Climate change and Joy Division: Difference between pages

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{{Infobox musical artist

[[Image:Instrumental_Temperature_Record.png|thumb|280px|right|Global mean surface temperatures 1856 to 2005; [[:Image:Global Warming Map.jpg|this map]] shows mean surface temperature anomalies during the period 1995 to 2004 with respect to the average temperatures from 1940 to 1980]]

| Name = [[Image:JoyDivision_logo_.png|200px|Joy Division]]

'''Global warming''' Is Mint![[Historical temperature record|average temperature]] of the [[Earth's atmosphere]] and [[ocean]]s in recent decades.

| Img = Joy_Division.JPG

| Img_capt = Left to right: Stephen Morris, Peter Hook, Ian Curtis, Bernard Sumner

| Background = group_or_band

| Origin = {{flagicon|England}} [[Salford]], [[Greater Manchester]] & [[Macclesfield]], [[Cheshire]], [[England]]

| Genre = [[Post-punk]]

| Years_active = [[1976]]–[[1980]]

| Label = [[Factory Records]]

| Associated_acts = [[New Order]]

| Past_members = [[Ian Curtis]] <small>(deceased)</small><br />[[Peter Hook]]<br />[[Stephen Morris]]<br />[[Bernard Sumner]]

}}

'''Joy Division''' were an [[England|English]] [[rock music|rock]] band that formed in [[1976]] in [[Salford]], [[Greater Manchester]]. With their dark, cavernous sound and use of [[guitar]]s, throbbing [[Bass (musical term) |bass]], and [[electronics]], they pioneered the [[post-punk]] sound of the late [[1970s]]. The band dissolved in May 1980 after the suicide of its lead singer, [[Ian Curtis]]. The remaining members reformed as [[New Order]] and went on to achieve much critical and commercial success.

The average global temperature rose <!-- The following is an approximate 95% confidence interval, please DO NOT replace by 0.4-0.8 -->0.6 ± 0.2&nbsp;°[[Celsius]] (1.1 ± 0.4&nbsp;° [[Fahrenheit]]) over the 20th century, and the [[scientific opinion on climate change]] is that it is likely that "most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is [[Attribution of recent climate change|attributable to human activities]]" [http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/007.htm]. The increased [[volume]]s of [[carbon dioxide]] and other [[greenhouse gas]]es (GHGs) released by the burning of [[fossil fuel]]s, land clearing and [[agriculture]], and other human activities, are the primary sources of the human-induced component of warming.

Though Joy Division found only modest success during their career, and released only two [[studio album]]s, the group have since been acclaimed as one of the most inventive, evocative and influential of their era. Thom Jurek writes, "They left just a small bit of music and an echo that still rings".<ref>http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:zy7ibkh9kakc~T1</ref>

Observational studies and [[General circulation model|climate model]]s indicate that the [[climate sensitivity]] to doubled CO₂ is in the range 1.5-4.5&nbsp;°C (2.7-8.1&nbsp;°F); models referenced by the [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] (IPCC) predict that global temperatures may increase by between 1.4 and 5.8&nbsp;°C (2.5 to 10.5&nbsp;°F) between 1990 and 2100. The range of uncertainty is primarily the result of the difficulty of predicting the volume of future carbon dioxide emissions, but there is also some uncertainty about the climate sensitivity.

==History==

An increase in global temperatures can in turn cause other changes, including a rising [[sea level rise|sea level]] and changes in the amount and pattern of [[precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]]. These changes may increase the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, such as [[flood]]s, [[drought]]s, [[heat wave]]s, [[hurricane]]s and [[tornado]]s. Other consequences include higher or lower [[agricultural]] yields, [[glacier retreat]], reduced summer streamflows, species [[extinction]]s and increases in the ranges of disease [[Vector (biology)|vectors]]. Although warming is expected to affect the number and magnitude of these events, it is difficult to connect particular events to global warming. Although most studies focus on the period up to 2100, warming (and sea level rise due to thermal expansion) is expected to continue past then, since CO₂ has a long average atmospheric lifetime.

===Formation===

<!--Note that citation format for this article is a contentious issue. Please do _not_ blindly update it to a "better" format before reading (and preferably participating in) the discussion on talk. Thanks!-->[http://www.realclimate.org/index.php?p=134].

The famous [[Sex Pistols]] show at the [[Free Trade Hall|Manchester Lesser Free Trade Hall]] on [[July 20]] [[1976]] inspired [[Bernard Sumner]] <ref>also credited as "Bernard Dicken", "Bernard Albrecht", and "Bernard Albrecht-Dicken"</ref> and [[Peter Hook]] to form a band with their friend Terry Mason. Sumner bought a guitar, Hook a bass and Mason a drum kit. They placed an advertisement in a Manchester record store, Virgin Records, for a singer and recruited [[Ian Curtis]]. Curtis, who knew the others from previous gigs, had also attended the Sex Pistols concert, along with his wife, [[Deborah Curtis|Deborah]].

===Warsaw===

There is a small number of [[list of scientists opposing global warming consensus|scientists who contest the view]] that humanity's actions have played a significant role in increasing recent temperatures. However, more significant uncertainties exist regarding how much climate change should be expected in the future, and there is a hotly contested political and public debate over what, if anything, should be done to [[Mitigation of global warming|reduce or reverse future warming]], and how to [[Adaptation to global warming|cope with the consequences]].

Just before their first gig on [[May 29]] [[1977]] supporting [[Buzzcocks]] and [[Penetration (band)|Penetration]] at the Electric Circus, the band renamed themselves Warsaw, even though they appeared on the bill as Stiff Kittens (suggested by Richard Boon and Pete Shelley of the Buzzcocks). Five weeks and half a dozen gigs later, Warsaw replaced Tabac with punk drummer Steve Brotherdale from another band called Panik. On [[July 18]] [[1977]], they recorded five crude punk songs that became ''[[The Warsaw Demo]]''.

After recording the demo, the band fired Brotherdale. Driving home from the studio, they pulled over and asked Brotherdale to check on a "flat tire". When he got out of the car, they sped off. Brotherdale later tried to get Curtis to join Panik, but Curtis rebuffed him. The band put out an advertisement in a music shop window for a replacement drummer and hired respondent [[Stephen Morris]]. The band chose Morris because Curtis recalled him from his school days. Morris had attended the same school two years below Curtis. Unlike the band's previous drummers, Morris clicked well with the other members. His [[metronome]]-like drumming owed more to [[krautrock]] than the aggressive bombast of punk.

The term 'Masterbation' is a specific case of the more general term '[[climate change]]' (which can also refer to cooling, such as occurs during [[Ice age]]s). In principle, 'global warming' is neutral as to the causes, but in common usage, 'global warming' generally implies a human influence. However, the [[UNFCCC]] uses 'climate change' for human-caused change, and 'climate variability' for other changes [http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/518.htm]. Some organizations use the term 'anthropogenic climate change' for human-induced changes.

==Historical=Early warmingwork ofas theJoy EarthDivision===

Warsaw renamed themselves Joy Division in late [[1977]] in order to avoid confusion with the [[London]] punk band Warsaw Pakt. ''Joy Division'' refers to a group of women used as [[Sexual slavery|sex slaves]] in [[Nazi concentration camps]], as depicted in [[Yehiel De-Nur|Ka-tzetnik 135633]]'s [[1955]] novel ''[[The House of Dolls]]''.

{{See also|Temperature record of the past 1000 years}}

[[Image:2000_Year_Temperature_Comparison.png|thumb|280px|right|Two millennia of temperatures according to different reconstructions, each smoothed on a decadal scale. The unsmoothed, annual value for 2004 is also plotted for reference.]]

The band's signature style formed in late 1977. Sessions recorded in December 1977 were a departure from the sound of ''The Warsaw Demo''. The group played their first gig as Joy Division on [[January 25]] [[1978]]. Regular gigs in the north of England throughout early 1978 provided the band with enough material and experience to record a debut album. However, after the studio engineer added [[synthesizer]]s to several tracks, the band scrapped the record. The album leaked as a [[Bootleg recording|bootleg]] in 1982. In 2005, the label released an official version.

Relative to the period 1860&ndash;1900, global temperatures on both land and sea have increased by [[Instrumental temperature record|0.75&nbsp;°C]]. Since 1979, land temperatures have increased about twice as fast as ocean temperatures (0.25&nbsp;°C/decade against 0.13&nbsp;°C/decade (Smith, 2005)). Temperatures in the lower [[troposphere]] have increased between [[Satellite temperature measurements|0.12 and 0.22&nbsp;°C per decade]] since 1979. Over the one or two thousand years before 1850, world temperature is believed to have been relatively stable, with possibly local fluctuations, such as the [[Medieval Warm Period]] or the [[Little Ice Age]].

[[Rob Gretton]] became the band's manager in May 1978. Over the next twenty years, he contributed much to Joy Division and New Order's legacy.

Based on estimates by [[NASA]]'s [[Goddard Institute for Space Studies]], 2005 was the warmest year since reliable, widespread instrumental measurements became available in the late 1800s, exceeding the previous record set in 1998 by a few hundredths of a degree Celsius. Similar estimates prepared by the [[World Meteorological Organization]] and the [[United Kingdom|UK]] [[Climatic Research Unit]] concluded that 2005 was still only the second warmest year, behind 1998 [http://www.realclimate.org/index.php?p=231].

