Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Payload imaging sensor}}

{{redirect|MODIS|the company|Modis}}

{{Redirect|MODIS|the singular|Modi (disambiguation){{!}}Modi|other uses|Modis (disambiguation){{!}}Modis}}

{{Use American English|date=January 2014}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}

[[Image:ev26221 KlyuchevskayaSopka.A2004012.0035.500m.jpg|thumb|Ash plumes on [[Kamchatka Peninsula]], eastern Russia.]]

[[Image:KatKatrina 2005-08-26 fl1840Z.jpg|thumb|[[Hurricane Katrina]] near the Florida peninsula.]]

[[Image:Modis Image of California Wildfires taken on October 22, 2007.jpg|thumbnail|California wildfires.]]

[[Image:MODIS ATM solar irradiance.svg|thumb|Solar irradiance spectrum and MODIS bands.]]

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[[File:Exploded View of MODIS Subsystems.gif|thumbnail|Exploded view of the MODIS subsystems.]]

[[Image:The Water Planet.jpg|thumb|This detailed, photo-like view of Earth is based largely on observations from MODIS.]]

The '''Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer''' ('''MODIS''') is a [[Payload (air and space craft)|payload]] [[imagingsatellite-based sensor]] builtused byfor Santaearth Barbaraand Remoteclimate Sensing<ref>{{cite web|url=http://modismeasurements.gsfc.nasa.gov/about/components.php|title=MODIS Components|accessdate=There 11are Augusttwo 2015}}</ref>MODIS thatsensors was launched intoin [[Geocentric orbit|Earth orbit]]: by [[NASA]] in 1999one on board the [[Terra (satellite)|Terra]] ([[Earth Observing System|EOS]] AM) satellite, andlaunched by [[NASA]] in 20021999; and one on board the [[Aqua (satellite)|Aqua]] (EOS PM) satellite., The instruments capture datalaunched in 36 spectral bands ranging in wavelength from 02002.4 [[μm]]Since to 14.4&nbsp;μm and at varying spatial resolutions (2 bands at 250 m2011, 5MODIS bandsoperations athave 500been msupplemented and 29 bands at 1&nbsp;km). Together the instruments image the entire Earth every 1 to 2 days. They are designed to provide measurements in large-scale global dynamics including changes in Earth'sby [[cloud coverVIIRS]] sensors, [[radiationsuch budget]] and processes occurring inas the oceans,one on land, and in theaboard [[AtmosphereSuomi of Earth#Structure of the atmosphere|lower atmosphereNPP]]. MODISThe utilizessystems fouroften on-boardconduct calibratorssimilar inoperations additiondue to thetheir spacesimilar viewdesigns inand orderorbits to(with provideVIIRS in-flightdata calibration:systems solardeisgned diffuserto (SD),be solarcompatible diffuserwith stability monitor (SDSMMODIS), spectralthough radiometricthey calibrationhave assemblysubtle (SRCA),differences andcontributing ato v-groovesimilar [[blackbut body]]not identical uses.<ref>{{cite web |last1=NASA Earth Data |title=VIIRS; Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite |url=httphttps://modiswww.gsfcearthdata.nasa.gov/aboutdata/design.phpinstruments/viirs |titlepublisher=MODISNASA Design|accessdateaccess-date=6 11 AugustMarch 20152025}}</ref><ref>{{cite MODISweb has|last1=UN-SPIDER used the [[Marine Optical Buoy#Contribution|marinetitle=Detecting opticalforest buoy]]fires forwith vicarious calibration.satellites (MODIS isand succeeded by the [[VIIRS]]) instrument|url=https://www.un-spider.org/news-and-events/news/detecting-forest-fires-satellites-modis-and-viirs on|publisher=UN boardOffice thefor [[SuomiOuter NPP]]Space satelliteAffairs launched|access-date=6 inMarch 2011 and future [[Joint Polar Satellite System]] (JPSS) satellites.2025}}</ref>

The MODIS instruments were built by Santa Barbara Remote Sensing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/about/components.php|title=MODIS Components|access-date= 11 August 2015}}</ref> They capture data in 36 spectral bands ranging in wavelength from 0.4 [[μm]] to 14.4&nbsp;μm and at varying spatial resolutions (2 bands at 250 m, 5 bands at 500 m and 29 bands at 1&nbsp;km). Together the instruments image the entire Earth every 1 to 2 days. They are designed to provide measurements in large-scale global dynamics including changes in Earth's [[cloud cover]], [[radiation budget]] and processes occurring in the oceans, on land, and in the [[Atmosphere of Earth#Structure of the atmosphere|lower atmosphere]].

