London]], the Imperial capital, was influenced by a vow he had made to his mother in the presence of a [[Jainism|Jain]] monk Becharji, upon leaving India, to observe the Hindu precepts of abstinence from meat, alcohol, and promiscuity. Although Gandhi experimented with adopting "English" customs – taking dancing lessons for example – he could not stomach his landlady's mutton and cabbage. She pointed him towards one of London's few vegetarian restaurants. Rather than simply go along with his mother's wishes, he read about, and intellectually embraced [[vegetarianism]]. He joined the [[Vegetarian Society]], was elected to its executive committee, and founded a local chapter. He later credited this with giving him valuable experience in organizing institutions. Some of the vegetarians he met were members of the [[Theosophical Society]], which had been founded in 1875 to further universal brotherhood, and devoted to the study of [[Buddhist]] and Hindu [[Brahman|Brahmanistic]] literature. They encouraged Gandhi to read the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]].'' Not having shown a particular interest in religion before, he read works of and about [[Hinduism]], [[Christianity]], [[Buddhism]], [[Islam]] and other religions. He returned to India after being admitted to the [[bar association|bar]] of [[England and Wales]], but had limited success establishing a law practice in [[Bombay]], later applying and being turned down for a part-time job as a high school teacher. He ended up returning to Rajkot to make a modest living drafting petitions for litigants, but was forced to close down that business as well when he ran afoul of a British officer. In his autobiography, he describes this incident as a kind of unsuccessful lobbying attempt on behalf of his older brother. It was in this climate that (in 1893) he accepted a year-long contract from an Indian firm to a post in [[KwaZulu-Natal Province|Natal]], [[South Africa]].
===Radio===
==Civil Rights Movement in South Africa (1893—1914)==
In 1999 he was a regular host on [[Triple J]] radio. He had a segment on the breakfast show (starring [[Wil Anderson]] and [[Adam Spencer]]) on Friday mornings, ''Know Your Millennium'', a quiz show that looked into the past.
[[Image:Gandhisouthafrica.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Gandhi in [[South Africa]] (1895)]]
Gandhi read his first newspaper at the age of 18, and was prone to stage fright while speaking in court. South Africa changed him dramatically, as he faced the discrimination commonly directed at blacks and Indians. One day in court at [[Durban]], the magistrate asked him to remove his [[turban]]. Gandhi refused and stormed out of the courtroom. He was thrown off a train at [[Pietermaritzburg]], after refusing to move from the first class to a third class coach while holding a valid first class ticket. Traveling further on by stagecoach, he was beaten by a driver for refusing to travel on the foot board to make room for a European passenger. He suffered other hardships on the journey as well, including being barred from many hotels. These incidents have been acknowledged by several biographers as a turning point in his life, for his activism later. It was through witnessing firsthand the [[racism]], [[prejudice]] and injustice against Indians in South Africa that Gandhi started to question his people's status, and his own place in society. However, these events by no means explain why he inculcated non-violence instead of aggressive revolution.
[[Image:Gandhi Boer War 1899.jpg|left|thumb|200px|Gandhi in the uniform of a sergeant of the Indian Ambulance Corps. He served during the Boer War (1899).]]
At the end of his contract, Gandhi prepared to return to India. However, at a farewell party in his honour in Durban, he happened to glance at a newspaper and learned that a bill was being considered by the Natal Legislative Assembly to deny the right to vote to Indians. When he brought this up with his hosts, they lamented that they did not have the expertise necessary to oppose the bill, and implored Gandhi to stay and help them. He circulated several petitions to both the Natal Legislature and the British Government in opposition to the bill. Though unable to halt the bill's passage, his campaign was successful in drawing attention to the grievances of Indians in South Africa. Supporters convinced him to remain in Durban to continue fighting against the injustices levied against Indians in South Africa. He founded the [[Natal Indian Congress]] in 1894, with himself as the Secretary. Through this organization, he molded the Indian community of South Africa into a homogeneous political force, publishing documents detailing Indian grievances and evidence of British discrimination in South Africa. Gandhi returned briefly to India in 1896 to bring his wife and children to live with him in South Africa. When he returned in January 1897, a white mob attacked and tried to lynch him.<ref>[[Wikisource: March 1897 Memorial (Gandhi)]] : correspondence and newspaper accounts of the incident</ref> In an early indication of the personal values that would shape his later campaigns, he refused to press charges on any member of the mob, stating it was one of his principles not to seek redress for a personal wrong in a court of law.
In 2002 the [[Austereo]] radio network commissioned Roving Enterprises to create a weekly radio program. Starring McManus alongside regular TV colleagues [[Peter Helliar]] and Corinne Grant, the show was originally called ''Saturday Morning Rove''. Broadcast from [[Fox FM]] every Saturday from 10AM to Midday, it was actually pre-recorded the day before to allow the performers to have a full weekend of media commitments.
At the onset of the [[South African War]], Gandhi argued that Indians must support the [[war effort]] in order to legitimize their claims to full citizenship, organizing a volunteer ambulance corps of 300 free Indians and 800 indentured labourers called the '''Indian Ambulance Corps''', one of the few medical units to serve wounded black South Africans. He himself was a stretcher-bearer at the [[Battle of Spion Kop]], and was decorated. At the conclusion of the war, however, the situation for the Indians did not improve, but continued to deteriorate. In 1906, the [[Transvaal]] government promulgated a new Act compelling registration of the colony's Indian population. At a mass protest meeting held in [[Johannesburg]] on September 11th that year, Gandhi adopted his methodology of ''[[satyagraha]]'' (devotion to the truth), or non-violent protest, for the first time, calling on his fellow Indians to defy the new law and suffer the punishments for doing so, rather than resist through violent means. This plan was adopted, leading to a seven-year struggle in which thousands of Indians were jailed (including Gandhi himself on many occasions), flogged, or even shot, for striking, refusing to register, burning their registration cards, or engaging in other forms of non-violent resistance. While the government was successful in repressing the Indian protesters, the public outcry stemming from the harsh methods employed by the South African government in the face of peaceful Indian protesters finally forced South African General [[Jan Christiaan Smuts]] to negotiate a compromise with Gandhi.
In 2004 the program moved to Friday mornings allowing live phone callers, and was re-titled [[Rove Live Radio]] and had a style similar to ''Rove Live''. It was discontinued at the end of 2004.
In May 1915, Gandhi founded an [[ashram]] on the outskirts of [[Ahmedabad]], India and called it Satyagrah Ashram (also known as [[Sabarmati Ashram]]). There lodged twenty five men and women who took vows of truth, celibacy, [[ahimsa]], nonpossession, control of the palate, and service of the Indian people.
===Other work and guest appearances===
==Fighting for Indian Independence (1916–1945)==
* When [[Bert Newton]] fell ill in early June 2005, Rove was one of many presenters who hosted his show ''[[Good Morning Australia]]'' in his place.
{{See also|Indian Independence Movement}}
* With Newton, Rove co-hosted a Roving Enterprises television special ''Ten Seriously 40'', a look back at the history of the Ten Network.
As he had done in the [[South African War]], Gandhi urged support of the British in [[World War I]] and was active in encouraging Indians to join the army. His rationale, opposed by many others, was that if he desired the full citizenship, freedoms and rights in the Empire, it would be wrong not to help in its defence. He spoke at the conventions of the [[Indian National Congress]], but was primarily introduced to Indian issues, politics and the Indian people by [[Gopal Krishna Gokhale]], at the time one of the most respected leaders of the Congress Party.
* McManus voiced a crab in [[Pixar]]'s 2003 [[animation|animated]] film, ''[[Finding Nemo]]''.
* Rove has been a guest co-host on the [[Triple M]] radio program [[Get This]].
* Rove also appeared as himself on New Zealand cartoon [[bro'Town]].