In the summer of 1978, Joy Division debuted on vinyl with a compilation titled ''Short Circuit''. Though listed as a Joy Division composition, the title track came from the band's Warsaw days, recorded live on [[October 2]] [[1977]]. The song was preceded by Bernard Sumner (not Curtis, contrary to some references) shouting "You all forget [[Rudolf Hess]]"<ref>http://www.worldinmotion.net/joydivision/biography/history.htm</ref>. In June 1978, Joy Division released their December 1977 sessions as a 7" [[Extended play|EP]] under the title ''[[An Ideal for Living]]''. They remastered and re-released ''An Ideal for Living'' as a 12" in late 1978.

Depending on the time frame, a number of [[temperature record]]s are available. These are based on different data sets, with different degrees of precision and reliability. An approximately global [[instrumental temperature record]] begins in about 1860; contamination from the [[urban heat island]] effect is believed to be small. A longer-term perspective is available from various proxy records for recent millennia; see [[temperature record of the past 1000 years]] for a discussion of these records and their differences. The [[attribution of recent climate change]] is clearest for the most recent period of the last 50 years, for which the most detailed data are available. [[Satellite temperature measurements]] of the tropospheric temperature date from 1979.

On [[September 20]] [[1978]], they performed on the local TV news show ''[[Granada Reports]]''; then in December 1978, they appeared on the compilation EP ''A Factory Sample'', contributing two tracks recorded a few months earlier. This EP sold out within a couple of months and was the first release to document the haunting and atmospheric sound that Joy Division had been developing since that past summer.

==Causes==

{{main articles|[[Attribution of recent climate change]] and [[Scientific opinion on climate change]]}}

[[Image:Carbon Dioxide 400kyr-2.png|thumb|280px|right|[[Carbon dioxide]] during the last 400,000 years and the rapid rise since the [[Industrial Revolution]]; changes in the Earth's orbit around the Sun, known as [[Milankovitch cycles]], are believed to be the pacemaker of the 100,000 year [[ice age]] cycle.]]

The climate system varies both through natural, "internal" processes as well as in response to variations in external "forcing" from both human and non-human causes, including [[solar activity]], volcanic emissions, and [[greenhouse gas]]es. Climatologists accept that the earth has warmed recently, but the [[attribution of recent climate change|cause or causes of this change]] is more controversial, especially outside the scientific community.

Early 1979 saw the band gain more publicity. Curtis appeared on the front cover of the [[NME|New Musical Express]] and they recorded a radio session in January (aired on [[BBC Radio 1]] on [[February 14]] by [[John Peel]]). On [[March 4]], they supported [[The Cure]] at the [[Marquee Club]], a major venue in London.

Adding [[carbon dioxide]] (CO₂) or [[methane]] (CH₄) to Earth's atmosphere, with no other changes, will make the planet's surface warmer; greenhouse gases create a natural [[greenhouse effect]] without which temperatures on Earth would be an estimated 30&nbsp;°C lower, and the Earth uninhabitable. It is therefore not correct to say that there is a debate between those who "believe in" and "oppose" the theory that adding carbon dioxide or CH<SUB>4</SUB> to the Earth's atmosphere will result in warmer surface temperatures on Earth, absent indirect mitigating effects<!--grammatical connection of the last clause to the rest of the sentence?-->. Rather, the debate is about what the net effect of the addition of carbon dioxide and CH<SUB>4</SUB> will be.

===''Unknown Pleasures''===

Due to the thermal inertia of the earth's oceans and slow responses of other indirect effects, the Earth's current climate is not in equilibrium with the forcing imposed by increased greenhouse gases. [[Climate commitment studies]] indicate that, even if [[greenhouse gas|greenhouse gases]] were stabilised at present day levels, a further warming of perhaps 0.5&nbsp;°C to 1.0&nbsp;°C would still occur.

[[Image:Unknownpleasures.jpg|right|thumb|Joy Division's first album, ''[[Unknown Pleasures]]'']]

In April 1979, the band began recording their debut [[album]] ''[[Unknown Pleasures]]''. The record was bleaker and darker in tone than most of its contemporaries, featuring Hook's bass as the lead melodic instrument, drums treated with [[Reverberation|reverb]], Sumner's jagged guitar style and Curtis's [[baritone]] vocals. Producer [[Martin Hannett]] also contributed significantly to the final sound. Whereas most punk rock bands had been [[Introversion and extroversion|extroverted]] and aggressive, Joy Division were more [[Introversion and extroversion|introverted]] and personal. Despite their insularity, however, their music could be very aggressive, chaotic and at times even violent.

===Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere===

[[Image:Co2-temperature-plot.png|thumb|280px|right|Plots of atmospheric [[Carbon dioxide]] and global temperature during the last 650,000 years]]

The album cover, designed by [[Peter Saville]] based on a graph of 100 consecutive pulses from the [[pulsar]] [[PSR B1919+21|CP 1919]], is regarded as a classic of [[Minimalism|minimalist]] sleeve design{{Fact|date=February 2007}}. The image was found by Sumner in a book of astronomy and represents "the final flashes of a dying star." ''Unknown Pleasures'' was released in June while Joy Division were recording five songs for [[Piccadilly Magic 1152|Piccadilly Radio]].

They performed on Granada TV again in July, made their only nationwide TV appearance in September on [[BBC Two|BBC2]], supported The Buzzcocks in a 24-venue UK tour during October and November, and performed on Peel's show again in December.

Greenhouse gases are transparent to short wave radiation from the sun. However, they absorb some of the longer infra-red radiation from the earth, making it more difficult for the Earth to cool.

Despite the fact that ''Unknown Pleasures'' was selling well and receiving good reviews from the music press, all was not well. Curtis, who suffered from [[epilepsy]], would often have onstage [[Seizure|tonic-clonic seizures]] that resulted in unconsciousness and convulsions, or [[absence seizure]]s that would cause brief trance-like pauses.

The atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide and CH<SUB>4</SUB> have increased by 31% and 149% respectively above pre-industrial levels since 1750. This is considerably higher than at any time during the last 650,000 years, the period for which reliable data has been extracted from [[ice core]]s. From less direct geological evidence it is believed that carbon dioxide values this high were last attained 40 million years ago. About three-quarters of the anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere during the past 20 years is due to [[fossil fuel]] burning. The rest is predominantly due to land-use change, especially [[deforestation]] [http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/006.htm].

===European tour and ''Closer''===

The longest continuous instrumental measurement of carbon dioxide mixing ratios began in 1958 at [[Mauna Loa]]. Since then, the annually averaged value has increased [[monotonic function|monotonic]]ally from 315 [[parts per million|ppmv]] as shown by the [[Keeling Curve]]. The concentration reached 376 ppmv in 2003. South Pole records show similar growth [http://www.cmdl.noaa.gov/info/spo2000.html]. The monthly measurements display small seasonal oscillations.

{{Sound sample box align right|Music samples:}}

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{{Listen

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|description=Sample of "Atmosphere" from ''[[Substance (Joy Division album)|Substance]]''

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{{Listen

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|description=Sample of "24 Hours" from ''[[Closer (Joy Division album)|Closer]]''

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In January 1980, Joy Division set out on a European tour. Several dates were cancelled due to Curtis's deteriorating health.

Methane is produced biologically and released from gas pipelines. Some biological sources are "natural" such as termites and others are attributable to human activity such as agriculture, e.g., rice paddies [http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/134.htm#tab42]. Recent evidence suggests that forests may also be a source ([http://www.realclimate.org/index.php?p=236 RC]; [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4604332.stm BBC]). Note that this is a contribution to the ''natural'' greenhouse effect, and not to the ''anthropogenic'' greenhouse effect ([http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-01/m-gw-011806.php Ealert]).

On February 28, the band played a gig at the Warehouse in Preston. The gig was plagued with sound problems but was later released on Dynamic Records.

Future carbon dioxide levels are expected to continue rising due to ongoing fossil fuel usage, though the actual trajectory will depend on uncertain economic, sociological, technological, and natural developments. The IPCC [[Special report on emissions scenarios]] gives a wide range of future carbon dioxide scenarios [http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/123.htm], ranging from 541 to 970 parts per million by 2100.

With Martin Hannett again producing, the band began recording their second album ''[[Closer (Joy Division album)|Closer]]'' at the end of the European tour in March.

[[Image:FuelcombustionGHGs1990.png|280px|right|thumb|Anthropogenic CO₂ emissions from fuel combustion - contributions to total CO₂ emissions, 1990. Source: UNFCCC]]

Globally, the majority of anthropogenic [[greenhouse gas]] emissions arise from fuel [[combustion]]. The remainder is accounted for largely by "fugitive fuel" (fuel consumed in the production and transport of fuel), emissions from industrial processes (excluding fuel combustion), and agriculture: these contributed 5.8%, 5.2% and 3.3% respectively in 1990. Current figures are broadly comparable.[http://ghg.unfccc.int/index.html] Around 17% of emissions are accounted for by the combustion of fuel for the generation of electricity. A small percentage of emissions come from natural and anthropogenic biological sources, with approximately 6.3% derived from agriculturally produced methane and nitrous oxide.