TheSupport MODISand characterization support team (MCST)calibration is dedicatedprovided toby the production of high-quality MODIS calibratedcharacterization productsupport which is a precursor to every geophysical science product. A detailed description of theteam (MCST mission statement and other details can be found at MCST Web).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mcst.gsfc.nasa.gov/|title=MODIS Characterization Support Team|accessdateaccess-date= 18 July 2015}}</ref>

== Applications ==

{{expand section|date=September 2014}}

With its lowhigh spatialtemporal resolution butalthough highlow temporalspatial resolution, MODIS data are useful to track changes in the landscape over time. Examples of such applications are the monitoring of vegetation health by means of time-series analyses with vegetation indices,<ref>LU, L., KUENZER, C., WANG, C., GUO, H., Li, Q., 2015: Evaluation of three MODIS-derived Vegetation Index Time Series for Dry land Vegetation Dynamics Monitoring. Remote Sensing, 2015, 7, 7597–7614; doi:10.3390/rs70607597</ref> long term land cover changes (e.g. to monitor deforestation rates),<ref>LEINENKUGEL; P., WOLTERS, M., OPPELT, N., KUENZER, C., 2014: Tree cover and forest cover dynamics in the Mekong Basin from 2001 to 2011. Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 158, 376–392</ref><ref>KLEIN, I., GESSNER, U. and C. KUENZER, 2012: Regional land cover mapping in Central Asia using MODIS time series. Applied Geography 35, 1–16</ref><ref>LU, L., KUENZER, C., GUO, H., Li, Q., LONG, T., LI, X., 2014: A Novel Land Cover Classification Map Based on MODIS Time-series in Nanjing, China. Remote Sensing, 6, 3387–3408; doi:10.3390/rs6043387</ref><ref>GESSNER, U.; MACHWITZ, M.; ESCH, T.; TILLACK, A.; NAEIMI, V.; KUENZER, C.; DECH, S. (2015): Multi-sensor mapping of West African land cover using MODIS, ASAR and TanDEM-X/TerraSAR-X data. Remote Sensing of Environment. 282–297</ref> global snow cover trends,<ref>DIETZ,{{Cite A.,journal|last1=Hall|first1=Dorothy KUENZER,K|author-link=Dorothy C.,Hall and(scientist)|last2=Riggs|first2=George C.A|last3=Salomonson|first3=Vincent CONRAD,V|last4=DiGirolamo|first4=Nicolo 2013: Snow cover variability in Central Asia between 2000 and 2011 derived from improvedE|last5=Bayr|first5=Klaus J|date=2002|title=MODIS daily snow -cover products|url=https://linkinghub. International Journal of elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0034425702000950|journal=Remote Sensing 34of Environment|language=en|volume=83|issue=1–2|pages=181–194|doi=10.1016/S0034-4257(1102),00095-0|bibcode=2002RSEnv..83..181H 3879–3902|s2cid=129808147 |hdl=2060/20010069265|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>DIETZ,{{Cite Ajournal|last1=Hall|first1=Dorothy K.,|author-link=Dorothy WOHNER,Hall C(scientist)|last2=Riggs|first2=George A.,|last3=Salomonson|first3=Vincent and CV.|date=1995|title=Development KUENZER,of 2012:methods Europeanfor mapping global snow cover characteristicsusing betweenmoderate 2000resolution andimaging 2011spectroradiometer derived from improved MODIS daily snow cover productsdata|url=https://linkinghub. elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/003442579500137P|journal=Remote Sensing, 4, 2432–2454,of Environment|language=en|volume=54|issue=2|pages=127–140|doi:=10.33901016/rs40824320034-4257(95)00137-P|bibcode=1995RSEnv..54..127H |url-access=subscription}}</ref> water inundation from pluvial, riverine, or [[sea level rise]] flooding in coastal areas,<ref>KUENZER, C, KLEIN, I., ULLMANN; T., FOUFOULA-GEORGIOU, E., BAUMHAUER, R., DECH, S., 2015: Remote Sensing of River Delta Inundation: exploiting the Potential of coarse spatial Resolution, temporally-dense MODIS Time Series. Remote Sensing, 7, 8516–8542</ref> change of water levels of major lakes such as the [[Aral Sea]],<ref>KLEIN, I., DIETZ, A., GESSNER, U., DECH, S., KUENZER, C., 2015: Results of the Global WaterPack: a novel product to assess inland water body dynamics on a daily basis. Remote Sensing Letters, Vol. 6, No. 1, 78–87</ref><ref>[http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/WorldOfChange/aral_sea.php?src=features-hp&eocn=home&eoci=feature "Shrinking Aral Sea."]''NASA Earth Observatory.'' Retrieved: 30 September 2014.</ref> and the detection and mapping of [[wildland fires]] in the United States.<ref name="LAT 019-11-05">{{Cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2019-11-05/kincade-fire-burn-scar-satellite-image|title=Satellite image shows Kincade fire burn scar|last=Wigglesworth|first=Alex|date=2019-11-06|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|language=en-US|url-status=live|access-date=2019-11-07}}</ref> The [[United States Forest Service]]'s Remote Sensing Applications Center analyzes MODIS imagery on a continuous basis to provide information for the management and suppression of wildfires.<ref name="USFSMODIS">[http://activefiremaps.fs.fed.us/faq.php "MODIS Active Fire Mapping Program FAQs."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702044225/http://activefiremaps.fs.fed.us/faq.php |date=2 July 2013 }} ''United States Forest Service.'' Retrieved: 30 September 2014.</ref>