* Appeared as a guest on US television - NBC's [[Tonight Show with Jay Leno]] on May 2nd, 2007.<ref>http://www.news.com.au/dailytelegraph/story/0,22049,21631990-5006002,00.html</ref>
==Personal life==
===Champaran and Kheda===
{{Main|Champaran and Kheda Satyagraha}}
[[Image:Gandhi Kheda 1918.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Gandhi in 1918, at the time of the Kheda and Champaran satyagrahas.]]
Gandhi's first major achievements came in 1918 with the [[Champaran]] agitation and ''Kheda Satyagraha'', although in the latter it was [[Indigo plant|indigo]] and other cash crops instead of the food crops necessary for their survival. Suppressed by the militias of the landlords (mostly British), they were given measly compensation, leaving them mired in extreme poverty. The villages were kept extremely dirty and [[Hygiene|unhygienic]]; and alcoholism, [[untouchability]] and [[purdah]] were rampant. Now in the throes of a devastating famine, the British levied an oppressive tax which they insisted on increasing in rate. The situation was desperate. In [[Kheda]] in [[Gujarat]], the problem was the same. Gandhi established an [[ashram]] there, organizing scores of his veteran supporters and fresh volunteers from the region. He organized a detailed study and survey of the villages, accounting the atrocities and terrible episodes of suffering, including the general state of degenerate living. Building on the confidence of villagers, he began leading the clean-up of villages, building of schools and hospitals and encouraging the village leadership to undo and condemn many social evils, as accounted above.
McManus is represented by personal management company [[Token Artists]].
But his main assault came as he was arrested by police on the charge of creating unrest and was ordered to leave the province. Hundreds of thousands of people protested and rallied outside the jail, police stations and courts demanding his release, which the court unwillingly granted. Gandhi led organized protests and strikes against the landlords, who with the guidance of the British government, signed an agreement granting more compensation and control over farming for the poor farmers of the region, and cancellation of revenue hikes and collection until the famine ended. It was during this agitation, that Gandhi was addressed by the people as ''Bapu'' (Father) and ''Mahatma'' (Great Soul). In Kheda, Patel represented the farmers in negotiations with the British, who suspended revenue collection and granted relief. All of the prisoners were released. Gandhi's resulting fame spread all over the nation.
In July 2004 he announced his engagement to his girlfriend of five years, Australian actress [[Belinda Emmett]].
===Non-cooperation===
They married on [[29 January]] [[2005]] at the [[Oblates of Mary Immaculate|Mary Immaculate]] Church in [[Waverley, New South Wales|Waverley]], a suburb in the east of [[Sydney]].
{{Main|Non-cooperation movement}}
Emmett died of [[cancer]] on [[11 November]] [[2006]] at [[St Vincent's Hospital]] in [[Sydney]], [[New South Wales]].<ref>http://www.news.com.au/story/0,23599,20738901-1702,00.html</ref><ref>http://news.ninemsn.com.au/article.aspx?id=161157</ref>
In [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], the [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre]] of civilians by British troops caused deep trauma to the nation, and increased public anger and acts of violence. Gandhi criticized both the actions of the [[United Kingdom|British]], and the retaliatory violence of Indians. He authored the resolution offering condolences to British civilian victims and condemning the riots, which after initial opposition in the party, was accepted after Gandhi made an emotional speech pushing forth his principle that all violence was evil and could not be justified.<ref>R. Gandhi, ''Patel: A Life'', pp. 82</ref> But it was after the massacre and violence that Gandhi's mind focused upon obtaining complete self-government and control of all Indian government institutions, maturing soon into ''[[Swaraj]]'' or complete individual, spiritual, political independence. Gandhi was invested with executive authority on behalf of the [[Indian National Congress]] in December 1921. Under Gandhi's leadership, the Congress was reorganized with a new constitution, with the goal of ''Swaraj''. Membership in the party was opened to anyone prepared to pay a token fee. A hierarchy of committees was set up to improve discipline, transforming the party from an elite organization to one of mass national appeal. Gandhi expanded his non-violence platform to include the [[Swadeshi movement|''swadeshi'' policy]] – the boycott of foreign-made goods, especially British goods. Linked to this was his advocacy that ''khadi'' (homespun cloth) be worn by all Indians instead of British-made textiles. Gandhi exhorted Indian men and women, rich or poor, to spend time each day spinning ''khadi'' in support of the independence movement.<ref>R. Gandhi, ''Patel: A Life'', pp. 89</ref> This was a strategy to inculcate discipline and dedication to weed out the unwilling and ambitious, and include women in the movement at a time when many thought that such activities were not "respectable" for women. In addition to boycotting British products, Gandhi urged the people to boycott British educational institutions and law courts, to resign from government employment, and to forsake British titles and [[British honours system|honours]].
On [[12 November]] [[2006]], the following statement appeared on the ''[[Rove Live]]'' website:
"Non-cooperation" enjoyed wide-spread appeal and success, increasing excitement and participation from all strata of Indian society, yet just as the movement reached its apex, it ended abruptly as a result of a violent clash in the town of [[Chauri Chaura]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], in February 1922. Fearing that the movement was about to take a turn towards violence, and convinced that this would be the undoing of all his work, Gandhi called off the campaign of mass civil disobedience.<ref>R. Gandhi, ''Patel: A Life'', pp. 105</ref> Gandhi was arrested on [[March 10]], [[1922]], tried for sedition, and sentenced to six years. Beginning on [[March 18]], [[1922]], he only served about two years of the sentence, being released in February 1924 after an operation for [[appendicitis]]. Without Gandhi's uniting personality, the Indian National Congress began to splinter during his years in prison, splitting into two factions, one led by [[Chitta Ranjan Das]] and [[Motilal Nehru]] favouring party participation in the legislatures, and the other led by [[Chakravarti Rajagopalachari]] and [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel]], opposing this move. Furthermore, cooperation among Hindus and Muslims, which had been strong at the height of the nonviolence campaign, was breaking down. Gandhi attempted to bridge these differences through many means, including a three-week fast in the autumn of 1924, but with limited success.<ref>R. Gandhi, ''Patel: A Life'', pp. 131</ref>
{|
===Swaraj and the Salt Satyagraha===
|- bgcolor=white border=0
{{main|Salt Satyagraha}}
|
[[Image:Gandhi Satyagraha.JPG|thumb|200px|Gandhi at a public rally during the [[Salt Satyagraha]].]]
{{cquote|At the moment I have no plans for Rove Live for the rest of 2006. This is a very difficult period for all of us and some time away is the best thing for me right now.<br>In the meantime I want to extend my sincerest thanks for all of your heartfelt messages and condolences. That Belinda meant so much to so many people, genuinely means a lot to me.}}
Gandhi stayed out of the limelight for most of the 1920s, preferring to resolve the wedge between the Swaraj Party and the Indian National Congress, and expanding initiatives against untouchability, alcoholism, ignorance and poverty. He returned to the fore in 1928. The year before, the British government had appointed a new constitutional reform commission under Sir John Simon, numbering not a single Indian in its ranks. The result was a boycott of the commission by Indian political parties. Gandhi pushed through a resolution at the Calcutta Congress in December 1928 calling on the British government to grant India dominion status or face a new campaign of non-violence with complete independence for the country as its goal. Gandhi had moderated the views of younger men like Subhas Chandra Bose and Jawaharlal Nehru, who sought a demand for immediate independence, but also modified his own call to a one year wait, instead of two.<ref>R. Gandhi, ''Patel: A Life'', pp. 172</ref> The British did not respond. On [[December 31]] [[1929]], the flag of India was unfurled in Lahore. [[January 26]] [[1930]] was celebrated by the Indian National Congress, meeting in Lahore, as India's Independence Day. This day was commemorated by almost every other Indian organization. Making good on his word in March 1930, he launched a new satyagraha against the tax on salt, highlighted by the famous Salt March to Dandi from [[March 12]] to [[April 6]] [[1930]], marching 400 kilometres (248 miles) from Ahmedabad to Dandi, Gujarat to make salt himself. Thousands of Indians joined him on this march to the sea. This campaign was one of his most successful, resulting in the imprisonment of over 60,000 people.
|- align=right
| - Rove
|}
After five months he returned, dropping the "Live" part of the show's name, and is currently being aired on [[Network Ten]] at 8:30pm on Sundays.