On [[April 8]], the band played a gig at the [[Derby Hall (Bury)|Derby Hall]] in [[Bury]]. After jamming with support band [[Section 25]], Joy Division's set began with Alan Hempstall of [[Crispy Ambulance]] and Simon Topping of [[A Certain Ratio]] filling in for Curtis who was initially too ill to perform. Curtis did manage to return, but only for a few songs. When the band resumed jamming without their singer, some members of the audience protested, turning the gig into a riot in which Hook, Gretton, and other crew members fought with angry onlookers. (Johnson 1984)

[[Positive feedback]] effects, such as the expected release of possibly as much as 70,000 million [[tonne]]s of [[methane]] from [[permafrost]] [[peat bog]]s in [[Siberia]], which have started melting due to the rising temperatures, may lead to significant additional sources of greenhouse gas emissions. [http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?SectionID=56&ItemID=8482]. Note that anthropogenic emissions of other pollutants - notably sulphate aerosol - exert a cooling effect; this can account for the plateau/cooling seen in the temperature record in the middle of the 20th century [http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/462.htm], though this may also be due to intervening natural cycles.

Following a one-off gig in early May 1980, the band took a two-week rest in anticipation of their scheduled American tour.

===Alternative theories===

Various alternative hypotheses have been proposed to explain the observed increase in global temperatures, including but not limited to:

===Curtis' infidelity===

* The warming is within the range of natural variation.

At the time, Curtis's relationship with his wife Deborah was collapsing because of his infidelity with a Belgian woman, Annik Honoré, whom he had met on tour (no photograph of Honoré had been published until the 2006 book ''Torn Apart: The Life of Ian Curtis'' by Middles & Reade in which Annik gives her first public account of their relationship).

* The warming is a consequence of coming out of a prior cool period &mdash; the [[Little Ice Age]].

* The warming is a result of variances in solar irradiance.

===The End of Joy Division===

At present, these have little support within the climate science community as an explanation for recent warming.

On May 18th, 1980, the evening before Joy Division were to embark on their first [[United States|American]] tour, Curtis returned to his home and convinced his wife, Deborah, to spend the evening at her parents' house. He watched the [[Werner Herzog]] film "[[Stroszek]]", then listened to the [[Iggy Pop]] album "[[The Idiot (album)|The Idiot]]" and wrote a letter to his estranged wife. He then hanged himself in the kitchen using a [[clothesline]]. Deborah found him the following morning.

According to many interviews, the members of Joy Division had made a pact that, should any member leave the group, or perhaps die, the remaining members would abandon the name "Joy Division" and all material associated with it. The remaining members held true to this commitment, and Joy Division was officially disbanded.

====Solar variation theory====

[[Image:Solar-cycle-data.png|thumb|280px|right|20 years of solar output]]

{{main|Solar variation theory}}

===Side project===

Modeling studies reported in the IPCC Third Assessment Report (TAR) did not find that changes in solar forcing were needed in order to explain the climate record for the last 4 or 5 decades. [http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/456.htm]. These studies found that volcanic and solar forcings may account for half of the temperature variations prior to 1950, but the net effect of such natural forcings has been roughly neutral since then [http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/450.htm]. In particular, the change in climate forcing from greenhouse gases since 1750 was estimated to be 8 times larger than the change in forcing due to [[:Image:Solar Activity Proxies.png|increasing solar activity]] over the same period [http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/251.htm#tab611]. Since the TAR, various studies (Lean et al., 2002, Wang et al., 2005) have suggested that changes in irradiance since pre-industrial times are less by a factor of 3-4 than in the reconstructions used in the TAR (e.g. Hoyt and Schatten, 1993, Lean, 2000.). Stott et al. [http://climate.envsci.rutgers.edu/pdf/StottEtAl.pdf] estimated solar forcing to be 16% or 36% of greenhouse warming. In general the level of scientific understanding of the variance in direct solar irradiance is very low [http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/245.htm].

In the summer of 1980, "[[Love Will Tear Us Apart]]" hit number 13 on the British singles chart, their biggest commercial success to date. In July 1980, ''Closer'' was finally released to overwhelmingly positive reviews; it also charted, peaking at number 6 on the British album chart. Sales of ''Unknown Pleasures'' were also robust.

Joy Division did not end in 1980 but its members began touring and recording music under a different name. In June 1980, they entered Graveyard Studios with fellow Factory Act [[Kevin Hewick]] for a session, produced by Martin Hannett. The track was called 'Haystack'. It was not released as a single by Factory, but was later released on a Kevin Hewick compilation.

However, some researchers (e.g. [http://www.dsri.dk/~hsv/SSR_Paper.pdf]) have proposed that feedbacks from clouds or other processes enhance the direct effect of solar variation. Solanki, et al (2004) found that solar activity for the last 60 to 70 years is at its highest level in 8000 years; Muscheler et al. disagree, finding other comparably high levels of activity in the past.[http://www.cgd.ucar.edu/ccr/raimund/publications/Muscheler_et_al_Nature2005.pdf]. Solanki reports that past solar behavior implies that there is only an 8% probability that this current period of high activity can last another 50 years.

Eventually renaming themselves "[[New Order]]," the band was reborn. There is some debate as to whether the new name referred simply to the 'new order' of the band or if it was a reference to [[Nazi]] [[Nazi Germany|Germany]] as was the name Joy Division. Alternating between guitar-drum-bass and electronic styles, the band's music reached and inspired a variety of listeners. [[New Order]] is often cited as one of the leading [[Synthpop]] and [[dance music]] groups of their era, yet their use of traditional rock instruments such as guitars and live drums has reached a level of influence comparable with their landmark electronic works.

==Predicted effects==

{{main|Effects of global warming}}

===Legacy===

The predicted effects of global warming are many and various, both for the [[natural environment|environment]] and for [[civilization|human life]]. These effects include [[sea level rise]], [[Global warming and agriculture|impacts on agriculture]], reductions in the ozone layer, increased intensity and frequency of extreme weather events, and the spread of disease. In some cases, the effects may already be being experienced, although it is impossible to attribute specific natural phenomena to long-term global warming. In particular the relationship between global warming and hurricanes is still being debated. [http://hurricane.atmos.colostate.edu/forecasts/2005/dec2005/] [http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2006/03/reactions-to-tighter-hurricane-intensitysst-link] Four new papers correlating climate change with increased hurricane intensity seem to be making the case that the two phenomena are linked [http://pubs.acs.org/subscribe/journals/esthag-w/2005/oct/policy/pt_curry.html] [http://scienceblogs.com/intersection/2006/03/major_new_paper_on_hurricanes.php]; a draft WMO statement acknowledges the different viewpoints [http://www.bom.gov.au/info/CAS-statement.pdf].

The band, and especially Ian Curtis, has been an inspiration for a number of musicians that include [[Radiohead]], [[Doves]], [[U2]], [[The Smashing Pumpkins]], [[Manic Street Preachers]], [[Trent Reznor]] (who, as [[Nine Inch Nails]], covered "Dead Souls" for the [[soundtrack]] of the movie ''[[The Crow (film)|The Crow]]''), [[Robert Smith (musician)|Robert Smith]] of [[The Cure]], and [[Red Hot Chili Peppers]] guitarist [[John Frusciante]]. The continuing importance of Joy Division was shown at the turn of the millennium when Peel asked his listeners to vote for the all-time Festive 50. At number one was the haunting "Atmosphere", while "Love Will Tear Us Apart" sat at number three. Three more songs from the band sat on the list. The ending solo from "New Dawn Fades", as performed by [[Moby]], was featured in the [[1995]] film ''[[Heat (film)|Heat]]'' as [[Al Pacino]] chases down [[Robert De Niro]]. In [[1999]], a local [[New Jersey]] band named [[Thursday (band)|Thursday]] recorded a song called "[[Ian Curtis]]" that included [[Joy Division]] song titles, such as [[Isolation (Joy Division song)|Isolation]], [[Heart & Soul (Joy Division song)|Heart & Soul]] and [[Twenty Four Hours (Joy Division song)|Twenty Four Hours]], as lyrics.

Much of the history of Joy Division was portrayed in the 2002 [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer|MGM]]/[[United Artists]] released film ''[[24 Hour Party People]]'' which presented a somewhat fictionalised account of the rise and fall of the [[Factory Records]], with whom both Joy Division and New Order were signed. In [[2005]], plans for a movie – ''[[Control: The Ian Curtis Film]]'', directed by [[Anton Corbijn]] – depicting Curtis' life were also revealed. Plans are underway for the group's remaining members to record a [[soundtrack]] for the film under the name Joy Division. Live performances are also being considered. <ref>http://www.neworderonline.com/News/News.aspx?NewsID=1165</ref> "Control" is said to be based on both the Deborah Curtis bio and the new bio "Torn Apart" by Mick Middles and Lindsay Reade.

The extent and likelihood of these consequences is a matter of considerable [[global warming controversy|controversy]]. A summary of possible effects and recent understanding can be found in the report of the [[IPCC]] Working Group II [http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg2/index.htm]. Some scientists believe global warming is already causing death and disease across the world through flooding, environmental destruction, heatwaves and other extreme weather events. (Reuters, February 9, 2006; [http://www.commondreams.org/headlines06/0209-05.htm archived])

Control is slated to premiere at the 2007 Cannes Film Festival. Curtis will be played by 24 Hour Party People star Sam Riley who played Mark E. Smith, while his wife Deborah will be portrayed by Samantha Morton who appeared in Minority Report and Alexandria Maria Lara will play Curtis' mistress Annik Honore. The members of New Order are reportedly quite unhappy with how the movie is being handled, but many of them are still slated to attend the premiere.

