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{{Short description|Proposed method for teaching foreign languages,}}{{Expand Esperanto}}
The '''Paderborn
The most comprehensive experiment on the Paderborn method was done by Prof. [[Helmar Frank]], of the [[University of Paderborn]]'s Institute of Pedagogic Cybernetics, from which the method gets its name.
==History of the method==
The idea that Esperanto might prove helpful in acquiring foreign languages was posited in a 1922 report to the League of Nations. It was given as a potential reason for children to study Esperanto, but the only study that had been conducted at the time, an experiment in the Girls' Secondary School at Bishop Auckland, was inconclusive.<ref>{{cite book |title=Esperanto as an international auxiliary language |date=1922 |publisher=General secretariat of the League of Nations |pages=51–53 |url=https://commons.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Esperanto_as_an_international_auxiliary_language._Report_of_the_general_Secretariat_of_the_League_of_nations_adopted_by_the_third_Assembly,_1922_(IA_esperantoasinter00leagrich).pdf |access-date=2022-05-12}}</ref>
The educational benefits of Esperanto for children were subsequently studied by researchers at Columbia University,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Eaton |first1=Helen |title=Experiments in language learning |journal=The Modern Language Journal |date=Oct 1934 |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=1–4 |doi=10.2307/315418|jstor=315418 }}</ref> the University of Sheffield,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Halloran |first1=J. H. |title=A four year experiment in Esperanto as an introduction to French |journal=The British Journal of Educational Psychology |date=Sep 1952 |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=200–204 |doi=10.1111/j.2044-8279.1952.tb02826.x}}</ref> and the Egerton Park Country Secondary School.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=Norman |title=A language teaching experiment |journal=The Canadian Modern Language Review |date=Dec 1965 |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=26–28 |doi=10.3138/cmlr.22.1.26 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_canadian-modern-language-review_1965-10_22_1/page/n5/mode/2up |access-date=2022-05-12}}</ref> Many of these experiments' findings were compromised by unclear objectives, brief or anecdotal reporting, and a lack of methodological rigor. However, they consistently suggested that the study of Esperanto provides advantages to primary-age children that the study of natural languages does not.<ref name="springboardtolanguages">{{cite book |last1=Tellier |first1=Angela |title=Esperanto as a starter language for child second-language learners in the primary school |date=2013 |publisher=Esperanto UK |___location=Great Britain |isbn=978-0-902756-35-9 |edition=second}}</ref>{{rp|11–12}}
Under the supervision of [[Helmar Frank]], a professor at the Institute of Cybernetics of Paderborn, two groups of pupils (A and B), both with German as mother tongue, were created in a primary school.<ref name = paderbornFrank>Prof. Dr. Helmar Frank, ''Das Paderborner Experiment zum Sprachenorientierungsunterricht'' in the publication of the Hanns-Seidel Stiftung eV, Verbindungsstelle Brussel/Bruxelles</ref><ref name = paderbornLobin>Günter LOBIN, ''Der propedeutische Wert von Plansprachen für den Fremdsprachenunterricht'', Universität Paderborn, Institut für Kybernetik.</ref> The aim was to prove the propaedeutical value of Esperanto for learning English (and in general, any other foreign language).
▲===Experiment in University of Paderborn===
▲The group A starts to learn English since the 3rd year of study, while the group B in the same year starts to learn Esperanto(160 hours); the group B will start also to learn English after 2 years(5th year of study). Anyway, even if the group B studied English two years less than group A, on 7th year the two groups reach the same level in English, while on the 8th year the level of group B is better than group A.
