Index-matching material: Difference between revisions

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==In fiber optics==

In fiber optics and [[telecommunications]], an index-matching material may be used in conjunction with pairs of mated connectors or with mechanical splices to reduce [[signal]] reflected in the guided mode (known as return loss) (see [[Optical fiber connector]]). Without the use of an index-matching material, Fresnel reflections will occur at the smooth end faces of a fiber unless there is no fiber-air interface or other significant mismatch in refractive index. These reflections may be as high as −14 [[decibel|dB]] (i.e., 14 dB below the optical power of the incident [[Signaling (telecommunication)|signal]]). When the reflected signal returns to the transmitting end, it may be reflected again and return to the receiving end at a level that is 28 dB plus twice the fiber loss below the direct signal. The reflected signal will also be delayed by twice the delay time introduced by the fiber. The twice-reflected, delayed signal superimposed on the direct signal may noticeably degrade an analog [[baseband]] [[Amplitude|intensity]]-modulated [[video]] signal. Conversely, for digital transmission, the reflected signal will often have no practical effect on the detected signal seen at the decision point of the digital [[optical receiver]] except in marginal cases where bit-error ratio is significant. However, certain digital transmitters such as those employing a [[Distributed Feedback Laser]] may be affected by back reflection and then fall outside specifications such as Side Mode Suppression Ratio, potentially degrading system bit error ratio, so networking standards intended for DFB lasers may specify a back-reflection tolerance such as −10 dB for transmitters so that they remain within specification even without index matching. This back-reflection tolerance might be achieved using an optical isolator or by way of reduced coupling efficiency.

For some applications, instead of standard polished connectors (e.g. FC/PC), angle polished connectors (e.g. FC/APC) may be used, whereby the non-perpendicular polish angle greatly reduces the ratio of reflected signal launched into the guided mode even in the case of a fiber-air interface.

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{{main|Fluid dynamics}}

Index matching is used in liquid-liquid and liquid-solid ([[Multiphase flow]]) experimental systems to minimise the distortions that occur in these systems,<ref>{{cite journal|title=A review of solid–fluid selection options for optical-based measurements in single-phase liquid, two-phase liquid–liquid and multiphase solid–liquid flows|author=Wright, S.F. |author2=Zadrazil, I. |author3=Markides, C.N. |journal=Experiments in Fluids |year=2017|volume=58 |issue=9|page=108|bibcode=2017ExFl...58..108W|doi=10.1007/s00348-017-2386-y|doi-access=free|hdl=10044/1/49407|hdl-access=free}}</ref> this is particularly important for systems with many interfaces which become optically inaccessible. Matching the refractive index minimises [[reflection (physics)|reflection]], [[refraction]], [[diffraction]] and rotations that occurs at the interfaces allowing access to regions that would otherwise be inaccessible to optical measurements. This is particularly important for advanced optical measurements like [[Laser-induced fluorescence]], [[Particle image velocimetry]] and [[Particle tracking velocimetry]] to name a few.

==In art conservation==

{{see also|Conservation and restoration of glass objects}}

If a sculpture is broken into several pieces, [[Conservation (cultural heritage)|art conservators]] may reattach the pieces using an adhesive such as [[Paraloid B-72]] or [[epoxy]]. If the sculpture is made of a transparent or semitransparent material (such as glass), the seam where the pieces are attached will usually be much less noticeable if the refractive index of the adhesive matches the refractive index of the surrounding object. Therefore, art conservators may measure the index of objects and then use an index-matched adhesive. Similarly, losses (missing sections) in transparent or semitransparent objects are often filled using an index-matched material.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Controlling the refractive index of epoxy adhesives |author1=John M. Messinger |author2=Peter T. Lansbury |url=http://cool.conservation-us.org/jaic/articles/jaic28-02-006.html |journal=Journal of the American Institute for Conservation |year=1989 |volume=28 |number=2 |pages=127–136|doi=10.2307/3179485 |jstor=3179485 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==In optical component adhesives==