===Effects on ecosystems===

Secondary evidence of global warming &mdash; lessened snow cover, rising sea levels, weather changes &mdash; provides examples of consequences of global warming that may influence not only human activities but also the [[ecosystem]]s. Increasing global temperature means that ecosystems may change; some [[species]] may be forced out of their habitats (possibly to extinction) because of changing conditions, while others may flourish.

In 2005, Joy Division were accepted along with [[New Order]] into the [[UK Music Hall of Fame]].

===Impact on glaciers===

[[Image:Glaciermassbalanceglobal.jpg|280px|right|thumb|Global Glacial Mass-Balance in the last forty years, reported to the WGMS and NSIDC. Note the increased negative trend beginning in the late 1980s that is driving the increased rate and number of retreating glaciers.{{ref_harv|Dyurgerov|Dyurgerov|Dyurgerov}}]]

==Equipment==

Global warming has led to negative [[glacier mass balance]], causing [[Retreat of glaciers since 1850|glacier retreat]] around the world. Oerlemans (2005) showed a net decline in 142 of the 144 mountain glaciers with records from 1900 to 1980. Since 1980 global glacier retreat has increased significantly. Similarly, Dyurgerov and Meier (2005) averaged glacier data across large scale regions (e.g. Europe) and found that every region had a net decline from 1960 to 2002, though a few local regions (e.g. Scandinavia) have shown increases. Some glaciers that are in disequilibrium with present climate have already disappeared [http://www.nichols.edu/departments/Glacier/Bill.htm] and increasing temperatures are expected to cause continued retreat in the majority of alpine glaciers around the world. Upwards of 90% of glaciers reported to the World Glacier Monitoring Service have retreated since 1995 [http://www.geo.unizh.ch/wgms/].

Joy Division often experimented with different sounds, especially once in collaboration with [[Martin Hannett]]. Within the band, it is said that Sumner was the driving force behind new instrumental ideas and usage. He, for instance, instigated the use of synthesizers in Joy Division's music. Ironically the band had been unhappy with the 1978 scrapped RCA album recordings because the producer had dared to use synthesizers.

[[Synthesizer]]s were used quite predominantly in the latter part of the band's career, featuring prominently in songs such as "Isolation", "Decades" and "The Eternal" from the ''Closer'' album as well as "Atmosphere" and "Something Must Break". Interestingly, an outtake from the Closer sessions, "As You Said" (sometimes called "Incubation 2") subsequently released on the FAC28 flexi-disk and on the CD box set ''Heart And Soul'', is entirely electronic in its sound, and is one of only two Joy Division songs that doesn't include any vocals (the other track being "Incubation").

Of particular concern is the potential for failure of the [[Hindu Kush]] and [[Himalaya]]n glacial melts. The melt of these glaciers is a large and reliable source of water for [[China]], [[India]], and much of [[Asia]], and these waters form a principal dry-season water source. Increased melting would cause greater flow for several decades, after which "some areas of the most populated region on Earth are likely to 'run out of water'" (T. P. Barnett, J. C. Adam and D. P. Lettenmaier 2005) [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v438/n7066/full/nature04141.html]

Synthesizers at the time were notoriously prone to overheating and going out of tune - Joy Division's ARP String Machine and Powertran Transcendent were no exceptions - as the synthesizer on the live version of "Decades" featured on "Still" testifies. Another problem with using a synthesizer live was that Sumner, the group's lead guitarist, was obviously not able to play both synthesizer and guitar at the same time. For this reason, Ian Curtis took over basic guitar duties on some live tracks. "I Remember Nothing", "Heart and Soul", "Atmosphere", "Love Will Tear Us Apart" and "Incubation" all featured Curtis playing the electric guitar live, although it is unlikely that Curtis played guitar on studio recordings. The increasing use of the synthesizer towards the latter part of Joy Division's existence supports a possible theory that Joy Division may well have taken the electronic based direction that New Order were to take had Curtis not died. In a 2005 [[Q (magazine)|Q magazine]] article, the members of New Order confirmed this was the case, and that if Curtis had still been alive they would have charted the same path, French disco diversions and all.

===Destabilisation of ocean currents===

<!-- take summary from ref above which has had the removed "cooling trigger" section merged into it-->

There is also some speculation that global warming could, via a shutdown or slowdown of the thermohaline circulation, trigger localised cooling in the North Atlantic and lead to cooling, or lesser warming, in that region. This would affect in particular areas like [[Scandinavia]] and [[United Kingdom|Britain]] that are warmed by the [[North Atlantic drift]].

Footage exists of Curtis playing Sumner's Shergold Custom Masquerader and also [[VOX Phantom]] guitar/organ and VOX Teardrop guitars, which were apparently cheap at the time. Although not a skilled guitarist, Curtis' playing enhanced the band's sound at live gigs. Sumner, as previously mentioned, was the group's lead guitarist and used two or more different models with Joy Division; the mentioned Shergold Custom Masquerader and a [[Gibson SG]] Standard were two he is definitely known to have used.

See also: [[Shutdown of thermohaline circulation]]

Peter Hook chose to play his bass guitar more like a lead guitar on many tracks. This enabled songs to have more dominant bass riffs to complement the other instruments. Hook started to use a Shergold Marathon six stringed bass guitar on the "Closer" album, which allowed for higher notes to be played on the bass. He continued to use the Marathon with New Order, as well as a conventional Yamaha BB1200 four-stringed bass. His original bass, a [[Rickenbacker]] copy was destroyed after an altercation during a gig in Manchester in September 1979. Hook also performed backing vocals for the group and was the 'other voice' on the song "Interzone". On the tracks "Atrocity Exhibition" and "Sound Of Music", Hook and Sumner swapped instruments so that Hook was playing electric guitar and Sumner bass guitar.

===Environmental refugees===

[[Image:Glacial lakes, Bhutan.jpg|thumb|right|The termini of the glaciers in the [[Bhutan]]-[[Himalaya]]. Glacial lakes have been rapidly forming on the surface of the debris-covered glaciers in this region during the last few decades. According to [[USGS]] researchers, glaciers in the Himalaya are wasting at alarming and accelerating rates, as indicated by comparisons of satellite and historic data, and as shown by the widespread, rapid growth of lakes on the glacier surfaces. The researchers have found a strong correlation between increasing temperatures and glacier retreat.]]

The [[melodica]] was another instrument used by Joy Division during a select few recording sessions: briefly on "Decades" and quite predominantly on "In a Lonely Place", which only exists as a rehearsal recording (this recording can be heard in the "Heart and Soul" box set). New Order used the melodica a number of times and were said to have "inherited" it from Curtis, who purchased one after hearing it used by dub-reggae artist [[Augustus Pablo]]. Sumner apparently didn't look after the original very well and was seen to smash it to bits over the back of his head during a New Order gig at the 'Talbot Tabernacle' in [[London]] shortly after the release of their first album ''Movement''.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}

Even a relatively small rise in sea level would make some densely settled coastal plains uninhabitable and create a significant [[refugee]] problem. If the sea level were to rise in excess of 4&nbsp;metres almost every coastal city in the world would be severely affected, with the potential for major impacts on world-wide trade and economy. Presently, the IPCC predicts [[sea level rise]] of less than 1&nbsp;meter through 2100, but they also warn that global warming during that time may lead to irreversible changes in the Earth's glacial system and ultimately melt enough ice to raise sea level many meters over the next millennia. It is estimated that around 200 million people could be affected by sea level rise, especially in [[Vietnam]], [[Bangladesh]], [[China]], [[India]], [[Thailand]], [[Philippines]], [[Indonesia]] and [[Egypt]].

Morris used an expansive drum kit to allow a great ranges of rolls, rhythm shifts and beats. Morris seemed to be the most physically active band member behind Curtis, especially on tracks such as "She's Lost Control" and "Transmission" where the insistent beat fuelled Curtis' gyrations. Morris also used Simmons and Synare electronic drumpads and a [[BOSS]] DR-55 [[drum machine]] on some songs ("Insight", "She's Lost Control", "Isolation", "Decades") in combination with conventional drums to broaden the tonal palette.

An example of the ambiguous nature of environmental refugees is the emigration from the island nation of [[Tuvalu]], which has an average elevation of approximately one meter above sea level. Tuvalu already has an ad hoc agreement with [[New Zealand]] to allow phased relocation [http://www.guardian.co.uk/climatechange/story/0,12374,1063181,00.html] and many residents have been leaving the islands. However, it is far from clear that rising sea levels from global warming are a substantial factor - best estimates are that sea level has been rising there at approximately 1-2 mm/yr, but that shorter timescale factors - [[ENSO]], or [[tide]]s - have far larger temporary effects [http://www.nature.com/news/2006/060403/pdf/440734a.pdf] [http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg2/681.htm] [http://www.journals.royalsoc.ac.uk/app/home/contribution.asp?wasp=070d8d54cad94ca9a10ec2069c7bd079&referrer=parent&backto=issue,14,14;journal,43,114;linkingpublicationresults,1:102022,1] [http://www.actionbioscience.org/environment/chanton.html]

===SpreadLive of disease=performances==

<!-- Image with unknown copyright status removed: [[Image:Jdparis.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Joy Division on stage in Paris]] -->The usual scene at a Joy Division gig was Curtis in the middle at the front, with Sumner to his right and Hook to left, and Morris and his drum kit behind him. The band usually played with little light, probably because of Curtis's epilepsy, which sometimes inhibited his performances. Curtis usually held onto the microphone stand for most of a song, only leaving it to dance. He sometimes walked off stage after he had finished his vocals, leaving the rest of the band to finish the song without him.