== Specifications ==

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|-

| Orbit

| 705&nbsp;km, 10:30&nbsp;a.m. descending node (Terra) or 1:30&nbsp;p.m. ascending node (Aqua), sunSun-synchronous, near-polar, circular

|-

| Scan rate

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|-

|Data rate

|10.6 Mbit/s (peak daytime); 6.1 &nbsp;Mbit/s (orbital average)

|-

|Quantization

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|-

|Temporal resolution

|1–2 days <ref>[http://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/data/ NASA.gov]</ref>

|-

|Design life

|6 years

|}

===Calibration===

MODIS utilizes four on-board calibrators in addition to the space view in order to provide in-flight calibration: solar diffuser (SD), solar diffuser stability monitor (SDSM), spectral radiometric calibration assembly (SRCA), and a v-groove [[black body]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/about/design.php|title=MODIS Design|access-date= 11 August 2015}}</ref> MODIS has used the [[Marine Optical Buoy#Contribution|marine optical buoy]] for vicarious calibration.

==MODIS bands==

{|class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;"

<center>

{|class="wikitable"

|-

!|Band

!|[[Electromagnetic radiation|Wavelength]]<br/>([[Nanometre|nm]])

!|Resolution<br/>(m)

!|Primary use

|-

Line 73 ⟶ 79:

||620–670

||250

|align="center" rowspan="2"|Land/cloud/aerosols<br/>boundaries

|-

||2

Line 82 ⟶ 88:

||459–479

||500

|align="center" rowspan="5"|Land/cloud/aerosols<br/>properties

|-

||4

Line 103 ⟶ 109:

||405–420

||1000

|align="center" rowspan="9"|[[Ocean color]]/<br/>phytoplankton/<br/>biogeochemistry

|-

||9

Line 140 ⟶ 146:

||890–920

||1000

|align="center" rowspan="3"|Atmospheric<br/>water vapor

|-

||18

Line 151 ⟶ 157:

|-

!|Band

!|[[Electromagnetic radiation|Wavelength]]<br/>([[Micrometre|μm]])

!|Resolution<br/>(m)

!|Primary use

|-

Line 158 ⟶ 164:

||3.660–3.840

||1000

|align="center" rowspan="4"|Surface/cloud<br/>temperature

|-

||21

Line 175 ⟶ 181:

||4.433–4.498

||1000

|align="center" rowspan="2"|Atmospheric<br/>temperature

|-

||25

Line 184 ⟶ 190:

||1.360–1.390

||1000

|align="center" rowspan="3"|Cirrus clouds<br/>water vapor

|-

||27

Line 207 ⟶ 213:

||10.780–11.280

||1000

|align="center" rowspan="2"|Surface/cloud<br/>temperature

|-

||32

Line 216 ⟶ 222:

||13.185–13.485

||1000

|align="center" rowspan="4"|Cloud top<br/>altitude

|-

||34

Line 231 ⟶ 237:

|-

|}

</center>

== MODIS data ==

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=== MODIS Level 3 datasets ===

The following MODIS Level 3 (L3) datasets are available from NASA, as processed by the Collection 5 software.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/lpdaac/products/modis_products_table|title=MODIS Products Table|accessdateaccess-date=2011-06-12|url-status=dead|archiveurlarchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811054542/https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/lpdaac/products/modis_products_table|archivedatearchive-date=11 August 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

{| style="font-size: 85%; text-align: center;" class="wikitable sortable"

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|}

[[Image:MODIS Map.jpg|thumb|700px|center|<{{center>|Image based on observations from MODIS</center>}}]]

=== Availability ===

Raw MODIS data stream can be received in real-time using a tracking antenna, due to the instrument's direct broadcast capability.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/data/directbrod/|title=Direct Broadcast at MODIS Website|accessdate=2009-06-02}}</ref>

Alternatively, the scientific data are made available to the public via several [[World Wide Web]] sites and [[FTP]] archives, such as:

* [http://reverb.echo.nasa.gov/reverb/ ECHO Reverb] – the next generation metadata and service discovery tool,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.echo.nasa.gov/reverb/about_reverb.htm|title=About Reverb|accessdate=2011-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111120033331/http://www.echo.nasa.gov/reverb/about_reverb.htm|archive-date=20 November 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> which has replaced the former Warehouse Inventory and Search Tool (WIST);

