Kamayo language and History of Sino-Russian relations: Difference between pages

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{{bilateral|Sino-Russian|Russia|China|footnotes=<small>Note: Territories under the [[Republic of China]] ([[Taiwan]]) is<br>recognised by the Russian Federation as part of the PRC.</small>}}

{{Cleanup|February 2007}}{{Wikify|February 2007}}

A minor dialect spoken in the area of [[Bislig]] City, in the Southern [[Philippines]]. An interesting word in Kamayo is "inday", which means literally "I don't know". This is interesting because, in [[Visayan languages|Visayan]] the same word is a generic term for a female, roughly like "gal" in [[English language|English]]. In Visayan, the translation of the phrase "I don't know" is "Ambot".

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| {{Foreign relations of China}}

| {{Foreign relations of Russia}}

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'''Sino-Russian Relations''' refers to the [[international relations|relations]] between [[China]] and [[Russia]]. Sino-Russian relations trace back to the late [[Ming Dynasty]] and early [[Russian Empire|Tsarist Russia]] in [[History of China|Chinese]] and [[History of Russia|Russian history]], and underwent many changes throughout the centuries, especially during the [[twentieth century]]. The [[People's Republic of China]] and the [[Russia|Russian Federation]] currently maintain exceptionally close and friendly diplomatic relations, strong [[geopolitics|geopolitical]] and [[regional power|regional]] cooperation, and significant levels of [[trade]].

KAMAYO is also a french company which aims to create and deploy [[RichMedia]] services for [[mobile phones]].

Official WebSite : http://www.kamayo.com

== Qing Dynasty and Tzarist Russia ==

===Initial contact in the Far East===

The first diplomatic contact between [[Russian Empire|Russia]] and [[China]] began in the [[1660]]s as a result of conflict over the [[Amur krai]] region, on the left bank of the [[Amur River]]. In [[1689]], two countries signed the [[Treaty of Nerchinsk]], which awarded the territory to China. A border was established to follow the [[Stanovoi Range]] and the [[Argun River, Asia|Argun River]], and some limited trade was conducted, with China as the dominant power.

===Meeting in Central Asia===

{{LumadTribesmall}}

As the Chinese Empire established its control over [[Xinjiang]] in the 18th century, and the Russian Empire expanded into [[Kazakhstan]] in the early and mid-19th century, the two empires' areas of control met in what is today eastern Kazakhstan and Western Xinjiang. The 1851 [[Treaty of Kulja]] legalized trade between the two countries in this region.

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[[Category:Languages of the Philippines]]

===Russian encroachment===

[[es:Kamayo]]

In [[1858]], during the [[Second Opium War]], China grew increasingly weaker as the "[[Sick man of Asia]]", while Russia strengthened, eventually annexing the left bank of the Amur river, including [[Outer Manchuria]] and [[Sakhalin]], in the [[Unequal Treaties|"Unequal" Treaty]] of [[Treaty of Aigun|Aigun]]. By [[1899]], the Chinese [[Boxer Rebellion]] challenged the encroachment by the [[British Empire|British]], [[France|French]], and Russians, which was previously ratified in the [[Convention of Peking]] of [[1860]].

[[fr:Kamayo]]

===Xinhai and October Revolutions===

Both countries saw their monarchies abolished during the second decade of the [[Twentieth Century]], the Qing Dynasty in [[1912]], following the [[Xinhai Revolution]], and the Russian [[Tsar]]ist Dynasty in [[1917]], following the [[February Revolution]].

== Soviet Union, Republic of China, People's Republic of China ==

===Russian Civil War and Mongolia===

During the early days of the Soviet Union, around the time of the [[Russian Civil War]], [[Mongolia]] became a contested territory. After being held by the Chinese [[warlord]] [[Xu Shuzheng]] in [[1919]], and then by the [[White movement|Russian White Guard]] General turned independent warlord, [[Roman Ungern von Sternberg|Ungern von Sternberg]] in [[1920]], [[Red Army|Soviet troops]] with support of [[Mongols|Mongolian]] [[Mongolian People's Revolutionary Army|guerrillas]] led by [[Damdin Sühbaatar]], defeated the White warlord and established a new pro-Soviet Mongolian [[client state]], which by [[1924]] became the [[Mongolian People's Republic]].