Global warming may extend the range of vectors conveying [[infectious disease]]s such as [[malaria]]. [[Bluetongue disease]] in [[domesticated]] [[ruminants]] associated with [[mite]] bites has recently spread to the north [[Mediterranean]] region. [[Hantavirus]] infection, [[Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever]], [[tularemia]] and [[rabies]] increased in wide areas of [[Russia]] during 2004–2005. This was associated with a population explosion of [[rodents]] and their [[predator]]s but may be partially blamed on breakdowns in governmental [[vaccination]] and rodent control programs.[http://www.promedmail.org/pls/promed/f?p=2400:1001:11691307049244640380::NO::F2400_P1001_BACK_PAGE,F2400_P1001_PUB_MAIL_ID:1010,30306] Similarly, despite the disappearance of malaria in most temperate regions, the indigenous [[mosquito]]es that transmitted it were never eliminated and remain common in some areas. Thus, although temperature is important in the transmission dynamics of malaria, many other factors are influential [http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol6no1/reiter.htm].

Also, Curtis very rarely spoke to the audience at gigs apart from the occasional "thank you" at the end of a song. At the Preston Warehouse gig in 1980, Curtis was unusually talkative (in order to keep the audience informed of the equipment failure the band suffered partway through the set). This gig has since been issued on a CD which culminates in a version of "She's Lost Control" despite the equipment failures.

===Financial effects===

Financial institutions, including the world's two largest insurance companies, [[Munich Re]] and [[Swiss Re]], warned in a 2002 study ([http://www.unepfi.org/fileadmin/documents/CEO_briefing_climate_change_2002_en.pdf UNEP summary]) that "the increasing frequency of severe climatic events, coupled with social trends" could cost almost 150 billion US dollars each year in the next decade. These costs would, through increased costs related to insurance and disaster relief, burden customers, tax payers, and industry alike.

==Accusations of neo-Nazism==

According to the [http://www.abi.org.uk/Display/File/Child/552/Financial_Risks_of_Climate_Change.pdf Association of British Insurers], limiting carbon emissions could avoid 80% of the projected additional annual cost of tropical cyclones by the 2080s. According to Choi and Fisher (2003) each 1% increase in annual precipitation could enlarge catastrophe loss by as much as 2.8%.

The band's name reflected a desire to challenge taboos, and this choice, along with Sumner's adoption of the surname ''Albrecht'', garnered the band criticism for their perceived insensitivity. Accusations of [[neo-Nazism]], a charge the group denied, dogged them for the remainder of the band's career. These accusations resurfaced after Joy Division broke up and reformed as [[New Order]], a name sometimes interpreted as a reference to [[Adolf Hitler]]'s speeches promising "the new order of the [[Nazi Germany|Third Reich]]", although the band have stated they got the name from a newspaper article on the new society the [[Khmer Rouge]] had envisaged for [[Cambodia]].

==Members==

The United Nations' Environmental Program recently announced that severe weather around the world has made 2005 the most costly year on record [http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/dec2005/2005-12-07-01.asp], although ''there is no way to prove that [a given hurricane] either was, or was not, affected by global warming'' [http://www.realclimate.org/index.php?p=181]. Preliminary estimates presented by the German insurance foundation [[Munich Re]] put the economic losses at more than 200 billion U.S. dollars, with insured losses running at more than 70 billion U.S. dollars.

===Main Members===

*[[Ian Curtis]] − vocals, guitar

*[[Bernard Sumner]] a.k.a. Bernard Albrecht a.k.a. Bernard Dicken − guitar, keyboards

*[[Peter Hook]] − bass

*[[Stephen Morris]] − drums

===BiomassOther productionMembers===

*Terry Mason − drums (mid-1976 to May 1977)

The creation of [[biomass]] by plants is influenced by the availability of water, [[nutrient]]s, and carbon dioxide. Part of this biomass is used (directly or indirectly) as the energy source for nearly all other life forms, including feed-stock for domestic animals, and fruits and grains for human consumption. It also includes timber for construction purposes.

*Tony Tabac − drums (May to June 1977)

*Steve Brotherdale − drums (June to August 1977)

==Discography==

A rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide can increase the efficiency of the

===Albums===

[[metabolism]] of most plants, potentially allowing them to create more biomass. A rising temperature can also increase the growing season in colder regions. It is sometimes argued that these effects can create a greener, richer planet, with more available biomass. However, there are many other factors involved, and it is currently unclear if plants benefiting from global warming is a realistic scenario. Plant growth can be limited by a number of factors, including soil fertility, water, temperature, and carbon dioxide concentration.

<gallery>

Image:Unknownpleasures.jpg|<center>'''''[[Unknown Pleasures]]'''''<br />(Factory - 1979) UK #71</center>

Image:JoyDivisionCloseralbumcover.jpg|<center>'''''[[Closer (Joy Division album)|Closer]]'''''<br />(Factory - 1980) UK #6</center>

Image:Joydivisionstill.jpg|<center>'''''[[Still (Joy Division album)|Still]]'''''<br />(Factory - 1981) UK #5</center>

Image:Joy Division-Substance (album cover).jpg|<center>'''''[[Substance (Joy Division album)|Substance]]'''''<br />(Factory - 1988) UK #7</center>

</gallery>

*''[[The Peel Sessions (Joy Division album)|The Peel Sessions]]'' (LP, Strange Fruit SFRLP 211, 1986, 1987)

IPCC models currently predict a possible modest increase in plant productivity; however there are several negative impacts: decreases in productivity may occur at above-optimal temperatures; greater variation in temperature is likely to decrease wheat yields; in experiments, [[grain]] and [[forage]] quality declines if CO2 and higher temperature are increased; and the reductions in soil moisture in summer, which are likely to occur, would have a negative impact on productivity.<!--Note that there is significant uncertainty in some of the predictions - different predictions rated at low, medium or high confidence. --Singkong2005 -->[http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg2/197.htm]

**''[[The Complete BBC Recordings]]'' (CD, Strange Fruit, 2000) &mdash; Peel Sessions, ''Something Else'' appearance, interview

*''[[Permanent (album)|Permanent]]'' (compilation, 1995) UK #16

*''[[Heart and Soul (album)|Heart & Soul]]'' (4 CD complete works, 1997)

*''[[Preston Warehouse]] 28&nbsp;February 1980'' (live)

*''[[Les Bains Douches]] 18&nbsp;December 1979'' (live)

*''[[The Warsaw Demo|Warsaw]]'' (Very early recordings, released in 1994)

*''Fractured Box Set'' (Preston and Les Bains Douche live albums in special packaging)

*''Re - Fractured Box Set'' (Preston and Les Bains Douche live albums together with a third disc containing recordings from a concert in Amsterdam. Also contains simple poster and a T-shirt sporting the word 'Refractured' all contained in a special box. Released in 2004 in limited numbers)

===Singles and EPs===

Satellite data shows that the productivity of the northern hemisphere

* ''[[An Ideal for Living]]'' (UK, 1978)

has indeed increased from 1982 to 1991

* "[[Transmission (song)|Transmission]]" (UK, 1979)

[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v386/n6626/abs/386698a0.html].

* ''[[Licht und Blindheit]]'' (France, 1980)

However, more recent studies

* "[[Komakino]]" (UK, 1980)

[http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/102/31/10823],[http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/102/38/13521]

* "[[Love Will Tear Us Apart]]" (UK, 1980)

found that from 1991 to 2002, wide-spread droughts had actually caused

* "[[Atmosphere/She's Lost Control]]" (UK/US, 1980)

a decrease in summer photosynthesis in the mid and high latitudes of

* ''The First Peel Session'' (UK, 1986)

the northern hemisphere.

* ''The Second Peel Session'' (UK, 1987)

* "Atmosphere" (UK, 1988)

* "Love Will Tear Us Apart" (UK, 1995)

===Video===

[[Image:Arctic Ice Thickness.png|right|thumb|[[NOAA]] projects that by the 2050s, there will only be 54% of the volume of sea ice there was in the 1950s.]]

*''Here Are the Young Men''

*''Joy Division: Under Review'' Region 2 DVD only available Oct.31 2006

===Compilation appearances===

===Opening up of the Northwest Passage in summer===

*''Short Circuit: Live at the Electric Circus'' (10" LP, Virgin VCL 5003, June 1978) &mdash; "At a Later Date"

Melting [[Arctic]] ice may open the [[Northwest Passage]] in summer in approximately ten years, which would cut 5,000&nbsp;[[nautical mile]]s from shipping routes between Europe and Asia. This would be of particular relevance for supertankers which are too big to fit through the [[Panama Canal]] and currently have to go around the tip of South America. According to the Canadian Ice Service, the amount of ice in Canada's eastern Arctic Archipelago decreased by 15% between 1969 and 2004 [http://www.washingtontimes.com/specialreport/20050612-123835-3711r.htm][[http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn1978.html].