* [http://ladsweb.nascom.nasa.gov/ LAADS Web] – Level 1 and Atmosphere Archive and Distribution System (LAADS) web interface;

* [https://earthdata.nasa.gov/data/near-real-time-data LANCE-MODIS] – Land Atmosphere Near real-time Capability for EOS<ref>{{Cite web |title=LANCE-MODIS |url=http://lance-modis.eosdis.nasa.gov/ |publisher=NASA Goddard Space Flight Center |accessdate=2014-09-15}}</ref>

* <code>ftp://ladsftp.nascom.nasa.gov/</code> – LAADS underlying [[FTP server]];

* <code>http://e4ftl01.cr.usgs.gov/</code> – Earth land surface datasets;

* <code>ftp://n4ftl01u.ecs.nasa.gov/</code> – snow and ice datasets.

Most of the data are available in the HDF-EOS format — a variant of [[Hierarchical Data Format]] prescribed for the data derived from [[Earth Observing System]] missions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hdfeos.org/|title=HDF-EOS Tools and Information Center|accessdate=2009-06-02}}</ref>

[[Image:MODIS Map.jpg|thumb|700px|center|<center>Image based on observations from MODIS</center>]]

==See also==

*[[Imaging spectroscopy]]

*[[NASA World WindWorldWind]]

*[[Aqua (satellite)]]

*[[Terra (satellite)]]

*[[Fire Information for Resource Management System]]

== References ==

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==External links==

{{Commons category|Photos by MODIS}}

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110620130042/http://reverb.echo.nasa.gov/reverb/ ECHO Reverb] – the next generation metadata and service discovery tool,<ref>{{cite web |title=About Reverb |url=http://www.echo.nasa.gov/reverb/about_reverb.htm |titleurl-status=Aboutdead Reverb|accessdate=2011-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111120033331/http://www.echo.nasa.gov/reverb/about_reverb.htm |archive-date=20 November 2011 |urlaccess-statusdate=dead2011-11-07}}</ref> which has replaced the former Warehouse Inventory and Search Tool (WIST);

* [http://ladsweb.nascom.nasa.gov/ LAADS Web] – Level 1 and Atmosphere Archive and Distribution System (LAADS) web interface;

* [https://earthdata.nasa.gov/data/near-real-time-data LANCE-MODIS] – Land Atmosphere Near real-time Capability for EOS<ref>{{Cite web |title=LANCE-MODIS |url=http://lance-modis.eosdis.nasa.gov/ |access-date=2014-09-15 |publisher=NASA Goddard Space Flight Center |accessdate=2014-09-15}}</ref>

* <code>{{Cite FTP |url=ftp://ladsftp.nascom.nasa.gov/ |server=ladsftp.nascom.nasa.gov |url-status=dead |title=FTP link }}</code> – LAADS underlying [[FTP server]];

* <code>http://e4ftl01.cr.usgs.gov/</code> – Earth land surface datasets;

* <code>{{Cite FTP |url=ftp://n4ftl01u.ecs.nasa.gov/ |server=n4ftl01u.ecs.nasa.gov |url-status=dead |title=FTP link }}</code> – snow and ice datasets.

*[http://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/ Official NASA site]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070715215437/http://edcdaac.usgs.gov/modis/table2.asp MODIS bands and spectral ranges (broken link)] (archived 15 July 2007)

*[http://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/gallery/showall.php MODIS Images of the Day]

* [http://www.airspace-v.com/ggadgets/modis.htm MODIS Image of the Day] – Google Gadget referring to MODIS image of the day.

*[https://web.archive.org/web/20010825035542/http://rapidfire.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/gallery/ Gallery of Images of Interest] (archived 25 August 2001)

*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100527230429/http://daac.ornl.gov/MODIS/modis.html MODIS Land Product Subsetting Tool for North America from Oak Ridge National Laboratory] (archived 27 May 2010)

*[http://rapidfire.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/ MODIS Rapid Response system (near real time images)]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/20030712053106/http://onearth.jpl.nasa.gov/ NASA OnEarth (Web service for MODIS imagery)] (archived 12 July 2003)

*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060701185202/http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/view_set.php?sensorName=MODIS Visible Earth: Latest MODIS images] (archived 1 July 2006)

*[http://spatialreference.org/ref/sr-org/modis-sinusoidal/ MODIS Sinusoidal: Projection 6842 – MODIS Sinusoidal]

*[http://blog.christianperone.com/?p=86 Python: accessing near real-time MODIS images and fire data from NASA’sNASA's Aqua and Terra satellites] ([[Python (programming language)|Python]])

{{Authority control}}

{{Space-based meteorological observation}}

{{Use American English|date=January 2014}}

[[Category:Satellite imaging sensors]]

[[Category:NASA]]

Modis has 36 spectral bands