Centralized computing: Difference between revisions

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{{See also|Centralisation}}

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'''Centralized computing''' is wherecomputing thedone at a central ___location, using [[Computer terminal|terminals]]s that are attached to a central computer. (aThe [[terminalcomputer server]])itself thatmay controlscontrol all the [[peripheral]]s. Itdirectly offers(if greaterthey [[security]]are overphysically otherconnected [[system]]s because all ofto the [[processing]] is controlled in a central ___location. In additioncomputer), ifor onethey terminalmay breaksbe down,attached thevia user can simply go to another terminal anda [[logterminal inserver]]. againAlternatively, andif allthe ofterminals theirhave [[computerthe file|file]]scapability, willthey stillmay be accessible.able Dependingto onconnect to the system,central theycomputer mayover eventhe benetwork. ableThe toterminals resumemay theirbe [[sessiontext (computer science)|sessionterminal]]s fromor the[[thin point they were at beforeclient]]s, as if nothing hadfor happenedexample.

It offers greater [[security]] over [[Decentralized computing|decentralized systems]] because all of the [[Process (computing)|processing]] is controlled in a central ___location. In addition, if one terminal breaks down, the user can simply go to another terminal and [[log in]] again, and all of their [[computer file|file]]s will still be accessible. Depending on the system, they may even be able to resume their [[session (computer science)|session]] from the point they were at before, as if nothing had happened.

This type of arrangement does have some disadvantages. The central computer performs the computing functions and controls the remote terminals. This type of system relies totally on the central computer. Should the central computer [[crash (computing)|crash]], the entire system will "go down" (i.e. will be unavailable).

Another disadvantage is that central computing relies heavily on the quality of administration and resources provided to its users. Should the central computer be inadequately supported by any means (e.g. size of home directories, problems regarding administration), then your usage will suffer greatly. The reverse situation, however, (i.e., a system supported better than your needs) is one of the key advantages to centralized computing.

== Hybrid model ==

== History ==

The very first computers did not have separate terminals as such; their primitive input/output devices were built in. However, soon it was found to be extremely useful for multiple people to be able to use a computer at the same time, for reasons of cost – early computers were very expensive, both to produce and maintain, and occupied large amounts of floor space. The idea of centralized computing was born. Early [[text terminal]]s used electro-mechanical [[teletypewriter]]s, but these were replaced by [[cathode ray tube]] displays (as found in 20th century televisions and computers). The text terminal model dominated computing from the 1960s, until the rise to dominance of [[home computer]]s and [[personal computer]]s in the 1980s.

== Contemporary status ==

As of 2007, centralized computing is now coming back into fashion – to a certain extent. Cloud computing has had an important role in the return of centralized computing.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Irion|first=Kristina|date=December 2012|title=Government Cloud Computing and National Data Sovereignty|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/poi3.10|journal=Policy & Internet|volume=4|issue=3-4|pages=40–71|doi=10.1002/poi3.10|issn=1944-2866|url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[Thin client]]s have been used for many years by businesses to reduce [[total cost of ownership]], while [[web application]]s are becoming more popular because they can potentially be used on many types of computing device without any need for software installation. Already, however, there are signs that the pendulum is swinging back again, away from pure centralization, as [[thin client]] devices become more like [[diskless workstation]]s due to increased computing power, and web applications start to do more processing on the client side, with technologies such as [[AJAX]] and [[rich client]]s.

In addition, [[Mainframe computer|mainframe]]s are still being used for some mission-critical applications, such as payroll, or for processing day-to-day account transactions in banks. These mainframes will typically be accessed either using [[terminal emulator]]s (real terminal devices are not used much any more) or via modern front-ends such as [[web application]]s – or (in the case of automated access) [[Communications protocol|protocols]] such as [[web service]]s protocols.

== HybridDiskless node model ==

Some organisationsorganizations use a hybrid[[diskless node]] model halfwaypartway between centralized computing and conventional desktop computing, in which some applications (such as [[web browsersbrowser]]s) are run locally, while other applications (such as critical business systems) are run on the [[terminal server]]. ThisOne canway beto achievedimplement bythis runningis asimply pieceby ofrunning [[terminalremote serverdesktop software]] client software on a standard [[desktop computer]].

== Hosted computing model ==

A relatively new method of centralized computing, '''hosted computing''', solves many of the problems associated with traditional distributed computing systems. By centralizing processing and storage on powerful server hardware located in a data center, rather than in a local office, it relieves organizations of the many responsibilities in owning and maintaining an information technology system. These services are typically delivered on a subscription basis by an [[application service provider]] (ASP).<ref name="coredesktop">[http://www.coredesktop.com/purpose.htm Core Desktop Solutions, Inc. &ndash;] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928123326/http://www.coredesktop.com/purpose.htm |date=September 28, 2007 }}. Retrieved on 5 September 2007.</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Computer terminal]]

* [[Decentralized computing]]

* [[Linux Terminal Server Project]]

* [[Multiseat configuration|Multiseat]]

* [[Terminal Services]]

* [[Thin client]]

* [[Time sharing]]

* [[Zero client]]

== References ==

Some organisations use a hybrid model halfway between centralized computing and conventional desktop computing, in which some applications (such as web browsers) are run locally, while other applications (such as critical business systems) are run on the [[terminal server]]. This can be achieved by running a piece of [[terminal server]] client software on a standard desktop computer.

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