===KMT, CPC, and the Chinese Civil War===

In [[1921]], the Soviet Union began supporting the [[Kuomintang]], and in [[1923]], the [[Comintern]] instructed the [[Communist Party of China]] to sign a military treaty with the KMT. But in [[1926]], KMT leader, [[Chiang Kai-shek]] abruptly dismissed his Soviet advisers, and imposed restrictions on CPC participation in the government. By 1927, after the [[Northern Expedition]] was concluded, Chiang purged the CPC from the KMT-CPC alliance, resulting in the [[Chinese Civil War]] which was to last until [[1950]], a few months after the [[People's Republic of China]], led by [[Mao Zedong]], was proclaimed. During the war, some Soviet support was given to the CPC, who in [[1934]] were dealt a crushing blow when the KMT brought an end to the [[Jiangxi Soviet|Chinese Soviet Republic]], beginning the CPC's [[Long March]] from [[Shaanxi]].

===Second Sino-Japanese War and WWII===

In [[1931]], [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] invaded [[Manchuria]] and created the [[puppet state]] of [[Manchukuo]] ([[1932]]), which signalled the beginning of the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]]. In [[1937]], a month after the [[Marco Polo Bridge Incident]], the Soviet Union established a [[non-aggression pact]] with the Republic of China. During the [[World War II]] period, the two countries suffered more losses than any other country, with China (in the [[Second Sino-Japanese war]]) losing over 30 million people and the Soviet Union 20 million.

===Joint-victory over Imperial Japan===

On [[August 8]], [[1945]], three months after [[Nazi Germany]] surrendered, and on the week of the [[United States|American]] [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki]], the Soviet Union launched [[Operation August Storm]], a massive military operation mobilizing 1.5 million soldiers against against one million [[Kantogun|Kwantung Army]] troops, the last remaining [[Imperial Japanese Army|Japanese military]] presence. Soviet forces won a decisive victory while the Kwantung suffered massive casualties, with 700,000 having surrendered. The Soviet Union distributed some of the weapons of the captured Kwantung Army to the CPC, who were still battling the KMT in the Chinese Civil War.

===War of Liberation and the People's Republic of China===

Between [[1946]] and 1950, the CPC was increasingly enjoying massive support from the Chinese people in the "War of Liberation," effectively implementing a [[People's war]], while the KMT became increasingly isolated, only belatedly attempting to stem corruption and introduce popular reforms. On [[October 1]], [[1949]] the People's Republic of China was proclaimed by Mao Zedong, and by May 1950 the Civil War was brought to an end in the [[Battle of Kuningtou]], which saw the KMT expelled from [[Mainland China]] but in control of [[Taiwan]]. With the creation of the People's Republic of China, the supreme political authority in the two countries became centred in two communist parties, both espousing revolutionary, [[Marxism-Leninism|Marxist-Leninist]] ideology: the Communist Party of China and the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]].

===From comradery to the Sino-Soviet Split===

[[Image:ac.maoposter.jpg|thumb|229px|"All people of the world unite, to overthrow ''American imperialism'', to overthrow ''Soviet revisionism'', to overthrow the ''reactionaries'' of all nations!" (Chinese propaganda poster, 1969 &mdash; text in italic corresponds to blackened characters)]]

Thus, in the immediate years after the PRC was proclaimed, the [[Soviet Union]] became its closest ally. Soviet design, equipment and skilled labour was set out to help [[Industrialisation|industrialize]] and [[Modernization|modernize]] the PRC. But the extent of actual support, while not insignificant, fell well below Chinese expectations. In the [[1960s]], relations became deeply strained following the [[Sino-Soviet Split]], culminating in the [[Sino-Soviet border conflict]]. Increasingly, the PRC began to consider the Soviet Union, which it viewed as [[Social-imperialism|Social imperialist]], as the greatest threat it faced, more so than even the leading [[Imperialism|imperialist]] power, the United States. In turn, overtures were made between the PRC and the US, such as in the [[Ping Pong Diplomacy]] and the [[1972 Nixon visit to China]].