▲The following table resumes the Paderborn experiment:
{| class="wikitable"
| Year of study
Line 37 ⟶ 23:
|-
| 3
| ENGLISH
| ESPERANTO
Line 43 ⟶ 29:
|-
| 4
| ENGLISH
| ESPERANTO
Line 49 ⟶ 35:
|-
| 5
| ENGLISH
| ENGLISH
Line 55 ⟶ 41:
|-
| 6
| ENGLISH
| ENGLISH
| '''A''' continues to learn English, while '''B''' quickly improves in it
|-
| 7
| ENGLISH
| ENGLISH
Line 67 ⟶ 53:
|-
| 8
| ENGLISH
| ENGLISH
| '''B'''
|}
The study demonstrated
===Experiments at the University of Essex===
Between 2006 and 2011, the Paderborn method was employed in the Springboard to Languages program, which operated at various primary schools in England. Through the program, primary school students studied Esperanto and French. The goal of the program was to boost the students' metalinguistic awareness and improve their attitudes toward language learning.<ref name="springboardtolanguages"></ref>{{rp|23}}
Angela Tellier and Karen Roehr-Brackin used the Springboard to Languages program to evaluate the effectiveness of the Paderborn method. They also performed three similar studies between 2013 and 2017, investigating whether learning Esperanto facilitates the development of children's metalinguistic awareness and language learning aptitude. The results showed that Esperanto was easier to learn than French for the studied children, but did not show a significant difference in the metalinguistic awareness or proficiency in subsequent language learning between students who had studied Esperanto and students who had studied other languages. However, the experiments did consistently show that the students in the Esperanto group had more uniform scores on tests of metalinguistic awareness, suggesting that studying Esperanto has a levelling effect.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tellier |first1=Angela |last2=Roehr-Brackin |first2=Karen |title=Esperanto as a tool in classroom foreign language learning in England |journal=Language Problems and Language Planning |date=2018 |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=89–111 |doi=10.1075/lplp.00013.roe |url=http://repository.essex.ac.uk/24243/ |access-date=2022-05-12}}</ref>
==Mechanism==
{{see also|Psychopedagogy|Esperanto grammar}}
Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain how the Paderborn method works. It is generally accepted that the learning of any language makes the learning of all subsequent languages easier.<ref name="charters">{{cite journal |last1=Charters |first1=Duncan |title=The teaching and learning of Esperanto |journal=Interdisciplinary Description of Complex Systems |date=2015 |volume=13 |issue=2 |page=295 |doi=10.7906/indecs.13.2.7 |url=http://indecs.eu/2015/indecs2015-pp288-298.pdf |access-date=2022-05-01}}</ref> Norman Williams argues that Esperanto provides this benefit to a greater degree than natural languages because of its simplicity and its familiarity to [[English language|English]] speakers, stating that Esperanto is six times easier to learn than [[French language|French]] or [[German language|German]], and that 89% of Esperanto roots are recognizably related to words in English.<ref name="egertonpark">{{cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=Norman |title=A language teaching experiment |journal=Canadian Modern Language Review |date=December 1965 |volume=22 |issue=1 |page=26|doi=10.3138/cmlr.22.1.26 }}</ref>
Helen Eaton argues that some of Esperanto's benefit comes from the vocabulary and grammar that it shares with the target language. Lexical analyses have found that 80% of Esperanto roots are similar to the corresponding [[Latin language|Latin]] root, 20% to the corresponding German,<ref name="eaton27">{{cite journal |last1=Eaton |first1=Helen S. |title=The educational value of an artificial language |journal=The Modern Language Journal |date=November 1927 |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=90,91 |doi=10.2307/314175 |jstor=314175 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/314175|url-access=subscription }}</ref> and 66% to the corresponding [[Italian language|Italian]].<ref name="smideliusz">{{cite book |last1=Smidéliusz |first1=Katalin |title=Analisi comparativa del lessico italiano esperanto ed ungherese a fini didattici |date=1997 |publisher=COEDES |___location=Milano |isbn=88-85872-09-3 |pages=47,48}}</ref> Eaton also notes that Esperanto grammar has [[Agreement (linguistics)|noun-adjective agreement]] and an [[accusative case]], which are also found in the grammars of French, German, and Latin.<ref name="eaton27"></ref>
Angela Tellier argues that a key factor is the positive attitude toward language learning that Esperanto provides students. Experiments consistently suggest that a student of Esperanto can reach proficiency faster than a student of a natural language.<ref name="maxwell">{{cite journal |last1=Maxwell |first1=Dan |title=On the acquisition of Esperanto |journal=Studies in Second Language Acquisition |date=February 1988 |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=59 |doi=10.1017/S0272263100006951 |jstor=44487440 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44487440 |access-date=2022-05-01|url-access=subscription }}</ref> This rapid progress reinforces the student's self-confidence as a language learner<ref name="springboard">{{cite book |last1=Tellier |first1=Angela |title=Esperanto as a starter language for child second-language learners in the primary school |date=2013 |publisher=Esperanto UK |___location=Great Britain |isbn=978-0-902756-35-9 |pages=11,12 |edition=second}}</ref> and their enthusiasm for language learning,<ref name="eaton27"></ref> both of which encourage them to persevere in their future language learning endeavors.
==See also==
{{Portal|education|
*[[Psychopedagogy]]
==References==
<references />
==External links==
*[http://www.nitobe.it/2010/10/orientamento-linguistico-in-esperanto-con-il-metodo-di-paderborn/ Orientamento linguistico in esperanto con il metodo di Paderborn] (in Italian)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080907165016/http://www.europe-citizen.net/documents_symposium/neighbour.html New Educational Instruction-method Guaranteeing Heterogeneity (and) Bilinguism (while) Observing Universal Rules] - Proposal for a pilot-project (language experiment) in the framework of the Socrates-Program.
[[Category:Language-teaching methodology]]
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