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{{Short description|Classification system for computer science topics}}
The '''ACM Computing Classification System''' ('''CCS''') is a subject classification system for [[computer sciencecomputing]] devised by the [[Association for Computing Machinery]] (ACM). The system is comparable to the [[Mathematics Subject Classification]] (MSC) in scope, aims, and structure, being used by the various ACM journals to organiseorganize subjects by area.
 
=={{anchor|CRCS 1964|CCS 1982|CCS 1983|CCS 1987|CCS 1991|CCS 1998|CCS 2012}}History==
==History==
The system has gone through seven revisions, the first version being published in 1964, and revised versions appearing in 1982, 1983, 1987, 1991, 1998, and the now current version in 2012.
 
==Structure==
The ACM Computing Classification SystemIt is hierarchically structured in four levels: three outer levels, coded by capital letters and numbers, and an uncoded fourth level of subject descriptors. Thus, forFor example, one branch of the hierarchy contains:
:I. Computing Methodologies, which contains:methodologies
::I.2 [[Artificial Intelligenceintelligence]], which contains:
:::I.2.4 [[Knowledge representation formalisms and methodsreasoning]], which contains:
::::'' [[TemporalOntology logicengineering]]''.
 
==See also==
Each top-level category has two standard subcategories: "general", coded with a "0", and "miscellaneous", coded with a "m". For instance, I.0 denotes the "general" subcategory of Computing Methodologies, while I.m denotes its miscellaneous subcategory. Several subtopics are listed as uncoded subject descriptors in these standard subcategories.
*[[Computer Science Ontology]]
 
*[[Physics and Astronomy Classification Scheme]]
{{Navbox
*[[arXiv]], a [[Preprint|preprint server]] allowing submitted papers to be classified using the ACM CCS
|name = ACM Computing Classification System
*[[PhySH|Physics Subject Headings]]
|title = ACM Computing Classification System
|image =
|above = The 1998 version of the ACM classification has the following main categories.
|group1 = A. General Literature
|group2 = B. Hardware
|group3 = C. Computer Systems Organization
|group4 = D. Software
|group5 = E. Data
|group6 = F. Theory of Computation
|group7 = G. Mathematics of Computing
|group8 = H. Information Systems
|group9 = I. Computing Methodologies
|group10 = J. Computer Applications
|group11 = K. Computing Milieux
|list1 = is for general computing literature. It includes subtopics for introductory and survey material, and for reference works.
|list2 = Has subtopics for [[Control unit|control structures]] and [[Microcode|microprogramming]], [[Arithmetic logic unit|arithmetic and logic structures]], [[Computer storage|memory structures]], [[Input/output|input/output and data communications]], [[Register transfer level|register-transfer-level implementation]], [[logic design]], [[integrated circuit]]s, and [[Performance tuning|performance]] and [[Reliability engineering|reliability]].
|list3 = concerns [[Computer organization|computer systems organization]]. The subtopics of this section are [[Central processing unit|processor architectures]], [[Computer networking|computer-communication networks]], special-purpose and application-based systems, [[Performance tuning|performance of systems]], and [[Implementation|computer system implementation]].
|list4 = This section includes two subtopics on software development: [[Programming paradigm|programming techniques]] and [[software engineering]]. Two more subtopics concern the software infrastructure needed to run other software: [[programming language]]s and [[operating system]]s.
|list5 = includes subtopics on [[data structure]]s, data storage representations, [[Encryption|data encryption]], [[Coding theory|coding]] and [[information theory]], and [[Computer file|file]]s.
|list6 = includes several topics from the [[theory of computation]]: [[Abstract machine|computation by abstract devices]], [[analysis of algorithms]] and [[Computational complexity theory|problem complexity]], [[Formal methods|logics and meanings of programs]], [[mathematical logic]], and [[formal language]]s.
|list7 = Its subtopics are [[numerical analysis]], [[discrete mathematics]], [[probability and statistics]], and [[mathematical software]].
|list8 = It includes subtopics for models and principles, [[Database|database management]], information storage and [[Information retrieval|retrieval]], information systems applications, and information interfaces and presentation (e.g., [[Human-computer interaction|HCI]]).
|list9 = Covers a diverse set of subtopics concerning different application areas of computation: [[Symbolic mathematics|symbolic and algebraic manipulation]], [[artificial intelligence]], [[computer graphics]], [[image processing]] and [[computer vision]], [[pattern recognition]], [[Computer simulation|simulation and modeling]], and [[Document processing|document and text processing]].
|list10 = also covers computer applications, but with a focus more on the different application areas and less on the different styles of computation one does in each of those areas. Its subtopics are administrative data processing, [[Scientific computing|physical sciences and engineering]], [[Bioinformatics|life and medical sciences]], social and behavioral sciences, [[Digital art|arts]] and [[The Digital Humanities|humanities]], [[computer-aided engineering]], and computers in other systems.
|list11 = The subtopics of this section are [[Computer industry|the computer industry]], [[History of computer science|history of computing]], [[Educational technology|computers and education]], computers and society, [[legal aspects of computing]], [[System administrator|management of computing and information systems]], the computing profession, and [[Personal computer|personal computing]].
}}
 
