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{{Short description|Classification system for computer science topics}}
The '''ACM Computing Classification System''' ('''CCS''') is a subject classification system for [[computer sciencecomputing]] devised by the [[Association for Computing Machinery]] (ACM). The system is comparable to the [[Mathematics Subject Classification]] (MSC) in scope, aims, and structure, being used by the various ACM journals to organiseorganize subjects by area.
 
=={{anchor|CRCS 1964|CCS 1982|CCS 1983|CCS 1987|CCS 1991|CCS 1998|CCS 2012}}History==
==History==
The system has gone through sixseven revisions, the first version being published in 1964, and revised versions appearing in 1982, 1983, 1987, 1991, 1998, and the now current version in 19982012.
 
==Structure==
The ACM Computing Classification SystemIt is hierarchically structured in four levels: three outer levels, coded by capital letters and numbers, and an uncoded fourth level of subject descriptors. Thus, forFor example, one branch of the hierarchy contains:
:I. Computing Methodologies, which contains:methodologies
::I.2 [[Artificial Intelligenceintelligence]], which contains:
:::I.2.4 [[Knowledge representation formalisms and methodsreasoning]], which contains:
::::'' [[TemporalOntology logicengineering]]''.
 
==See also==
Each top-level category has two standard subcategories: "general", coded with a "0", and "miscellaneous", coded with a "m". For instance, I.0 denotes the "general" subcategory of Computing Methodologies, while I.m denotes its miscellaneous subcategory. Several subtopics are listed as uncoded subject descriptors in these standard subcategories.
*[[Computer Science Ontology]]
*[[Physics and Astronomy Classification Scheme]]
*[[arXiv]], a [[Preprint|preprint server]] allowing submitted papers to be classified using the ACM CCS
*[[PhySH|Physics Subject Headings]]
 
==References==
{{Navbox
* {{citation
|name = ACM Computing Classification System
| last = Coulter | first = Neal
|title = ACM Computing Classification System
| doi = 10.1145/265563.265579
|image =
| issue = 12
|above = The 1998 version of the ACM classification has the following main categories.
| journal = Communications of the ACM
 
| ___location = New York, NY, USA
|group1 = Section A
| pages = 111–112
|group2 = Section B
| publisher = ACM
|group3 = Section C
| title = ACM's computing classification system reflects changing times
|group4 = Section D
| volume = 40
|group5 = Section E
| year = 1997| s2cid = 42548816
|group6 = Section F
| doi-access = free
|group7 = Section G
}}.
|group8 = Section H
* {{citation
|group9 = Section I
| last1 = Coulter | first1 = Neal (chair)
|group10 = Section J
| last2 = French | first2 = James
|group11 = Section K
| last3 = Glinert | first3 = Ephraim
 
| last4 = Horton | first4 = Thomas
|list1 = is for general computing literature. It includes subtopics for introductory and survey material, and for reference works.
| last5 = Mead | first5 = Nancy
|list2 = on hardware, has subtopics for [[Control unit|control structures]] and [[Microcode|microprogramming]], [[Arithmetic logic unit|arithmetic and logic structures]], [[Computer storage|memory structures]], [[Input/output|input/output and data communications]], [[Register transfer level|register-transfer-level implementation]], [[logic design]], [[integrated circuit]]s, and [[Performance tuning|performance]] and [[Reliability engineering|reliability]].
| last6 = Ralston | first6 = Anthony
|list3 = concerns [[Computer organization|computer systems organization]]. The subtopics of this section are [[Central processing unit|processor architectures]], [[Computer networking|computer-communication networks]], special-purpose and application-based systems, [[Performance tuning|performance of systems]], and [[Implementation|computer system implementation]].
| last7 = Rada | first7 = Roy
|list4 = is entitled [[Software]]. This section includes two subtopics on software development: programming techniques and [[software engineering]]. Two more subtopics concern the software infrastructure needed to run other software: [[programming language]]s and [[operating system]]s.
| last8 = Rodkin | first8 = Craig
|list5 = pertains [[data]], includes subtopics on [[data structure]]s, data storage representations, [[Encryption|data encryption]], [[Coding theory|coding]] and [[information theory]], and [[Computer file|file]]s.
| last9 = Rous | first9 = Bernard
|list6 = includes several topics from the [[theory of computation]]: [[Abstract machine|computation by abstract devices]], [[analysis of algorithms]] and [[Complexity theory|problem complexity]], [[Formal methods|logics and meanings of programs]], [[mathematical logic]], and [[formal language]]s.
| last10 = Tucker | first10 = Allen
|list7 = contains topics involving the mathematics of computing. Its subtopics are [[numerical analysis]], [[discrete mathematics]], [[probability and statistics]], and [[mathematical software]].
| last11 = Wegner | first11 = Peter
|list8 = pertains to [[information systems]]. It includes subtopics for models and principles, [[Database|database management]], information storage and [[Information retrieval|retrieval]], information systems applications, and information interfaces and presentation (e.g., [[Human-computer interaction|HCI]]).
| last12 = Weiss | first12 = Eric
|list9 = on computing methodologies, covers a diverse set of subtopics concerning different application areas of computation: [[Symbolic mathematics|symbolic and algebraic manipulation]], [[artificial intelligence]], [[computer graphics]], [[image processing]] and [[computer vision]], [[pattern recognition]], [[Computer simulation|simulation and modeling]], and [[Document processing|document and text processing]].
| last13 = Wierzbicki | first13 = Carol
|list10 = also covers computer applications, but with a focus more on the different application areas and less on the different styles of computation one does in each of those areas. Its subtopics are administrative data processing, [[Scientific computing|physical sciences and engineering]], [[Bioinformatics|life and medical sciences]], social and behavioral sciences, [[Digital art|arts]] and [[The Digital Humanities|humanities]], [[computer-aided engineering]], and computers in other systems.
| journal = Computing Reviews
|list11 = has as its title Computing Milieux. The subtopics of this section are [[Computer industry|the computer industry]], [[History of computer science|history of computing]], [[Educational technology|computers and education]], computers and society, [[legal aspects of computing]], management of computing and information systems, the computing profession, and [[Personal computer|personal computing]].
| ___location = New York, NY, USA
}}
| publisher = ACM
 
| date = January 21, 1998
== See also ==
| pages = 1–5
{{portal|Computer Science|Internet map 1024.jpg}}
| title = Computing Classification System 1998: Current Status and Future Maintenance Report of the CCS Update Committee
 
| url = http://www.acm.org/about/class/ccsup.pdf}}.
 