==Miscellaneous==
The government, represented by [[E. F. L. Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax|Lord Edward Irwin]], decided to negotiate with Gandhi. The [[Gandhi-Irwin Pact]] was signed in March 1931. In it, the British Government agreed to set all political prisoners free in return for the suspension of the civil disobedience movement. Furthermore, Gandhi was invited to attend the Round Table Conference in London as the sole representative of the Indian National Congress. The conference was a disappointment to Gandhi and the nationalists, as it focused on the Indian princes and Indian minorities rather than the transfer of power. Furthermore, Lord Irwin's successor, [[Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon|Lord Willingdon]], embarked on a new campaign of repression against the nationalists. Gandhi was again arrested, and the government attempted to destroy his influence by completely isolating him from his followers. This tactic was not successful. In 1932, through the campaigning of the Dalit leader B. R. Ambedkar, the government granted untouchables separate electorates under the new constitution. In protest, Gandhi embarked on a six-day fast in September 1932, successfully forcing the government to adopt a more equitable arrangement via negotiations mediated by the Dalit cricketer turned political leader Palwankar Baloo. This began a new campaign by Gandhi to improve the lives of the untouchables, whom he named Harijans, the children of God. On [[May 8]] [[1933]] Gandhi began a 21-day fast of self-purification to help the Harijan movement.<ref>R. Gandhi, ''Patel: A Life'', pp. 230-32</ref> In the summer of 1934, three unsuccessful attempts were made on his life.
* He is a fan of the [[Australian Football League|AFL]] [[Fremantle Football Club|Fremantle Dockers]] for which his first cousin [[Shaun McManus]] plays. He was named as the #1 Ticket Holder of the club in 2002.
* McManus' interests include [[professional wrestling]] and stood in the corner of Australian Wrestler [[Nathan Jones]] during a WWA show in Australia, and took a guitar shot from [[Jeff Jarrett]].
When the Congress Party chose to contest elections and accept power under the Federation scheme, Gandhi decided to resign from party membership. He did not at all disagree with the party's move, but felt that if he resigned, his popularity with Indians would cease to stifle the party's membership, that actually varied from communists, socialists, trade unionists, students, religious conservatives, to those with pro-business convictions. Gandhi also did not want to prove a target for Raj propaganda by leading a party that had temporarily accepted political accommodation with the Raj.<ref>R. Gandhi, ''Patel: A Life'', pp. 246</ref> Gandhi returned to the head in 1936, with the Nehru presidency and the Lucknow session of the Congress. Although Gandhi desired a total focus on the task of winning independence and not speculation about India's future, he did not restrain the Congress from adopting socialism as its goal. Gandhi had a clash with Subhas Bose, who had been elected to the presidency in 1938. Gandhi's main issues with Bose were his lack of commitment to democracy, and lack of faith in non-violence. Bose won his second term despite Gandhi's criticism, but left the Congress when the All-India leaders resigned en masse in protest of his abandonment of principles introduced by Gandhi.<ref>R. Gandhi, ''Patel: A Life'', pp. 277-81</ref>
* McManus has a large collection of [[PEZ]] dispensers which has been mentioned on [[Rove Live]] on numerous occasions.
* He was a runner in the [[Queen's Baton Relay]] (which carried a baton around Australia before the [[2006 Commonwealth Games]]). He used the baton in a segment on [[Rove Live]] to find out what privileges it would get him eg: getting a free beer from a pub, closing a 7-Eleven store and other examples.
===World War II and ''Quit India''===
* As a child was branded with the nickname 'Container Harrison'
{{Main|Quit India Movement}}
[[Image:Mahadev Desai and Gandhi 2 1939.jpg|right|thumb|210px|[[Mahadev Desai]] (left) reading out a letter to Gandhi from the [[viceroy]] at Birla House, Mumbai, [[April 7]], [[1939]].]]
[[World War II]] broke out in 1939 when [[Nazi Germany]] invaded [[Poland]]. Initially, Gandhi had favored offering "non-violent moral support" to the British effort, but other Congress leaders were offended by the unilateral inclusion of India into the war, without consultation of the people's representatives. All Congressmen elected to office resigned en masse.<ref>R. Gandhi, ''Patel: A Life'', pp. 283-86</ref> After lengthy deliberations, Gandhi declared that India could not be party to a war ostensibly being fought for democratic freedom, while that freedom was denied in India herself. As the war progressed, Gandhi increased his demands for independence, drafting a resolution calling for the British to ''[[Quit India]]''. This was Gandhi's and the Congress Party's most definitive revolt aimed at securing the British exit from Indian shores.<ref>R. Gandhi, ''Patel: A Life'', pp. 309</ref>
[[Image:Nehruwithgandhi1942.jpg|thumb|left|250px|[[Jawaharlal Nehru]] sitting next to Gandhi at the AICC General Session, 1942]]Gandhi was criticized by some Congressmen and other Indian political groups, both pro-British and anti-British. Some felt that opposing Britain in its life-death struggle was immoral, and others felt that Gandhi wasn't doing enough. ''Quit India'' became the most forceful movement in the history of the struggle, with mass arrests and violence on an unprecedented scale.<ref>R. Gandhi, ''Patel: A Life'', pp. 318</ref> Thousands of freedom fighters were killed or injured by police gunfire, and hundreds of thousands were arrested. Gandhi and his supporters made it clear they would not support the war effort unless India was granted immediate independence. He even clarified that this time the movement would not be stopped if individual acts of violence were committed, saying that the ''"ordered anarchy"'' around him was ''"worse than real anarchy"''. He called on all Congressmen and Indians to maintain discipline in [[ahimsa]], and ''Karo Ya Maro'' (''Do or Die'') in the cause of ultimate freedom. Gandhi and the entire Congress Working Committee were arrested in [[Bombay]] by the British on [[August 9]], [[1942]]. Gandhi was held for two years in the [[Aga Khan Palace]] in [[Pune]]. It was here that Gandhi suffered two terrible blows in his personal life — his 42 year old secretary [[Mahadev Desai]] died of a heart attack 6 days later, then his wife Kasturba died after 18 months imprisonment in February 1944 (six weeks later Gandhi suffered a severe malaria attack). He was released before the end of the war on [[May 6]] [[1944]] because of his failing health and necessary surgery; the Raj did not want him to die in prison and enrage the nation. Although Quit India somewhat succeeded in its objective, the ruthless suppression of the movement brought order to India by the end of 1943. At the end of the war, the British gave clear indications that power would be transferred to Indian hands, and Gandhi called off the struggle, and the Congress leadership and around 100,000 political prisoners were released.