===Post-Mao era and stabilizing relations===

In [[1976]], Mao died, and in [[1978]], the [[Gang of Four]] were overthrown by [[Deng Xiaoping]], who was to soon implement pro-market [[Chinese economic reform|economic reform]]. With the PRC no longer espousing the [[anti-revisionist]] notion of the [[antagonistic contradiction]] between classes, relations between the two countries became gradually normalized. In [[1979]], however, the PRC launched the [[Sino-Vietnamese War]], an invasion of [[Vietnam]] (a Soviet ally) in response to Vietnam's [[Cambodian-Vietnamese War|invasion and subsequent occupation]] of [[Cambodia]] which overthrew the Dengist government-backed [[Khmer Rouge]] from power. Even though Soviet leader [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] went on to criticize the post-Maoist CPC when it allowed for PRC millionaires as having lost the [[socialism|socialist]] path, with the dissolution of the Soviet Union in the late [[1980s]] and early [[1990s|90s]], Russia itself turned to [[privatization]].

===Dissolution of the Soviet Union===

But unlike in the PRC, this was a much more extreme, highly unregulated form of privatization which resulted in massive losses to foreign speculators, near-anarchical conditions and economic collapse. Thus, in the post-[[Cold War]] period, while Russia remained vastly more developed (economically and militarily), in a systemic and deep way (''i.e.'' the PRC in 1949 was less industrialized than Russia in 1914), the PRC emerged in a far more favourable and stable financial position. But whereas the severe Russian shortage of capital was new, Chinese economic and military underdevelopment was not. Nor was the PRC's desperate and ever-growing need for mineral resources, especially [[petroleum]] [[fuel]], which Russia holds in abundance in such [[Asia]]tic regions as western [[Siberia]].

== Russian Federation, People's Republic of China ==

===Refound common interests===

After the [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union]], with Russia having been considerably weakened, both countries found common interests and a common free market orientation, and related to these, a common opponent: the [[United States]] as the sole [[superpower]]. In [[1991]], the [[1991 Sino-Russian Border Agreement|Sino-Russian Border Agreement]] was signed apportioning territory that became contested during the Sino-Soviet border conflict.

===Settling the disputes===

{{main|Outer Manchuria}}

In [[2004]], Russia agreed to transfer [[Yinlong Island]] as well as one half of [[Heixiazi Island]] ([[:zh:黑瞎子岛]]) to China, ending a long-standing border dispute between Russia and China. Both islands are found at the confluence of the [[Amur]] and [[Ussuri]] Rivers, and were until then administered by Russia and claimed by China. The event was meant to foster feelings of reconciliation and cooperation between the two countries by their leaders. The transfer has been ratified by both the Chinese [[National People's Congress]] and the Russian [[State Duma]], but has yet to be carried out to date.

===A strategic alliance===

In [[2001]], the close relations between the two countries were formalized with the ''[[Treaty of Good-Neighborliness and Friendly Cooperation Between the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation|Treaty of Good-Neighborliness and Friendly Cooperation]]'', a twenty-year strategic, economic, and controversially, (arguably) an implicit military treaty. A month before the treaty was signed, the two countries joined with junior partners [[Kazakhstan]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Tajikistan]] and [[Uzbekistan]] in the [[Shanghai Cooperation Organization]]. The PRC is currently Russia's largest customer of imports needed to modernize the [[People's Liberation Army]], and the foremost benefactor of the under construction Russian [[Eastern Siberia – Pacific Ocean oil pipeline]].

== See also ==

*[[Chinese people in Russia]]

*[[Foreign relations of the People's Republic of China]]

*[[Foreign relations of Russia]]

*[[Sino-American relations]]

*[[Sino-Japanese relations]]

*[[Japanese-Russian relations]]

*[[Russo-United States relations]]

*[[BRIC]]

*[[Great Power]]

{{China ties}}

[[Category:Foreign relations of the People's Republic of China]]

[[Category:Foreign relations of the Republic of China]]

[[Category:Foreign relations of Russia]]

[[Category:Sino-Soviet relations| ]]

[[de:Russisch-Chinesische Beziehungen]]

[[ru:Российско-китайские отношения]]

[[zh:中俄关系]]