*''A Factory Sample'' (2×7", Factory FAC 2, January 1979) &mdash; "Digital," "Glass"

*''Earcom 2: Contradiction'' (12"EP, Fast Product FAST 9B, October 1979) &mdash; "Autosuggestion," "From Safety to Where...?"

There are also a tremendous number of bootleg recordings, both live and studio.<ref>[http://www.gerpotze.com/joydivision/hatym.htm]</ref>

Negative impacts of the melting of ice include a potential increase in the rate of global warming, as that ice reflects more sunlight than the open water which is replacing it. There are also [[ecology|ecological]] effects of melting polar ice: for example, [[polar bear]]s use sea ice to reach their prey, and swim to another [[ice floe]] when one breaks up. Ice is now becoming further separated, and dead polar bears are being found in the water, believed to have drowned.[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2087-1938132,00.html] <!--I was going to add "If [[north pole|north polar]] ice disappears in summer, there are fears that they could even become extinct in the wild." - however, I can't recall where I read this, and I'm not sure that some wouldn't survive on land. --Singkong2005 --> More recently, observed cannibalistic behavior in Polar Bears has been suggested by some scientists to be the result of food shortages brought on by global warming (Amstrup et al. 2006).

==ResponsesTrivia==

*"No Love Lost", an early Joy Division/Warsaw track, contains a lyrical reference to [[Yehiel De-Nur|Ka-Tzetnik 135633]]'s 1955 book ''[[The House of Dolls]]'':

{{main2|Mitigation of global warming|adaptation to global warming}}

:"...Through the wire screen, the eyes of those standing outside looked in at her as into the cage of some rare creature in a zoo.

:In the hand of one of the assistants she saw the same instrument which they had that morning inserted deep into her body.

The threat of possible global warming has led to attempts to mitigate global warming, which covers all actions aimed at reducing the negative effects or the likelihood of global warming.

:She shuddered instinctively.

:No life at all in the house of dolls.

There are four categories of actions that can be taken to mitigate global warming:

:No love lost..."

* The name change to ''Warsaw'' was purportedly inspired by the [[David Bowie]] track ''Warszawa'', found on his 1977 album ''[[Low (album)|Low]]''.

# Reduction of energy use (conservation)

* When the band recorded ''Closer'', Curtis was given a copy of the album on cassette, although he didn't have a cassette player to play it on.

# Shifting from carbon-based fossil fuels to alternative energy sources

* The first song the band recorded with Hannett as producer was "Digital". This was also the last song they ever performed live before Curtis' death.

# Carbon capture and storage

* [[Squarepusher]] did a cover of 'Love Will Tear Us Apart', it is released on the [[Warp Records]] label ('[[Do You Know Squarepusher]]' LP)

# Carbon sequestration

* Sometime after [[Richey James Edwards|Richey Edwards]], the troubled guitarist and lyricist of Welsh rockers Manic Street Preachers disappeared without a trace in 1995, Peter Hook met with the Manic Street Preachers and due to the many comparisons between Richey and Ian Curtis, Peter said upon meeting the other band "I'm sorry to hear about Richey...at least we had a body."<ref>''Everything: A Book About Manic Street Preachers'' (1999) by Simon Price</ref>

*The song [[Love Will Tear Us Apart]] featured in a scene in the 2001 film ''[[Donnie Darko]]'' (Donnie has to leave his girlfriend to save her), the film about the Manchester music scene, [[24 Hour Party People]], the film [[Series 7: The Contenders]], and the [[Doctor Who]] episode [[School Reunion (Doctor Who)|School Reunion]].

Strategies for mitigation of global warming include [[Future energy development|development of new technologies]], [[wind power]], [[nuclear power]], [[solar power]], [[renewable energy]], [[biodiesel]], [[electric car|electric]] or [[hybrid vehicle|hybrid automobiles]], [[fuel cell]]s, [[energy conservation]], [[carbon tax]]es, [[carbon dioxide sinks|enhancing natural carbon dioxide sinks]], and [[carbon capture and storage]]. Some environmentalist groups encourage [[individual action against global warming]], often aimed at the consumer, and there has been [[business action on climate change]].

*The song "Atrocity Exhibition", from the album ''Closer'', shares its title with the novel ''[[The Atrocity Exhibition]]'' by [[J. G. Ballard]].

*The song "I.C. Water", by [[Psychic TV]], is a song about Ian Curtis. [[Genesis P-Orridge]] of Psychic TV and Ian Curtis were friends.

The world's primary international agreement on combating climate change is the [[Kyoto Protocol]]. The Kyoto Protocol is an amendment to the [[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change|United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)]]. Countries that ratify this [[protocol (treaty)|protocol]] commit to reduce their emissions of carbon dioxide and five other greenhouse gases, or engage in [[emissions trading]] if they maintain or increase emissions of these gases.

*The Song "[[Ryan Giggs|Giggs will tear you apart]]" is often heard at [[Old Trafford (football)|Old Trafford]]. It has been said that Ian Curtis was a [[Manchester City|City ]] fan, although he often used to wear a United scarf.

*[[Davey Havok]] and [[Jade Puget]] of American Rock band [[AFI]] have tattoos of the lyrics "Love Will Tear Us Apart"

Although the combination of scientific consensus and economic incentives were enough to persuade the [[List of Kyoto Protocol signatories|governments of more than 150 countries]] to ratify the Kyoto Protocol (notably excluding the US and Australia), there is a continuing debate about just how much greenhouse gas emissions warm the planet. Some politicians, including President of the United States [[George W. Bush]] [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/07/06/AR2005070602298.html], Prime Minister of Australia [[John Howard]] [http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,5744,17747938%255E30417,00.html] and some public intellectuals such as [[Bjørn Lomborg]] [http://www.newsweekly.com.au/articles/2001dec01_lomborg.html] and [[Ronald Bailey]] [http://reason.com/rb/rb061301.shtml] have argued the cost of [[mitigation of global warming|mitigating global warming]] is too large to be justified.

*The record label [[Three One G]] got their name from the Warsaw chorus.

*Their song Shadowplay was covered by the Killers at the Nme awards 2007. <ref>http://www.nme.com/news/nme-awards/26758</ref>

However, some segments of the business community have accepted both the reality of global warming and its attribution to anthropogenic causes, as well as the need for actions such as [[carbon emissions trading]] and carbon taxes.

*On 3rd of April, a pair of Joy Division [[New Balance]] sneakers where showcased in Manchester. <ref>http://www.newbalance-blog.com/2007/04/03/joy-division-custom-nb/</ref>

*Fall Out Boy did a cover of "Love will tear us apart" on 'My Heart will Always be the B-side to my Tounge'

[[Adaptation to global warming|Adaptation strategies]] accept some warming as a foregone conclusion and focus on preventing or reducing undesirable consequences. Examples of such strategies include defense against rising sea levels or ensuring [[food security]].

==Climate models==

[[Image:Global Warming Predictions.png|thumb|280px|Calculations of global warming from a range of [[climate model]]s under the [[SRES]] A2 emissions scenario, which assumes no action is taken to reduce emissions.]]

[[Image:Global Warming Predictions Map.jpg|thumb|280px|The distribution of warming (with an average of 3.0&nbsp;°C) during the 21^st century calculated by the [[HadCM3]] climate model if a business as usual scenario is assumed for economic growth and greenhouse gas emissions.]]

{{main|General circulation model}}

Scientists have studied this issue with computer models of the climate (see below). These models are accepted by the scientific community as being valid only after it has been shown that they do a good job of simulating known climate variations, such as the difference between summer and winter, the [[North Atlantic Oscillation]], or [[El Niño]]. All climate models that pass these tests also predict that the net effect of adding greenhouse gases will be a warmer climate in the future. The amount of predicted warming varies by model; one of the most important sources of this uncertainty in [[climate sensitivity]] is believed to be different ways of handling clouds.

As noted above, climate models have been used by the IPCC to anticipate a warming of 1.4&nbsp;°C to 5.8&nbsp;°C between 1990 and 2100 [http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/339.htm]. They have also been used to help investigate the [[Attribution of recent climate change|causes of recent climate change]] by comparing the observed changes to those that the models predict from various natural and human derived forcing factors.

The most recent climate models can produce a good match to observations of global temperature changes over the last century. These models do not unambiguously attribute the warming that occurred from approximately 1910 to 1945 to either natural variation or human effects; however, they suggest that the warming since 1975 is dominated by man-made [[greenhouse gas]] emissions. Adding simulation of the [[carbon cycle]] to the models generally shows a positive feedback, though this response is uncertain (under the A2 [[SRES]] scenario, responses vary between an extra 20 and 200 ppm of CO2). Some observational studies also show a positive feedback [http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2006/2005GL025540.shtml].

Another suggested mechanism whereby a warming trend may be amplified involves the thawing of [[tundra]], which can release the potent greenhouse gas, methane, that is trapped in large quantities in [[permafrost]] and ice [[clathrate compound]]s [http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=mg18725124.500].