==Freedom and partition of India==
[[Image:Roupie inde.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Mahatma Gandhi's engraving on an Indian currency note
of INR 10 Rupees]]
[[Image:Rupees1000.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Mahatma Gandhi's engraving on an Indian currency note of INR 1,000 Rupees]]
{{Main|Partition of India}}
<!--- With Mahatma Gandhi (right) in Bombay (now [[Mumbai]]) in 1944.]] what's this?-->
Gandhi advised the Congress to reject the proposals the [[British Cabinet Mission]] offered in 1946, as he was deeply suspicious of the ''grouping'' proposed for Muslim-majority states — Gandhi viewed this as a precursor to partition. However, this became one of the few times the Congress broke from Gandhi's advice (though not his leadership), as Nehru and Patel knew that if the Congress did not approve the plan, the control of government would pass to the [[Muslim League]]. Between 1946 and 1947, over 5,000 people were killed in violence. Gandhi was vehemently opposed to any plan that partitioned India into two separate countries. An overwhelming majority of Muslims living in India, side by side with Hindus and Sikhs, were in favour of Partition. Additionally [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], the leader of the Muslim League, commanded widespread support in [[Punjab, Pakistan|West Punjab]], [[Sindh]], [[NWFP]] and [[East Bengal]]. The partition plan was approved by the Congress leadership as the only way to prevent a wide-scale Hindu-Muslim civil war. Congress leaders knew that Gandhi would viscerally oppose partition, and it was impossible for the Congress to go ahead without his agreement, for Gandhi's support in the party and throughout India was strong. Gandhi's closest colleagues had accepted partition as the best way out, and [[Sardar Patel]] endeavoured to convince Gandhi that it was the only way to avoid civil war. A devastated Gandhi gave his assent.
On the day of the transfer of power, Gandhi did not celebrate independence with the rest of India, but was alone in [[Calcutta]], mourning the partition and working to end the violence. After India's independence, Gandhi focused on Hindu-Muslim peace and unity. He conducted extensive dialogue with Muslim and Hindu community leaders, working to cool passions in northern India, as well as in [[Bengal]]. Despite the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947]], he was troubled when the Government decided to deny Pakistan the [[Indian Rupee|Rs.]] 55 [[crore]]s due as per agreements made by the Partition Council. Leaders like [[Sardar Patel]] feared that Pakistan would use the money to bankroll the war against India. Gandhi was also devastated when demands resurged for all Muslims to be deported to Pakistan, and when Muslim and Hindu leaders expressed frustration and an inability to come to terms with one another.<ref>R. Gandhi, ''Patel: A Life'', pp. 462</ref> He launched his last fast-unto-death in [[Delhi]], asking that all communal violence be ended once and for all, and that the payment of Rs. [[Indian numbering system|55 crores]] be made to Pakistan. Gandhi feared that instability and insecurity in Pakistan would increase their anger against India, and violence would spread across the borders. He further feared that Hindus and Muslims would renew their enmity and precipitate into an open civil war. After emotional debates with his life-long colleagues, Gandhi refused to budge, and the Government rescinded its policy and made the payment to Pakistan. Hindu, Muslim and Sikh community leaders, including the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] and [[Hindu Mahasabha]] assured him that they would renounce violence and call for peace. Gandhi thus broke his fast by sipping orange juice.<ref>R. Gandhi, ''Patel: A Life'', pp. 464-66</ref>
==Assassination==
{{See also|Attempts to assassinate Mahatma Gandhi}}
[[Image:Gandhi's_Tomb.jpg|thumb|230px|[[Raj Ghat and other memorials|Raj Ghat]]: Gandhi's Memorial in Delhi.]]
[[Image:GandhisLastJourney.jpg|thumb|250px|right|A press photo Published in The Manchester Guardian, February 18, 1948 show Mahatma Gandhi's ashes being carried through the streets of Allahabad]]
On [[January 30]], [[1948]], on his way to a prayer meeting, Gandhi was shot dead in [[Birla House]], [[New Delhi]], by [[Nathuram Godse]]. Godse was a Hindu radical with links to the extremist [[Hindu Mahasabha]], who held Gandhi responsible for weakening India by insisting upon a payment to Pakistan.<ref>R. Gandhi, ''Patel: A Life'', pp. 472</ref> Godse and his co-conspirator [[Narayan Apte]] were later tried and convicted, and on [[15 November]], [[1949]], were executed. Gandhi's memorial (or ''Samādhi'') at [[Raj Ghat and other memorials|Rāj Ghāt]], [[New Delhi]], bears the epigraph, ([[Devanagiri]]: ''हे ! राम'' or, ''Hé [[Rama|Rām]]''), which may be translated as "Oh God". These are widely believed to be Gandhi's last words after he was shot, though the veracity of this statement has been disputed by many.<ref>Vinay Lal. [http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/Gandhi/HeRam_gandhi.html ‘Hey Ram’: The Politics of Gandhi’s Last Words]. Humanscape 8, no. 1 (January 2001):34-38</ref> [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] addressed the nation through radio:
::"Friends and comrades, the light has gone out of our lives, and there is darkness everywhere, and I do not quite know what to tell you or how to say it. Our beloved leader, Bapu as we called him, the father of the nation, is no more. Perhaps I am wrong to say that; nevertheless, we will not see him again, as we have seen him for these many years, we will not run to him for advice or seek solace from him, and that is a terrible blow, not only for me, but for millions and millions in this country."
According to his wish, The majority of Gandhi's ashes were immersed in all the major rivers of the world such as The Nile, Volga, Thames, etc. Also, a small portion was sent to [[Paramahansa Yogananda]] from Dr. V.M. Nawle, (a publisher and journalist from Poona, India) encased in a brass & silver coffer. The ashes were then enshrined at the Mahatma Gandhi World Peace Memorial in the [[Self-Realization Fellowship Lake Shrine]] within a thousand-year-old stone sarcophagus from [[China]].
==Gandhi's principles==
{{See also|Gandhism}}
:"Live as if you were to die tomorrow. Learn as if you were to live forever." - Mahatma Gandhi
===Truth===
Gandhi dedicated his life to the wider purpose of discovering [[truth]], or ''[[Satya]]''. He tried to achieve this by learning from his own mistakes and conducting experiments on himself. He called his autobiography ''[[The Story of My Experiments with Truth]]''.
Gandhi stated that the most important battle to fight was overcoming his own demons, fears, and insecurities. Gandhi summarized his beliefs first when he said "[[God]] is Truth." He would later change this statement to "Truth is God." Thus, ''Satya'' (Truth) in Gandhi's philosophy is "God".
===Nonviolence===
The concept of [[nonviolence]] (''[[ahimsa]]'') and [[nonresistance]] has a long history in Indian religious thought and has had many revivals in Hindu, Buddhist, Jain, Jewish and Christian contexts. Gandhi explains his philosophy and way of life in his autobiography ''[[The Story of My Experiments with Truth]]''. He was quoted as saying:
:"When I despair, I remember that all through history the way of truth and love has always won. There have been tyrants and murderers and for a time they seem invincible, but in the end, they always fall — think of it, always."
:"What difference does it make to the dead, the orphans, and the homeless, whether the mad destruction is wrought under the name of totalitarianism or the holy name of liberty and democracy?"
:"An eye for an eye makes the whole world blind."
:"There are many causes that I am prepared to die for but no causes that I am prepared to kill for."
In applying these principles, Gandhi did not balk from taking them to their most logical extremes. In 1940, when invasion of the British Isles by Nazi Germany looked imminent, Gandhi offered the following advice to the British people (''Non-Violence in Peace and War''): <ref>{{cite book | last =Gandhi | first =Mahatma | authorlink =Mahatma Gandhi | title =Non-violence in peace and war, 1942-[1949] | publisher =Garland Pub | date =1972 | id =ISBN 0824003756 }}</ref>
:"I would like you to lay down the arms you have as being useless for saving you or humanity. You will invite Herr Hitler and Signor Mussolini to take what they want of the countries you call your possessions.... If these gentlemen choose to occupy your homes, you will vacate them. If they do not give you free passage out, you will allow yourselves, man, woman, and child, to be slaughtered, but you will refuse to owe allegiance to them."
