Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer: Difference between revisions

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[[File:Exploded View of MODIS Subsystems.gif|thumbnail|Exploded view of the MODIS subsystems.]]

[[Image:The Water Planet.jpg|thumb|This detailed, photo-like view of Earth is based largely on observations from MODIS.]]

The '''Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer''' ('''MODIS''') is a satellite-based sensor used for earth and climate measurements. There are two MODIS sensors in [[Geocentric orbit|Earth orbit]]: one on board the [[Terra (satellite)|Terra]] ([[Earth Observing System|EOS]] AM) satellite, launched by [[NASA]] in 1999; and one on board the [[Aqua (satellite)|Aqua]] (EOS PM) satellite, launched in 2002. Since 2011, MODIS hasoperations nowhave been replacedsupplemented by [[VIIRS]] sensors, such as the one aboard [[VIIRSSuomi NPP]]. The systems often conduct similar operations due to their similar designs and orbits (with VIIRS data systems deisgned to be compatible with MODIS), though they have subtle differences contributing to similar but not identical uses.<ref>{{factcite web |last1=NASA Earth Data |title=VIIRS; Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite |url=https://www.earthdata.nasa.gov/data/instruments/viirs |publisher=NASA |access-date=November6 2021March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite whichweb first|last1=UN-SPIDER launched|title=Detecting inforest 2011fires aboardwith thesatellites [[Suomi(MODIS NPP]]and satelliteVIIRS) |url=https://www.un-spider.org/news-and-events/news/detecting-forest-fires-satellites-modis-and-viirs |publisher=UN Office for Outer Space Affairs |access-date=6 March 2025}}</ref>

The MODIS instruments were built by Santa Barbara Remote Sensing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/about/components.php|title=MODIS Components|access-date= 11 August 2015}}</ref> They capture data in 36 spectral bands ranging in wavelength from 0.4 [[μm]] to 14.4&nbsp;μm and at varying spatial resolutions (2 bands at 250 m, 5 bands at 500 m and 29 bands at 1&nbsp;km). Together the instruments image the entire Earth every 1 to 2 days. They are designed to provide measurements in large-scale global dynamics including changes in Earth's [[cloud cover]], [[radiation budget]] and processes occurring in the oceans, on land, and in the [[Atmosphere of Earth#Structure of the atmosphere|lower atmosphere]].

Support and calibration is provided by the MODIS characterization support team (MCST).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mcst.gsfc.nasa.gov/|title=MODIS Characterization Support Team|access-date= 18 July 2015}}</ref> Given its limited use, it is largely an experimental technology.