Uncertainties in the representation of clouds are a dominant source of uncertainty in existing models, despite clear progress in modeling of clouds [http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/271.htm]. There is also an ongoing discussion as to whether climate models are neglecting important indirect and feedback effects of [[solar variability]]. Further, all such models are limited by available computational power, so that they may overlook changes related to small scale processes and weather (e.g. storm systems, hurricanes). However, despite these and other limitations, the [[IPCC]] considered climate models "to be suitable tools to provide useful projections of future climates" [http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/309.htm].

In December, 2005 Bellouin et al suggested in Nature that the reflectivity effect of airborne pollutants was about double that previously expected, and that therefore some global warming was being masked. If supported by further studies, this would imply that existing models underpredict future global warming. [http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-12/23/content_505942.htm]

==Other related issues==

===Relationship to ozone depletion===

{{main|Ozone depletion}}

Although they are often interlinked in the [[mass media]], the connection between global warming and [[ozone depletion]] is not strong. There are four areas of linkage:

* Global warming from carbon dioxide radiative forcing is expected (perhaps somewhat surprisingly) to ''cool'' the [[stratosphere]]. This, in turn, would lead to a relative ''increase'' in [[ozone]] depletion and the frequency of ozone holes.

[[Image:IPCC_Radiative_Forcings.gif|thumb|280px|right|[[Radiative forcing]] from various [[greenhouse gas]]es and other sources]]

* Conversely, ozone depletion represents a radiative forcing of the climate system. There are two opposed effects: reduced ozone allows more solar radiation to penetrate, thus warming the [[troposphere]]. But a colder stratosphere emits less long-wave radiation, tending to cool the troposphere. Overall, the cooling dominates: the IPCC concludes that ''observed stratospheric [[Ozone|O₃]] losses over the past two decades have caused a negative forcing of the surface-troposphere system'' [http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/223.htm] of about &minus;0.15&nbsp;± 0.10&nbsp;W/m² [http://www.ipcc.ch/press/SPM.pdf].

* One of the strongest predictions of the greenhouse effect theory is that the [[stratosphere]] will cool. However, although this is observed, it is difficult to use it as an [[attribution of recent climate change]] since similar cooling is caused by ozone depletion.

* Ozone depleting chemicals are also greenhouse gases, representing 0.34&nbsp;±0.03&nbsp;W/m², or about 14% of the total radiative forcing from well-mixed greenhouse gases [http://www.ipcc.ch/press/SPM.pdf].

===Relationship to global dimming===

{{main|Global dimming}}

Some scientists now consider that the effects of [[global dimming]] (the reduction in sunlight reaching the surface of the planet, possibly due to aerosols) may have masked some of the effect of global warming. If this is so, the indirect aerosol effect is stronger than previously believed, which would imply that the climate sensitivity to greenhouse gases is also stronger. Concerns about the effect of aerosol on the global climate were first researched as part of concerns over [[global cooling]] in the 1970s.

===Pre-human global warming===

It is thought by some geologists that the Earth experienced global warming in the early [[Jurassic]] period, with average temperatures rising by 5&nbsp;°C. Research by the [[Open University]] published in ''Geology'' (32: 157&ndash;160, 2004 [http://www3.open.ac.uk/earth-sciences/downloads/Press%20Release.pdf]) indicates that this caused the rate of rock weathering to increase by 400%. Rock weathering locks away carbon in [[calcite]] and [[dolomite]], which are minerals with various degrees of carbon oxides. As a result of this, carbon dioxide levels dropped back to normal over roughly the next 150,000 years.

Sudden release of methane from clathrate compounds (the [[Clathrate Gun Hypothesis]]), has been hypothesized as a cause of past global warming. Two events possibly linked in this way are the [[Permian-Triassic extinction event]] and the [[Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum]]. However, warming at the end of the last ice age is thought not to be due to methane release [http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/inqu/finalprogram/abstract_55405.htm].

The greenhouse effect has also been invoked to explain how the Earth made it out of the [[Snowball Earth]] period. During this period all silicate rocks were covered by ice, thereby preventing them from combining with atmospheric carbon dioxide. The atmospheric carbon dioxide level gradually increased until it reached about 350 times current levels. At this point temperatures were raised to an average of 50&nbsp;°C, hot enough to melt the ice. Increased amounts of rainfall would quickly wash the carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere. Thick layers of [[abiotic]] carbonate sediment which can be found on top of the glacial rocks from this period are believed to have been formed by this rapid carbon dioxide removal process.

Using [[paleoclimatology|paleoclimate]] data for the last 500 million years (Veizer et al. 2000, Nature 408, pp. 698-701) concluded that long-term temperature variations are only weakly coupled to carbon dioxide variations. Shaviv and Veizer (2003, [http://www.envirotruth.org/docs/Veizer-Shaviv.pdf]) extended this by arguing that the biggest long-term influence on temperature is actually the [[solar system]]'s motion around the [[Milky Way Galaxy|galaxy]]. Afterwards, they argued that over geologic time a change in carbon dioxide concentrations comparable to doubling preindustrial levels, only results in about 0.75&nbsp;°C warming rather than the usual 1.5-4.5&nbsp;°C reported by climate models [http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/122.htm]. Veizer's recent work has been criticised by RealClimate.org [http://www.realclimate.org/index.php?p=153].

Palaeoclimatologist William Ruddiman has argued (e.g. [http://scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?chanID=sa006&colID=1&articleID=000ED75C-D366-1212-8F3983414B7F0000 Scientific American, March 2005]) that human influence on the global climate began around 8000 years ago with the development of agriculture. This prevented carbon dioxide (and later methane) levels falling as rapidly as they would have done otherwise. Ruddiman argues that without this effect, the Earth would be entering, or already have entered, a new ice age. However other work in this area ([http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v429/n6992/abs/nature02599_fs.html Nature 2004]) argues that the present interglacial is most analogous to the interglacial 400,000 years ago that lasted approximately 28,000 years, in which case there is no need to invoke the spread of agriculture for having delayed the next ice age.

==References==

<div* class="<references-small"/>

* ''[[24 Hour Party People]]'' (film, 2002)

<references />

* [[Ka-Tzetnik 135633]] (pseudonym of [[Yehiel De-Nur]]). ''[[The House of Dolls]]''. 1955. Trans. from the [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] by Moshe M. Kohn. New York: Simon and Schuster.

</div>

* Curtis, Deborah. ''Touching from a distance: Ian Curtis and Joy Division.'' London: Faber, 1995 (2nd ed. 2001, 3rd ed. 2005). ISBN 0-571-17445-0

*{{cite journal

* Ott, Chris. ''Unknown Pleasures.'' (33⅓ series) New York: Continuum, 2004. ISBN 0-8264-1549-0

| last=Amstrup | first = Steven

*Mick Middles, Lindsay Reade . "Torn Apart: The Life of Ian Curtis" London. Omnibus Press, 2006. ISBN 1-84449-826-3

| coauthors=Ian Stirling, Tom Smith, Craig Perham, and Gregory Thiemann

*Their song Shadowplay was covered by the Killers at the Nme awards 2007.http://www.nme.com/news/nme-awards/26758

| year=2006

| title=Recent observations of intraspecific predation and cannibalism among polar bears in the southern Beaufort Sea

| Journal=Polar Biology

| id={{doi|10.1007/s00300-006-0142-5}}

}}

* [http://www.abi.org.uk/Display/File/Child/552/Financial_Risks_of_Climate_Change.pdf Association of British Insurers] ''Financial Risks of Climate Change'', June 2005, (PDF) Accessed Jan. 7, 2006

*{{cite journal

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| year = 2005

| title = Potential impacts of a warming climate on water availability in snow-dominated regions

| journal = Nature

| volume = 438

| pages = 303-309

}}

* Choi, O. and A. Fisher (2003) "The Impacts of Socioeconomic Development and Climate Change on Severe Weather Catastrophe Losses: Mid-Atlantic Region (MAR) and the U.S." ''Climate Change,'' vol. 58 pp. 149

* {{cite book

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| year = 2005

| title = Glaciers and the Changing Earth System: a 2004 Snapshot

| publisher = Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, Occasional Paper #58

}} [http://instaar.colorado.edu/other/download/OP58_dyurgerov_meier.pdf]

* Emanuel, K.A. (2005) "Increasing destructiveness of tropical cyclones over the past 30 years." ''Nature'' '''436,''' pp. 686-688. ftp://texmex.mit.edu/pub/emanuel/PAPERS/NATURE03906.pdf

* Ealert [http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-01/m-gw-011806.php Global warming - the blame is not with the plants]

* {{cite news | publisher=BBC | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4604332.stm | title=Plants revealed as methane source | date=11 January 2006 | author=Hirsch, Tim}}

* {{cite journal

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| year = 1993

| title = A discussion of plausible solar irradiance variations, 1700-1992

| journal = J. Geophys. Res.

| volume = 98

| pages = 18895–18906

}}

* {{cite journal

| title = The effect of increasing solar activity on the Sun's total and open magnetic flux during multiple cycles: Implications for solar forcing of climate

| author = Lean, J.L., Y.M. Wang, and N.R. Sheeley

| year = 2002

| journal = Geophys. Res. Lett.

| volume = 29 | issue = 24 | pages = 2224

| url = http://www.agu.org/journals/gl/gl0224/2002GL015880/

| id= {{DOI|10.1029/2002GL015880}}

}}''(online version requires registration)''