However, Gandhi was aware that this level of nonviolence required incredible faith and courage, which he realized not everyone possessed. He therefore advised that everyone need not keep to nonviolence, especially if it was used as a cover for cowardice:
:"Gandhi guarded against attracting to his ''satyagraha'' movement those who feared to take up arms or felt themselves incapable of resistance. 'I do believe,' he wrote, 'that where there is only a choice between cowardice and violence, I would advise violence.'"<ref>Bondurant, p. 28</ref>
:"At every meeting I repeated the warning that unless they felt that in non-violence they had come into possession of a force infinitely superior to the one they had and in the use of which they were adept, they should have nothing to do with non-violence and resume the arms they possessed before. It must never be said of the [[Khudai Khidmatgar]]s that once so brave, they had become or been made cowards under [[Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan|Badshah Khan]]'s influence. Their bravery consisted not in being good marksmen but in defying death and being ever ready to bare their breasts to the bullets."<ref>Bondurant, p. 139</ref>
===Vegetarianism===
As a young child, Gandhi experimented in meat-eating. This was due partially to his inherent curiosity as well as his rather persuasive peer and friend Sheikh Mehtab. The idea of [[vegetarianism]] is deeply engrained in Hindu and [[Jain]] traditions in India, and, in his native land of [[Gujarat]], many Hindus were vegetarian. The Gandhi family was no exception. Before leaving for his studies in London, Gandhi made a promise to his mother, Putlibai and his uncle, Becharji Swami that he would abstain from eating meat, taking alcohol, and engaging in promiscuity. He held fast to his promise and gained more than a diet, he gained a basis for his life-long philosophies. As Gandhi grew into adulthood, he became a strict [[Lacto vegetarianism|vegetarian]], though he was not against the consumption of [[egg]]s.<ref>[http://www.mahatma.org.in/books/showbook.jsp?id=5&book=bg0008&link=bg&lang=en&cat=books Food values]</ref> He wrote articles on the subject, some of which were published in the London Vegetarian Society's publication: "The Vegetarian." [http://www.ivu.org/history/gandhi/] Gandhi inspired many people around the world to become vegetarian. Gandhi, himself, became inspired by many great minds during this period and befriended a chairman of the London Vegetarian Society, Dr. Josiah Oldfield.
Having also read and admired the work of [[Henry Stephens Salt]], the young Mohandas met and often corresponded with the vegetarian campaigner. Gandhi spent much time advocating vegetarianism during and after his time in London. To Gandhi, a vegetarian diet would not only satisfy the requirements of the body, it would also serve an economic purpose as meat was, and still is, generally more expensive than grains, vegetables, and fruits. Also, many Indians of the time struggled with low income, thus vegetarianism was seen not only as a spiritual practice but also a practical one. He abstained from eating for long periods, using [[fasting]] as a form of political protest. He refused to eat until his death or his demands were met. It was noted in his autobiography that vegetarianism was the beginning of his deep commitment to [[Brahmacharya]]; without total control of the palate his success in Bramacharya would have been likely to falter.
===Brahmacharya===
This decision was deeply influenced by the philosophy of [[brahmacharya|Brahmacharya]]—spiritual and practical purity—largely associated with celibacy and [[asceticism]]. Gandhi saw brahmacharya as a means of going close to God and as a primary foundation for self realization. In his autobiography he tells of his battle against lustful urges and fits of jealousy with his childhood bride, [[Kasturba Gandhi|Kasturba]]. He felt it his personal obligation to remain celibate so that he could learn to love, rather than lust. For Gandhi brahmacharya meant ''control of the senses in thought, word and deed''.<ref>[http://www.mahatma.org.in/books/showbook.jsp?id=188&link=bg&book=bg0001&lang=en&cat=books The Story of My Experiments with Truth — An Autobiography], p. 176.</ref>
===Simplicity===
[[Image:GandhiStatueInUnionSquareNYC.jpg|right|thumb|260px|Statue of Mahatma Gandhi in Union Square Park, New York City]]
Gandhi earnestly believed that a person involved in social service should lead a simple life which he thought could lead to Brahmacharya. His [[simplicity]] began by renouncing the western lifestyle he was leading in South Africa. He called it "reducing himself to zero", which entailed giving up unnecessary expenditure, embracing a [[simple living|simple lifestyle]] and washing his own clothes.<ref>[http://www.mahatma.org.in/books/showbook.jsp?id=189&link=bg&book=bg0001&lang=en&cat=books The Story of My Experiments with Truth — An Autobiography], p. 177.</ref> On one occasion he returned the gifts bestowed to him from the natals for his diligent service to the community.<ref>[http://www.mahatma.org.in/books/showbook.jsp?id=195&link=bg&book=bg0001&lang=en&cat=bookss The Story of My Experiments with Truth — An Autobiography], p. 183.</ref>
Gandhi spent one day of each week in silence. He believed that abstaining from speaking brought him [[inner peace]]. This influence was drawn from the Hindu principles of ''mouna'' (silence) and ''shanti'' (peace). On such days he communicated with others by writing on paper. For three and a half years, from the age of 37, Gandhi refused to read newspapers, claiming that the tumultuous state of world affairs caused him more confusion than his own inner unrest. Returning to India from South Africa, where he had enjoyed a successful legal practice, he gave up wearing Western-style clothing, which he associated with wealth and success. He dressed to be accepted by the poorest person in India, advocating the use of homespun cloth (''khadi''). Gandhi and his followers adopted the practice of weaving their own clothes from thread they themselves spun, and encouraged others to do so. While Indian workers were often idle due to unemployment, they had often bought their clothing from industrial manufacturers owned by British interests. It was Gandhi's view that if Indians made their own clothes, it would deal an economic blow to the British establishment in India. Consequently, the [[spinning wheel]] was later incorporated into the flag of the Indian National Congress. He would wear a [[dhoti]] all his life to show simplicity.
===Faith===
Gandhi was born a Hindu and practised Hinduism all his life, deriving most of his principles from Hinduism. As a common Hindu, he believed all religions to be equal, and rejected all efforts to convert him to a different faith. He was an avid theologian and read extensively about all major religions. He had the following to say about Hinduism:
:"[[Hinduism]] as I know it entirely satisfies my soul, fills my whole being ... When doubts haunt me, when disappointments stare me in the face, and when I see not one ray of light on the horizon, I turn to the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'', and find a verse to comfort me; and I immediately begin to smile in the midst of overwhelming sorrow. My life has been full of tragedies and if they have not left any visible and indelible effect on me, I owe it to the teachings of the ''Bhagavad Gita''."
Gandhi believed that at the core of every religion was ''[[The Truth|Truth]]'' and ''[[Love]]'' (compassion, nonviolence and [[Ethic of reciprocity|the Golden Rule]]). He also questioned hypocrisy, malpractices and dogma in all religions and was a tireless social reformer. Some of his comments on various religions are:
:"Thus if I could not accept Christianity either as a perfect, or the greatest [[religion]], neither was I then convinced of Hinduism being such. Hindu defects were pressingly visible to me. If untouchability could be a part of Hinduism, it could but be a rotten part or an excrescence. I could not understand the raison d'etre of a multitude of sects and [[caste]]s. What was the meaning of saying that the [[Vedas]] were the inspired [[Sacred text|Word of God]]? If they were inspired, why not also the [[Bible]] and the [[Qur'an|Koran]]? As Christian friends were endeavouring to convert me, so were [[Muslim]] friends. Abdullah Sheth had kept on inducing me to study [[Islam]], and of course he had always something to say regarding its beauty." (source: [[The Story of My Experiments with Truth|his autobiography]])
:"As soon as we lose the moral basis, we cease to be religious. There is no such thing as religion over-riding morality. Man, for instance, cannot be untruthful, cruel or incontinent and claim to have God on his side."
:"The sayings of [[Muhammad]] are a treasure of wisdom, not only for Muslims but for all of mankind."