== See also ==
{{Portal|Computer Science}}
*[[arXiv]], a preprint server that uses a somewhat different subdivision of topics in its computer science subject areas but also allows papers to be classified using the ACM system
 
==References==
* {{citation
| last = Coulter | first = Neal
| doi = 10.1145/265563.265579
| issue = 12
| journal = Communications of the ACM
| ___location = New York, NY, USA
| pages = 111–112
| publisher = ACM
| title = ACM's computing classification system reflects changing times
| volume = 40
| year = 1997}}.| s2cid = 42548816
| doi-access = free
*{{citation
}}.
| last1 = Coulter | first1 = Neal
* {{citation
| last2 = French | first2 = James
| last3last1 = GlinertCoulter | first3first1 = EphraimNeal (chair)
| last4last2 = HortonFrench | first4first2 = ThomasJames
| last5last3 = MeadGlinert | first5first3 = NancyEphraim
| last6last4 = RadaHorton | first6first4 = RoyThomas
| last7last5 = RalstonMead | first7first5 = AnthonyNancy
| last8last6 = RodkinRalston | first8first6 = CraigAnthony
| last9last7 = RousRada | first9first7 = BernardRoy
| last8 = Rodkin | first8 = Craig
| journal = Computing Reviews
| last9 = Rous | first9 = Bernard
| ___location = New York, NY, USA
| last10 = Tucker | first10 = Allen
| publisher = ACM
| last11 = Wegner | first11 = Peter
| pages = 1–5
| last12 = Weiss | first12 = Eric
| title = Computing Classification System 1998: Current Status and Future Maintenance Report of the CCS Update Committee
| last13 = Wierzbicki | first13 = Carol
| url = http://www.acm.org/about/class/ccsup.pdf
| journal = Computing Reviews
| year = 1998
| ___location = New York, NY, USA
| last = Wierzbicki | first = Carol}}.
| publisher = ACM
*{{citation
| date = January 21, 1998
| last1 = Mirkin | first1 = Boris
| pages = 1–5
| last2 = Nascimento | first2 = Susana
| title = Computing Classification System 1998: Current Status and Future Maintenance Report of the CCS Update Committee
| last3 = Pereira | first3 = Luis Moniz
| url = http://www.acm.org/about/class/ccsup.pdf}}.
| contribution = Representing a Computer Science Research Organization on the ACM Computing Classification System
* {{citation
| editor1-last = Eklund | editor1-first = Peter
| last1 = Mirkin | first1 = Boris
| editor2-last = Haemmerlé | editor2-first = Ollivier
| last2 = Nascimento | first2 = Susana
| pages = 57–65
| last3 = Pereira | first3 = Luis Moniz
| publisher = RWTH Aachen University
| contribution = Representing a Computer Science Research Organization on the ACM Computing Classification System
| series = CEUR Workshop Proceedings
| editor1-last = Eklund | editor1-first = Peter
| title = Supplementary Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Conceptual Structures (ICCS-2008)
| editor2-last = Haemmerlé | editor2-first = Ollivier
| url = http://ftp.informatik.rwth-aachen.de/Publications/CEUR-WS/Vol-354/p19.pdf
| volumepages = 35457–65
| publisher = RWTH Aachen University
| year = 2008}}.
| series = CEUR Workshop Proceedings
| title = Supplementary Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Conceptual Structures (ICCS-2008)
| url = http://ftp.informatik.rwth-aachen.de/Publications/CEUR-WS/Vol-354/p19.pdf
| volume = 354
| year = 2008}}.
 
==External links==
* [httphttps://wwwdl.acm.org/classccs dl.acm.org/ ACM Computing Classification Systemccs] is the homepage of the system, including links to four complete versions of the system, for 1964 [http://www.acm.org/class/1964], 1991 [http://www.acm.org/class/class91-toc], 1998 [http://www.acm.org/class/1998], and the current 2012 version [http://www.acm.org/about/class/2012].
** the [http://www.acm.org/about/class/cr64 1964 version] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201090453/http://www.acm.org/about/class/cr64 |date=2016-12-01 }}
* The [http://arxiv.org/corr/home ACM Computing Research Repository] uses a [http://arxiv.org/corr/subjectclasses classification scheme] that is much coarser than the ACM subject classification, and does not cover all areas of CS, but is intended to better cover active areas of research. In addition, papers in this repository are classified according to the ACM subject classification.
** the [http://www.acm.org/about/class/class91-toc 1991 version] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921173850/http://www.acm.org/about/class/class91-toc |date=2017-09-21 }}
** the [https://www.acm.org/publications/computing-classification-system/1998 1998 version]
** the [http://www.acm.org/about/class/2012 current 2012 version].
* The [https://arxiv.org/corr/home ACM Computing Research Repository] uses a [https://arxiv.org/corr/subjectclasses classification scheme] that is much coarser than the ACM subject classification, and does not cover all areas of CS, but is intended to better cover active areas of research. In addition, papers in this repository are classified according to the ACM subject classification.
* The [https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3664191 ACM/IEEE/AAAI Computer Science Curriculum Guidance 2023] describes a body of knowledge for computer science divided into 17 knowledge areas, similar to the above classifications.
 
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