== Applications ==

{{expand section|date=September 2014}}

With its high temporal resolution although low spatial resolution, MODIS data are useful to track changes in the landscape over time. Examples of such applications are the monitoring of vegetation health by means of time-series analyses with vegetation indices,<ref>LU, L., KUENZER, C., WANG, C., GUO, H., Li, Q., 2015: Evaluation of three MODIS-derived Vegetation Index Time Series for Dry land Vegetation Dynamics Monitoring. Remote Sensing, 2015, 7, 7597–7614; doi:10.3390/rs70607597</ref> long term land cover changes (e.g. to monitor deforestation rates),<ref>LEINENKUGEL; P., WOLTERS, M., OPPELT, N., KUENZER, C., 2014: Tree cover and forest cover dynamics in the Mekong Basin from 2001 to 2011. Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 158, 376–392</ref><ref>KLEIN, I., GESSNER, U. and C. KUENZER, 2012: Regional land cover mapping in Central Asia using MODIS time series. Applied Geography 35, 1–16</ref><ref>LU, L., KUENZER, C., GUO, H., Li, Q., LONG, T., LI, X., 2014: A Novel Land Cover Classification Map Based on MODIS Time-series in Nanjing, China. Remote Sensing, 6, 3387–3408; doi:10.3390/rs6043387</ref><ref>GESSNER, U.; MACHWITZ, M.; ESCH, T.; TILLACK, A.; NAEIMI, V.; KUENZER, C.; DECH, S. (2015): Multi-sensor mapping of West African land cover using MODIS, ASAR and TanDEM-X/TerraSAR-X data. Remote Sensing of Environment. 282–297</ref> global snow cover trends,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hall|first1=Dorothy K|author-link=Dorothy Hall (scientist)|last2=Riggs|first2=George A|last3=Salomonson|first3=Vincent V|last4=DiGirolamo|first4=Nicolo E|last5=Bayr|first5=Klaus J|date=2002|title=MODIS snow-cover products|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0034425702000950|journal=Remote Sensing of Environment|language=en|volume=83|issue=1–2|pages=181–194|doi=10.1016/S0034-4257(02)00095-0|bibcode=2002RSEnv..83..181H |s2cid=129808147 |hdl=2060/20010069265|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hall|first1=Dorothy K.|author-link=Dorothy Hall (scientist)|last2=Riggs|first2=George A.|last3=Salomonson|first3=Vincent V.|date=1995|title=Development of methods for mapping global snow cover using moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer data|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/003442579500137P|journal=Remote Sensing of Environment|language=en|volume=54|issue=2|pages=127–140|doi=10.1016/0034-4257(95)00137-P|bibcode=1995RSEnv..54..127H |url-access=subscription}}</ref> water inundation from pluvial, riverine, or [[sea level rise]] flooding in coastal areas,<ref>KUENZER, C, KLEIN, I., ULLMANN; T., FOUFOULA-GEORGIOU, E., BAUMHAUER, R., DECH, S., 2015: Remote Sensing of River Delta Inundation: exploiting the Potential of coarse spatial Resolution, temporally-dense MODIS Time Series. Remote Sensing, 7, 8516–8542</ref> change of water levels of major lakes such as the [[Aral Sea]],<ref>KLEIN, I., DIETZ, A., GESSNER, U., DECH, S., KUENZER, C., 2015: Results of the Global WaterPack: a novel product to assess inland water body dynamics on a daily basis. Remote Sensing Letters, Vol. 6, No. 1, 78–87</ref><ref>[http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/WorldOfChange/aral_sea.php?src=features-hp&eocn=home&eoci=feature "Shrinking Aral Sea."]''NASA Earth Observatory.'' Retrieved: 30 September 2014.</ref> and the detection and mapping of [[wildland fires]] in the United States.<ref name="LAT 019-11-05">{{Cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2019-11-05/kincade-fire-burn-scar-satellite-image|title=Satellite image shows Kincade fire burn scar|last=Wigglesworth|first=Alex|date=2019-11-06|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-07}}</ref> The [[United States Forest Service]]'s Remote Sensing Applications Center analyzes MODIS imagery on a continuous basis to provide information for the management and suppression of wildfires.<ref name="USFSMODIS">[http://activefiremaps.fs.fed.us/faq.php "MODIS Active Fire Mapping Program FAQs."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702044225/http://activefiremaps.fs.fed.us/faq.php |date=2 July 2013 }} ''United States Forest Service.'' Retrieved: 30 September 2014.</ref>

== Specifications ==

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*[[Aqua (satellite)]]

*[[Terra (satellite)]]

*[[Fire Information for Resource Management System]]

== References ==

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* [http://ladsweb.nascom.nasa.gov/ LAADS Web] – Level 1 and Atmosphere Archive and Distribution System (LAADS) web interface;

* [https://earthdata.nasa.gov/data/near-real-time-data LANCE-MODIS] – Land Atmosphere Near real-time Capability for EOS<ref>{{Cite web |title=LANCE-MODIS |url=http://lance-modis.eosdis.nasa.gov/ |access-date=2014-09-15 |publisher=NASA Goddard Space Flight Center}}</ref>

* <code>{{Cite FTP |url=ftp://ladsftp.nascom.nasa.gov/ |server=ladsftp.nascom.nasa.gov |url-status=dead |title=FTP link }}</code> – LAADS underlying [[FTP server]];

* <code>http://e4ftl01.cr.usgs.gov/</code> – Earth land surface datasets;

* <code>{{Cite FTP |url=ftp://n4ftl01u.ecs.nasa.gov/ |server=n4ftl01u.ecs.nasa.gov |url-status=dead |title=FTP link }}</code> – snow and ice datasets.

*[http://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/ Official NASA site]