Later in his life when he was asked whether he was a Hindu, he replied:
:"Yes I am. I am also a Christian, a Muslim, a Buddhist and a Jew."
In spite of their deep reverence to each other, Gandhi and [[Rabindranath Tagore]] got involved in protracted debates more than once. These debates exemplify the philosophical differences between the two most famous Indians at the time. On [[January 15]] [[1934]], an earthquake hit [[Bihar]] and caused extensive damage and loss of life. Gandhi maintained this was because of the sin committed by upper caste [[Hindu]]s by not letting untouchables in their temples (Gandhi was committed to the cause of improving the fate of untouchables, referring to them as Harijans, people of [[Krishna]]). [[Tagore]] vehemently opposed Gandhi's stance, maintaining that an earthquake can only be caused by natural forces, not moral reasons, however repugnant the practice of untouchability may be.
==Legacy==
[[Image:Gandhi statue, Tavistock Sq Gardens.jpg|left|thumb|150px|Statue of Mahatma Gandhi in [[Tavistock Square]] Gardens, London.]]
Gandhi's birthday, [[2 October]] is a national holiday, [[Gandhi Jayanti]].
The word ''[[Mahatma]]'', while often mistaken for Gandhi's given name in the West, is taken from the [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] words ''maha'' meaning ''Great'' and ''atma'' meaning ''Soul''. Most sources, such as Dutta and Robinson's ''Rabindranath Tagore: An Anthology'', state that [[Rabindranath Tagore]] first accorded the title of ''Mahatma'' to Gandhi.<ref> Dutta, Krishna and Andrew Robinson, ''Rabindranath Tagore: An Anthology'', p. 2</ref> Other sources state that [[Nautamlal Bhagavanji Mehta]] accorded him this title on [[January 21]], [[1915]].<ref>http://kamdartree.com/mahatma_kamdar.htm) </ref> In his autobiography, Gandhi nevertheless explains that he never felt worthy of the honour.<ref>[http://kamdartree.com/Dr%20PJ%20Mehta.htm M.K. Gandhi: An Autobiography]. Retrieved [[21 March]] [[2006]].</ref> According to the ''manpatra'', the name ''Mahatma'' was given in response to Gandhi's admirable sacrifice in manifesting justice and truth.<ref>[http://kamdartree.com/mahatma_kamdar.htm Documentation of how and when Mohandas K. Gandhi became known as the "Mahatma"]. Retrieved [[21 March]] [[2006]].</ref>
''[[Time (magazine)|Time Magazine]]'' named Gandhi the [[Man of the Year]] in 1930, the runner-up to [[Albert Einstein]] as [[Person of the Year|"Person of the Century"]] at the end of 1999, and named [[Tenzin Gyatso|The Dalai Lama]], [[Lech Wałęsa]], [[Martin luther king|Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.]], [[Cesar Chavez]], [[Aung San Suu Kyi]], [[Benigno Aquino Jr.]], [[Desmond Tutu]], and [[Nelson Mandela]] as ''Children of Gandhi'' and his spiritual heirs to non-violence. The [[Government of India]] awards the annual [[Mahatma Gandhi Peace Prize]] to distinguished social workers, world leaders and citizens. [[Nelson Mandela]], the leader of South Africa's struggle to eradicate racial discrimination and segregation, is a prominent non-Indian recipient. In 1996, the Government of India introduced the Mahatma Gandhi series of currency notes in [[Indian Rupee|rupee]]s 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500 and 1000 denomination. Today, all the currency notes in circulation in India contain a portrait of Mahatma Gandhi. In 1969, the United Kingdom issued a series of stamps commemorating the centenary of Mahatma Gandhi.
[[Image:PMBGandhistatue.jpg|right|thumb|200px|The centennial commemorative statue of Mahatma Gandhi in the center of downtown [[Pietermaritzburg]], [[South Africa]].]]
In the United Kingdom, there are several prominent statues of Gandhi, most notably in [[Tavistock Square]], [[London]] (near [[University College London]]), where he studied law. [[January 30]] is commemorated in the [[United Kingdom]] as the "National Gandhi Remembrance Day." In the [[United States]], there are statues of Gandhi outside the [[Union Square (New York City)|Union Square]] Park in [[New York City]] and the [[Martin Luther King, Jr. National Historic Site]] in [[Atlanta, Georgia|Atlanta]], and in Waikiki, Hawaii. The city of [[Pietermaritzburg]], [[South Africa]], where Gandhi was ejected in 1893 from a first-class train, now hosts a commemorative statue. There are wax statues of Gandhi at the [[Madame Tussauds|Madame Tussaud's]] wax museums in [[New York City|New York]] and [[London]], and other cities around the world.
Gandhi never received the [[Nobel Peace Prize]], though he was nominated five times between 1937 and 1948. Decades later, the Nobel Committee publicly declared its regret for the omission, and admitted to deeply divided nationalistic opinion denying the award. Mahatma Gandhi was to receive the Prize in 1948, but his assassination prevented the award from coming to him. The war breaking out between the newly created states of [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] could have been a complicating factor for Mahatma Gandhi not being presented with the Prize in [[1948]].<ref>Amit Baruah. [http://www.hindu.com/2006/10/17/stories/2006101704971200.htm `Gandhi not getting the Nobel was the biggest omission']. [[The Hindu]], 2006. Retrieved [[17 October]] [[2006]]</ref> The Prize was not awarded in 1948, the year of Gandhi's death, on the grounds that "there was no suitable living candidate" that year, and when the [[Tenzin Gyatso|Dalai Lama]] was awarded the Prize in 1989, the chairman of the committee said that this was "in part a tribute to the memory of Mahatma Gandhi".<ref>Øyvind Tønnesson. [http://www.nobel.se/peace/articles/gandhi/index.html Mahatma Gandhi, the Missing Laureate]. Nobel e-Museum Peace Editor, 1998-2000. Retrieved [[21 March]] [[2006]]</ref> The Committee felt so terrible it had not conferred the prize on Mahatma Gandhi that it kept looking at "other Indians" over the years. Those considered over the years were [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and [[Vinoba Bhave]].
==Gandhi in film, literature, plays, and popular culture==
:{{main|List of artistic depictions of Mahatma Gandhi}}
Mahatma Gandhi has been portrayed in film, literature, and in the theater. [[Ben Kingsley]] portrayed Gandhi in the 1982 award-winning film, ''[[Gandhi (film)|Gandhi]].'' Gandhi is also a central figure in the 2006 [[Bollywood]] film ''[[Lage Raho Munna Bhai]].'' The philosophy of [[Gandhism]] is an important thematic component of both the 2005 film, ''[[Water (film)|Water]]'' and the novel by author [[Bapsi Sidhwa]] based on the film, also called ''[[Water (novel)|Water]]'' (Gandhi also appears as a character in both). ''[[The Making of the Mahatma]]'' documents Gandhi's 21 years in [[South Africa]]. The play ''Mahatma vs. Gandhi'' explores his troubled relationship with his eldest son Harilal Gandhi. A 2002 play ''[[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (play)]]'' gives the life story of Gandhi from the age of twelve until his death. The opera ''Satyāgraha'', composed by Philip Glass (in 1980), with a libretto by himself and Constance De Jong is based on the life of Gandhi. The tamil film 'Hey Ram' deals with the theme of Gandhi's assassination and its precursors.
==Criticism==
[[Dalit (outcaste)|Dalit]] leader [[B. R. Ambedkar]] condemned Gandhi's terming the untouchable community as ''Harijans''. This term meant "God's Children"; it was interpreted by some as saying that Dalits were socially immature, and that privileged caste Indians played a paternalistic role. Ambedkar and his allies also felt Gandhi was undermining Dalit political rights. Gandhi, although born into the vaishya caste, insisted that he was able to speak on behalf of Dalits, despite the availability of Dalit activists such as Ambedkar.