* {{cite journal

| author = Raimund Muscheler, Fortunat Joos, Simon A. Müller and Ian Snowball

| year = 2005

| title = Climate: How unusual is today's solar activity?

| journal = Nature

| volume = 436

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| id = {{doi|10.1038/nature04045}}

}}

* {{cite journal

| author = Oerlemans, J

| year = 2005

| title = Extracting a Climate Signal from 169 Glacier Records

| journal = Science

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| issue = 5722

| pages = 675 - 677

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}}

* Naomi Oreskes, 2004 [http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/306/5702/1686 Beyond the Ivory Tower: The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change] - The author discussed her survey of 928 peer-reviewed scientific abstracts on climate change. Retrieved [[December 8]], [[2004]]. Also available as a [http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/reprint/306/5702/1686.pdf 1 page pdf file]

* {{cite journal

| author = Revkin, Andrew C

| year = 2005

| title = Rise in Gases Unmatched by a History in Ancient Ice

| journal = New York Times

}} "Shafts of ancient ice pulled from Antarctica's frozen depths show that for at least 650,000 years three important heat-trapping greenhouse gases never reached recent atmospheric levels caused by human activities, scientists are reporting today." (November 25, 2005) [http://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/25/science/earth/25core.html?ei=5090&en=d5078e33050b2b0c&ex=1290574800&adxnnl=1&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss]

* RealClimate [http://www.realclimate.org/index.php?p=236 Scientists Baffled]

* {{cite book

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| title = Plows, Plagues, and Petroleum: How Humans Took Control of Climate

| ___location = New Jersey

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}}

* Smith, T.M. and R.W. Reynolds, 2005: A global merged land and sea surface temperature reconstruction based on historical observations (1880–1997). J. Climate, 18, 2021–2036.

* [http://www.unepfi.org/fileadmin/documents/CEO_briefing_climate_change_2002_en.pdf UNEP summary] (2002) ''Climate risk to global economy'', Climate Change and the Financial Services Industry, United Nations Environment Programme Finance Initiatives Executive Briefing Paper (UNEP FI) (PDF) Accessed Jan. 7, 2006

* {{cite journal

| author = S.K. Solanki, I.G. Usoskin, B. Kromer, M. Schussler, J. Beer

| year = 2004

| title = Unusual activity of the Sun during recent decades compared to the previous 11,000 years.

| journal = Nature

| volume = 431

| pages = 1084-1087

| id = {{doi|10.1038/nature02995}}

}}

* {{cite journal

| author = S. K. Solanki, I. G. Usoskin, B. Kromer, M. Schüssler and J. Beer

| year = 2005

| title = Climate: How unusual is today's solar activity? (Reply)

| journal = Nature

| volume = 436

| pages = E4-E5

| id = {{doi|10.1038/nature04046}}

}}

* {{cite journal

| author = Wang, Y.M., J.L. Lean, and N.R. Sheeley

| year = 2005

| title = Modeling the sun's magnetic field and irradiance since 1713

| journal = Astrophysical Journal

| volume = 625

| pages = 522–538

}}

* Wired [http://www.wired.com/news/technology/0,69914-0.html Careful Where You Put That Tree]

* Kennett J. P., Cannariato K. G., Hendy I. L. & Behl R. J.American Geophysical Union, Special Publication, Methane Hydrates in Quaternary Climate Change: The Clathrate Gun Hypothesis. 54, (2003).

* {{cite journal

| author = Sowers T.

| journal = Science

| volume = 311

| issue = 5762

| pages = 838-840

| year = 2006

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| title = Late Quaternary Atmospheric CH₄ Isotope Record Suggests Marine Clathrates Are Stable

}}

* {{cite journal

| author = Hinrichs K.U., Hmelo L. & Sylva S.

| journal = Science

| volume = 299

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| title = Molecular Fossil Record of Elevated Methane Levels in Late Pleistocene Coastal Waters

}}

* [http://www.bioedonline.org/news/news.cfm?art=2334 Questions about Clathrate Gun Hypothesis (source of information)]

==SeeExternal alsolinks==

* [http://www.tate.org.uk/tateetc/issue10/outoftheblue.htm/ Jon Wozencroft on the ''Unknown Pleasures'' cover with Peter Saville in '''TATE ETC.''' Issue 10, Summer 2007]

*[[Global cooling]]

*[[Glossary of climate change]]

*[[Economics of global warming]]

*[[Greenhouse effect]]

*[[Greenhouse gases]]

*[[Global warming controversy]]

*[[Climate Change Science Program]]

*[[Global Atmosphere Watch]]

*[[Iris Hypothesis]]

*[[National Assessment on Climate Change]]

*[[Phenology]]

*[[Timeline of environmental events]]

*[[United Kingdom Climate Change Programme]]

*[[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change]]

=== Fans websites ===

{{global warming}}

* [http://www.iancurtis.org Joy Division Fans Club] &ndash; For Fans of Joy Division and Ian Curtis

* [http://members.aol.com/lwtua/joydiv.htm Joy Division Central] &ndash; Independent Joy Division site covering every aspect of the band. Very thorough and generally the first with any news.

==External links==

* [http://www.incubation.ch Incubation] &ndash; Joy Division's most detailed discography and press articles

===Scientific===

*[http://www.whoi.edu/institutes/occi/viewTopic.do?o=read&id=521 Global Warming Information from the Ocean & Climate Change Institute], [[Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution]]

*[http://www.ipcc.ch Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)]

** [http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/ IPCC Third Assessment Report] published in 2001

**[http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg2/197.htm Climate Change 2001: Working Group II: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability] <!--linked from Increased biomass production section-->

** [http://www.greenfacts.org/studies/climate_change/index.htm A summary of the above IPCC report] - by [[GreenFacts]]

*[http://wwwghcc.msfc.nasa.gov/ghcc_home.html NASA's Global Hydrology and Climate Center]

*[http://www.cmdl.noaa.gov/ccgg/trends/ Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii - Latest CO2 Measurements and Data]

*[http://www.ucar.edu/research/climate/ National Center for Atmospheric Research] - Overview of NCAR research on climate change

*[http://www.pik-potsdam.de/pik_web/index_html Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research]

*[http://www.aip.org/history/climate Discovery of Global Warming] &mdash; An extensive introduction to the topic and the history of its discovery

*[http://www.wmo.ch/web/etr/pdf_web/926E.pdf Introduction to climate change: Lecture notes for meteorologists] ([[World Meteorological Organization]]) (PDF)

*[http://www.realclimate.org RealClimate] - A group blog of climate scientists

*[http://www.pewclimate.org/global-warming-basics/basic_science/ Pew Center on Global Climate Change] &mdash; Basic Science

*[http://www.whatsnextnetwork.com/technology/index.php?s=global+warming&submit=Search Current News About Global Warming Causes, Effects, Solutions]

*[http://www.cmdl.noaa.gov/climate.html NOAA ESRL Global Monitoring Division]

===Polar ice-relatedTribute Bands links===

* [http://www.transmissionlive.com Transmission - The Sound of Joy Division]

*[http://www.obelus.org/index.php?artID=10 The Incredible Shrinking Arctic] - explains the Albedo Effect

*[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2087-1938132,00.html Polar bears drown as ice shelf melts] The Sunday Times, December 18, 2005

*[http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn1978.html Arctic melting will open new sea passages], Debora MacKenzie, ''New Scientist'', 2 March 2002. (Full article by subscription)

===Other===

*[http://www.climateark.org/ Climate Ark] - climate change and global warming portal providing news, search, links and analysis

*[http://www.autobahn.mb.ca/~het/enviro/globalwarming.html A large compendium of links to sites with information on global warming]

*[http://www.istl.org/01-fall/internet.html Science and Technology Librarianship: Global Warming and Climate Change Science] &mdash; Extensive commented list of Internet resources &mdash; Science and Technology Sources on the Internet.

*[http://www.climateimc.org Climate Indymedia] - An independent, open publishing, news media website about Climate Chaos. (A topical [[Indymedia]] )

*[http://www.junkscience.com/MSU_Temps/Warming_Look.htm "Global Warming" at a glance] - latest data of the global temperature from JunkScience.com

*[http://www.globalwarmingarchive.com Global Warming Newspaper Articles Archive] - free archive of more than 50,000 historical newspaper articles on Global Warming

*[http://global-green.blogspot.com Global Warming Political and Environmental Policies]

*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/5006970.stm BBC: Global warming risk 'much higher']

*[http://www.globalsystemchange.com/GSC/Articles.html Articles on the role of business organizations in sustainable development] - includes actions on climate change. <!-- copied to [[Business action on climate change]]; already in [[Sustainable development]]; not sure if it's suitable here - Singkong2005 27 May 2005 -->

*[http://www.abc.net.au/catalyst/stories/s1647466.htm Watch and read 'Tipping Point'], Australian science documentary about effects of global warming on rare, common, and endangered wildlife

*[http://www.psrast.org/globecolcr.htm Summary by "Physicians and Scientists for Responsible Application of Science and Technology"]

*[http://yosemite.epa.gov/oar/globalwarming.nsf/content/newsandeventsScienceandPolicyNews.html Newest reports on US EPA website]

{{Joy Division}}

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