* {{citation
== References ==
| last1 = Mirkin | first1 = Boris
*{{citation
| lastlast2 = CoulterNascimento | firstfirst2 = NealSusana
| last3 = Pereira | first3 = Luis Moniz
| doi = 10.1145/265563.265579
| contribution = Representing a Computer Science Research Organization on the ACM Computing Classification System
| issue = 12
| editor1-last = Eklund | editor1-first = Peter
| journal = Communications of the ACM
| editor2-last = Haemmerlé | editor2-first = Ollivier
| ___location = New York, NY, USA
| pages = 111–11257–65
| publisher = ACMRWTH Aachen University
| series = CEUR Workshop Proceedings
| title = ACM's computing classification system reflects changing times
| title = Supplementary Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Conceptual Structures (ICCS-2008)
| volume = 40
| url = http://ftp.informatik.rwth-aachen.de/Publications/CEUR-WS/Vol-354/p19.pdf
| year = 1997}}.
| volume = 354
*{{citation
| year = 2008}}.
| last1 = Coulter | first1 = Neal
| last2 = French | first2 = James
| last3 = Glinert | first3 = Ephraim
| last4 = Horton | first4 = Thomas
| last5 = Mead | first5 = Nancy
| last6 = Rada | first6 = Roy
| last7 = Ralston | first7 = Anthony
| last8 = Rodkin | first8 = Craig
| last9 = Rous | first9 = Bernard
| last10 = Tucker | first10 = Allen
| last11 = Wegner | first11 = Peter
| last12 = Weiss | first12 = Eric
| last13 = Wierzbicki | first13 = Carol
| journal = Computing Reviews
| ___location = New York, NY, USA
| publisher = ACM
| pages = 1–5
| title = Computing Classification System 1998: Current Status and Future Maintenance Report of the CCS Update Committee
| url = http://www.acm.org/about/class/ccsup.pdf
| year = 1998}}.
*{{citation
| last1 = Mirkin | first1 = Boris
| last2 = Nascimento | first2 = Susana
| last3 = Pereira | first3 = Luis Moniz
| contribution = Representing a Computer Science Research Organization on the ACM Computing Classification System
| editor1-last = Eklund | editor1-first = Peter
| editor2-last = Haemmerlé | editor2-first = Ollivier
| pages = 57–65
| publisher = RWTH Aachen University
| series = CEUR Workshop Proceedings
| title = Supplementary Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Conceptual Structures (ICCS-2008)
| url = http://ftp.informatik.rwth-aachen.de/Publications/CEUR-WS/Vol-354/p19.pdf
| volume = 354
| year = 2008}}.
 
==External links==
* [httphttps://wwwdl.acm.org/classccs dl.acm.org/ ACM Computing Classification Systemccs] is the homepage of the system, including links to threefour complete versions of the system, for 1964 [http://www.acm.org/class/1964/], 1991 [http://www.acm.org/class/class91-toc], and the current 1998 version [http://www.acm.org/class/1998/overview.html]
** the [http://www.acm.org/about/class/cr64 1964 version] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201090453/http://www.acm.org/about/class/cr64 |date=2016-12-01 }}
* [http://www.acm.org/class/1998/acmccs98-1.2.3.xml XML version of the ACM Computing Classification System version 1998]
** the [http://www.acm.org/about/class/class91-toc 1991 version] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921173850/http://www.acm.org/about/class/class91-toc |date=2017-09-21 }}
* The [http://arxiv.org/corr/home ACM Computing Research Repository] uses a [http://arxiv.org/corr/subjectclasses classification scheme] that is much coarser than the ACM subject classification, and does not cover all areas of CS, but is intended to better cover active areas of research. In addition, papers in this repository are classified according to the ACM subject classification.
** the [https://www.acm.org/publications/computing-classification-system/1998 1998 version]
** the [http://www.acm.org/about/class/2012 current 2012 version].
* The [https://arxiv.org/corr/home ACM Computing Research Repository] uses a [https://arxiv.org/corr/subjectclasses classification scheme] that is much coarser than the ACM subject classification, and does not cover all areas of CS, but is intended to better cover active areas of research. In addition, papers in this repository are classified according to the ACM subject classification.
* The [https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3664191 ACM/IEEE/AAAI Computer Science Curriculum Guidance 2023] describes a body of knowledge for computer science divided into 17 knowledge areas, similar to the above classifications.
 
{{Computer science}}
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[[Category:Association for Computing Machinery|*Computing Classification System]]
[[Category:1964 introductions]]
[[Category:Classification systems]]
[[Category:Computer science literature]]
[[Category:ACM1964 publications|*Computingin Classification Systemcomputing]]
[[Category:Computer-related introductions in 1964]]
[[Category:Association for Computing Machinery|Computing Classification System]]
[[Category:Association for Computing Machinery publications|Computing Classification System]]
 
 
{{comp-sci-stub}}
[[de:CR Classification]]
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