[[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] and contemporary Pakistanis condemned Gandhi for undermining Muslim political rights. [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]] and his allies condemned Gandhi, accusing him of politically appeasing Muslims while turning a blind eye to their atrocities against Hindus, and for allowing the creation of Pakistan (despite having publically declared that "before partitioning India, my body will have to be cut into two pieces"<ref>"The life and death of Mahatma Gandhi", on BBC News [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/50664.stm], see section "Independence and partition"</ref>). Savarkar himself was tried for conspiracy in the Gandhi Murder case, as he was the mentor of the assassin Nathuram Godse and an important Hindu Mahasabha leader. However, he was acquitted following lack of any evidence of his involvement. In contemporary times, Marxist academicians like [[Ayesha Jalal]] blame Gandhi and the Congress for being unwilling to share power with Muslims and thus hastening partition. Hindu political activists like [[Pravin Togadia]] and [[Narendra Modi]] have been known to criticize Gandhi's leadership and actions. Gandhi also came under some political fire for his intolerance to those who attempted to achieve independence through more violent means. His refusal to protest against the hanging of [[Bhagat Singh]], [[Sukhdev]], [[Udham Singh]] and [[Rajguru]] were sources of condemnation throughout some parties within India<ref>[http://www.kamat.com/mmgandhi/onbhagatsingh.htm Mahatama Gandhi on Bhagat Singh]</ref><ref>[http://india_resource.tripod.com/gandhi.html Gandhi - 'Mahatma' or Flawed Genius?]</ref>. Economists, such as [[Jagdish Bhagwati]], have [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-150092,curpg-2.cms criticized] Gandhi's ideas of [[swadeshi]].
Gandhi also came under attack for his article, "Zionism and Anti-Semitism". He responded with three articles (see, Homer Jack, ed., ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=XpWO-GoOhVEC&pg=PR13&lpg=PR11&dq=The+Gandhi+Reader:+A+Sourcebook+of+His+Life+and+Writings&sig=mu7B1to2ve7qqIYNmXQMd5jifsY The Gandhi Reader: A Sourcebook of His Life and Writings].'') According to Jack, Gandhi felt a kinship with the Jewish community, but was against the partition of Palestine into two countries (in the same way he was against the division of India into two countries): "Gandhi had some close Jewish friends, especially in South Africa. There three of his closest Western co-workers were of Jewish ancestry...with the rise of Hitler and anti-Semitism in Germany, Gandhi felt compelled to denounce this aspect of racism, which he felt was akin to the kind of religious and racial discrimination he had fought all his life. He did not, however, regard [[Zionism]] as the right answer to the Jewish problem.<ref> Jack, Homer. ''The Gandhi Reader'', p. 317 </ref> In his article, "Zionism and Anti-Semitism," Gandhi writes: "If I were a Jew and were born in Germany and earned my livelihood there, I would claim Germany as my home even as the tallest Gentile German might, and challenge him to shoot me or cast me in the dungeon; I would refuse to be expelled or to submit to discriminating treatment."<ref> Jack, Homer. ''The Gandhi Reader'', p. 319 </ref> Gandhi was criticized for this article and responded in the article "Questions on the Jews, "Friends have sent me two newspaper cuttings criticizing my appeal to the Jews. The two critics suggest that in presenting non-violence to the Jews as a remedy against the wrong done to them, I have suggested nothing new....what I have pleaded for is renunciation of violence of the heart and consequent active exercise of the force generated by the great renunciation."<ref> Jack, Homer. ''The Gandhi Reader'', p. 322 </ref> He discusses this issue further in "Reply to Jewish Friends"<ref> Jack, Homer. ''The Gandhi Reader'', pp.323-4 </ref> and "Jews and Palestine."<ref> Jack, Homer ''The Gandhi Reader'', pp.324-6 </ref>
==Trivia==
*Gandhi's favourite devotional song, ''[[Raghupathi Raghava Rajaram]]'', is often sung in memory of him. <ref>{{cite news | first=| last=| url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/03/stories/2005100311220300.htm| title= Several programmes mark Gandhi Jayanti celebrations in Mysore| publisher=hindu.com| date=| accessdate=2006-11-16}}</ref>
==References==
{{reflist}}
*{{cite book | last = Bondurant | first = Joan V. | title=Conquest of Violence: The Gandhian Philosophy of Conflict | publisher=Princeton UP | year=1988 | id=ISBN 0-691-02281-X}}
* Chernus, Ira. ''American Nonviolence: The History of an Idea'', chapter 7. ISBN 1-57075-547-7
* Chadha, Yogesh. ''Gandhi: A Life.'' ISBN 0-471-35062-1
* {{cite book |
author = Dutta, Krishna and Andrew Robinson |
title = Rabindranath Tagore: An Anthology|
publisher = Picador/Macmillan|
___location = [[London]] |
edition = 1997|
id = ISBN 0-330-34962-7|
}}
* Fischer, Louis. ''The Essential Gandhi: An Anthology of His Writings on His Life, Work, and Ideas.'' ISBN 1-4000-3050-1
*Gandhi, M.K. "Zionism and Antisemitism." ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=XpWO-GoOhVEC&pg=PR13&lpg=PR11&dq=The+Gandhi+Reader:+A+Sourcebook+of+His+Life+and+Writings&sig=mu7B1to2ve7qqIYNmXQMd5jifsY The Gandhi Reader: A Sourcebook of His Life and Writings.]'' Homer Jack (ed.) Grove Press, New York: 1956:317-322.
*---"Questions on the Jews." ''The Gandhi Reader: A Sourcebook of His Life and Writings.'' Homer Jack (ed.) Grove Press, New York: 1956:322-3.
*--- "Reply to Jewish Friends." ''The Gandhi Reader: A Sourcebook of His Life and Writings.'' Homer Jack (ed.) Grove Press, New York: 1956:323-4.
*--- "Jews and Palestine." ''The Gandhi Reader: A Sourcebook of His Life and Writings.'' Homer Jack (ed.) Grove Press, New York: 1956:324-6.
* Gandhi, M.K. ''[[The Story of My Experiments with Truth|An Autobiography: The Story of My Experiments With Truth]]'' (available at [[wikisource:An Autobiography or The Story of my Experiments with Truth|wikisource]]) [http://www.nalanda.nitc.ac.in/resources/english/etext-project/Biography/gandhi/] (1929) ISBN 0-8070-5909-9
* {{cite book
|last = Gandhi
|first = Rajmohan
|title = Patel: A Life
|publisher=Navajivan Publishing House
|year = 1990
|id = ISBN 81-7229-138-8
}}
* Rune, Peter. ''Gandhi: A Photo biography.'' ISBN 0-7148-9279-3
* Sharp, Gene. ''Gandhi as a Political Strategist, with Essays on Ethics and Politics''. Boston: Extending Horizon Books, 1979.
* Sofri, Gianni. ''Gandhi and India: A Century in Focus.'' (1995) ISBN 1-900624-12-5
===Notes===
<!--This article uses the Cite.php citation mechanism. If you would like more information on how to add references to this article, please see http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cite/Cite.php -->
<div class="references-small">
<references/>
</div>
==External links==
* [http://www.rove.com.au/ ''Rove'' Website]
{{sisterlinks|Mahatma Gandhi}}
* [http://www.ten.com.au/ten/rove-cast.html#rove-mcmanus Rove's official biography]
* [http://www.gandhiinstitute.org M.K. Gandhi Institute for Nonviolence]
* [http://www.mahatmaroveonline.orgcom/facts.inhtml TheRove OfficialMcManus Mahatma Gandhi eArchive & Reference Libraryfactoids]
* [http://www.news.com.au/dailytelegraph/story/0,22049,21341510-5006002,00.html Rove to return to TV]
* [http://www.mkgandhi.org mkgandhi.org]
* [http://www.gandhifoundation.org/ The Gandhi Foundation]
* [http://home.snafu.de/mkgandhi Gandhi Information Center]
* [http://www.gandhiserve.org/ GandhiServe Foundation] Mahatma Gandhi Research and Media Service
* [http://www.gandhi-manibhavan.org/ Mani Bhavan Gandhi Sangrahalaya Gandhi Museum & Library]
* [http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/1002.html Obituary, New York Times, January 31, 1948; "The Indian Leader at Home and Abroad"]
* [http://nobelprize.org/peace/articles/gandhi/index.html Why was Gandhi never awarded the Nobel Peace Prize?]
* {{gutenberg author| id=Mahatma+Gandhi | name=Mahatma Gandhi}}
* [http://www.lifestylewiki.com/Singapore/Mahatma_Gandhi_Memorial_Hall Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Hall in Singapore-Singapore Lifestyle Wiki]
* [http://www.mahatma.org.in/downloads/ebooks/ebooks.jsp The Story of My Experiments with Truth] Gandhi auto-bio; free download in English or 6 South-Asian languages
*[http://koenraadelst.bharatvani.org/articles/fascism/gandhihitler.html Mahatma Gandhi's letters to Hitler] by Dr. [[Koenraad Elst]]
* [http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/Gandhi/HeRam_gandhi.html Hey Ram: The Politics of Gandhi's Last Words]
* {{imdb title|title=Gandhi|id=0083987}}
*[http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/specials/parliament/Death%20of%20the%20Mahatma.pdf Speech: Death of Mahatma]
{{IndiaFreedom}}
{{featured article}}
[[new:महात्मा गान्धी]]
{{Persondata
|NAME=Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=Gandhi, Mahatma
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=Political leader
|DATE OF BIRTH=[[October 2]] [[1869]]
|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Porbandar]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]
|DATE OF DEATH=[[January 30]], [[1948]]
|PLACE OF DEATH=[[Birla House]], [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
}}
[[Category:Mahatma Gandhi|*]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Indian National Congress|Gandhi, Mahatma]]
[[Category:Indian civil rights activists|Gandhi, Mahatma]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists|Gandhi, Mahatma]]
[[Category:Indian philosophers|Gandhi, Mahatma]]
[[Category:Indian politicians|Gandhi, Mahatma]]
[[Category:Indian pacifists|Gandhi, Mahatma]]
[[Category:Indian humanitarians|Gandhi, Mahatma]]
[[Category:Indian tax resisters|Gandhi, Mahatma]]
[[Category:Indian anti-war activists|Gandhi, Mahatma]]
[[Category:Indian memoirists|Gandhi, Mahatma]]
[[Category:Indian teetotalers|Gandhi, Mahatma]]
[[Category:Indian vegetarians|Gandhi, Mahatma]]
[[Category:Indian socialists|Gandhi, Mahatma]]
[[Category:Nonviolence|Gandhi, Mahatma]]
[[Category:20th century philosophers|Gandhi, Mahatma]]
[[Category:Assassinated Indian politicians|Gandhi, Mahatma]]
[[Category:Assassinated activists|Gandhi, Mahatma]]
[[Category:Time magazine Persons of the Year|Gandhi, Mohandas]]
[[Category:University College London alumni|Gandhi, Mahatma]]
[[Category:Alumni of the Inns of Court School of Law|Gandhi, Mahatma]]
[[Category:People from Gujarat|Gandhi, Mahatma]]
[[Category:People from Durban|Gandhi, Mahatma]]
[[Category:Indian South Africans|Gandhi, Mahatma]]
[[Category:Ascetics|Gandhi, Mahatma]]
[[Category:Deaths by firearm|Gandhi, Mahatma]]
[[Category:1869 births|Gandhi, Mahatma]]
[[Category:1948 deaths|Gandhi, Mahatma]]
{{Link FA|ar}}
{{Link FA|kn}}
{{Link FA|pt}}
{{Link FA|sr}}
{{Link FA|vi}}
<!--Use Macmanus, ie with an 'a' and a lowercase 'm', to assist category sorting-->
[[af:Mahatma Gandhi]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Macmanus, Rove}}
[[ar:مهاتما غاندي]]
[[astCategory:Mohandas1974 Gandhibirths]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[bg:Махатма Ганди]]
[[Category:Australian comedians]]
[[bn:মহাত্মা গান্ধী]]
[[Category:Australian radio personalities]]
[[br:Mahatma Gandhi]]
[[Category:Australian Roman Catholics]]
[[bs:Mahatma Gandhi]]
[[Category:Australian stand-up comedians]]
[[ca:Mohandas Gandhi]]
[[Category:Australian television personalities]]
[[cs:Móhandás Karamčand Gándhí]]
[[Category:Australian voice actors]]
[[cy:Mahatma Gandhi]]
[[Category:Gold Logie winners]]
[[da:Mahatma Gandhi]]
[[Category:Irish Australians]]
[[de:Mahatma Gandhi]]
[[Category:Network Ten presenters]]
[[el:Μαχάτμα Γκάντι]]
[[Category:People from Perth, Western Australia]]
[[es:Mohandas Gandhi]]
[[eo:Mohandas Karamchand GANDHI]]
[[eu:Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi]]
[[fa:ماهاتما گاندی]]
[[fr:Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi]]
[[ga:Mahatma Gandhi]]
[[gl:Mahatma Gandhi - મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી]]
[[gu:મહાત્મા ગાંધી]]
[[ko:마하트마 간디]]
[[hi:महात्मा गांधी]]
[[hr:Mahatma Gandhi]]
[[io:Mahatma Gandhi]]
[[id:Mahatma Gandhi]]
[[ia:Mahatma Gandhi]]
[[is:Mohandas Gandhi]]
[[it:Mahatma Gandhi]]
[[he:מוהנדס קרמצ'נד גאנדי]]
[[kn:ಮಹಾತ್ಮ ಗಾಂಧಿ]]
[[ka:განდი, მოჰანდას კარამჩანდ]]
[[ku:Mahatma Gandî]]
[[la:Mahatma Gandhi]]
[[lt:Mohandas Gandhi]]
[[hu:Mahatma Gandhi]]
[[ml:മഹാത്മാഗാന്ധി]]
[[mr:महात्मा मोहनदास करमचंद गांधी]]
[[ms:Mahatma Gandhi]]
[[nl:Mahatma Gandhi]]
[[ja:マハトマ・ガンジー]]
[[no:Mahatma Gandhi]]
[[nn:Mahatma Gandhi]]
[[ps:مهاتماګاندهي]]
[[pl:Mahatma Gandhi]]
[[pt:Mahatma Gandhi]]
[[ro:Mahatma Gandhi]]
[[rmy:Mahatma Gandhi]]
[[ru:Ганди, Мохандас Карамчанд]]
[[sa:मोहनदास करमचन्द गान्धी]]
[[sq:Mahatma Gandhi]]
[[scn:Mahatma Gandhi]]
[[simple:Mahatma Gandhi]]
[[sd:مھاتما گانڌي]]
[[sk:Móhandás Karamčand Gándhí]]
[[sl:Mahatma Gandhi]]
[[sr:Махатма Ганди]]
[[fi:Mohandas Gandhi]]
[[sv:Mahatma Gandhi]]
[[tl:Mahatma Gandhi]]
[[ta:மோகன்தாஸ் கரம்சந்த் காந்தி]]
[[te:మహాత్మా గాంధీ]]
[[th:มหาตมะ คานธี]]
[[vi:Mahatma Gandhi]]
[[tpi:Gandi]]
[[tr:Mahatma Gandhi]]
[[uk:Махатма Ганді]]
[[zh:圣雄甘地]]
| 