ACM Computing Classification System: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 20:36, 28 September 2006

Latest revision as of 00:16, 29 May 2025

(82 intermediate revisions by 60 users not shown)

Line 1:

{{Short description|Classification system for computer science topics}}

The '''ACM Computing Classification System''' is a subject classification system for computer science devised by the [[Association for Computing Machinery]]. The system has gone through six revisions, the first version being published in [[1964]], and revised versions appearing in [[1982]], [[1983]], [[1987]], [[1991]], and the now current version in [[1998]].

The '''ACM Computing Classification System''' ('''CCS''') is a subject classification system for [[computing]] devised by the [[Association for Computing Machinery]] (ACM). The system is comparable to the [[Mathematics Subject Classification]] (MSC) in scope, aims, and structure, being used by the various ACM journals to organize subjects by area.

=={{anchor|CRCS 1964|CCS 1982|CCS 1983|CCS 1987|CCS 1991|CCS 1998|CCS 2012}}History==

The system is comparable to the [[Mathematics Subject Classification]] in scope, aims and structure, being used by the various ACM journals to organise subjects by area. It is hierarchically structured in four levels: three outer levels, coded by capital letters and numbers, and an uncoded fourth level of subject descriptors. Thus, for example, one branch of the hierarchy contains

The system has gone through seven revisions, the first version being published in 1964, and revised versions appearing in 1982, 1983, 1987, 1991, 1998, and the now current version in 2012.

:I. Computing Methodologies, which contains:

::I.2 [[Artificial Intelligence]], which contains:

:::I.2.4 [[Knowledge representation formalisms and methods]], which contains:

::::<i>[[Temporal logic]]</i>.

==Structure==

Each top-level category has two standard subcategories: "general", coded with a "0", and "miscellaneous", coded with a "m". For instance, I.0 denotes the "general" subcategory of Computing Methodologies, while I.m denotes its miscellaneous subcategory. Several subtopics are listed as uncoded subject descriptors in these standard subcategories.

It is hierarchically structured in four levels. For example, one branch of the hierarchy contains:

: Computing methodologies

:: [[Artificial intelligence]]

::: [[Knowledge representation and reasoning]]

:::: [[Ontology engineering]]

==See also==

==The 1998 classification==

*[[Computer Science Ontology]]

*[[Physics and Astronomy Classification Scheme]]

*[[arXiv]], a [[Preprint|preprint server]] allowing submitted papers to be classified using the ACM CCS

*[[PhySH|Physics Subject Headings]]

==References==

The outer two levels of the 1998 classification are shown below, except for the general and miscellaneous subcategories included in every category. When possible, topics are linked to corresponding entries in Wikipedia. For the inner two levels for each of these topics, see the online [http://www.acm.org/class/1998/ 1998 ACM Computing Classification System] at the [[Association for Computing Machinery|ACM]] website.

* {{citation

| last = Coulter | first = Neal

:A. General literature

| doi = 10.1145/265563.265579

::A.1 Introductory and Survey

| issue = 12

::A.2 Reference

| journal = Communications of the ACM

:B. Hardware

| ___location = New York, NY, USA

::B.1 [[Control unit|Control structures]] and [[Microcode|microprogramming]]

| pages = 111–112

::B.2 [[Arithmetic logic unit|Arithmetic and logic structures]]

| publisher = ACM

::B.3 [[Computer storage|Memory structures]]

| title = ACM's computing classification system reflects changing times

::B.4 [[Input/output|Input/output and data communications]]

| volume = 40

::B.5 [[Register transfer level|Register-transfer-level implementation]]

| year = 1997| s2cid = 42548816

::B.6 [[Logic design]]

| doi-access = free

::B.7 [[Integrated circuit]]s

}}.

::B.8 [[Performance tuning|Performance]] and [[Reliability engineering|reliability]]

* {{citation

:C. [[Computer organization|Computer systems organization]]

| last1 = Coulter | first1 = Neal (chair)

::C.1 [[Central processing unit|Processor architectures]]

| last2 = French | first2 = James

::C.2 [[Computer networking|Computer-communication networks]]

| last3 = Glinert | first3 = Ephraim

::C.3 Special-purpose and application-based systems

| last4 = Horton | first4 = Thomas

::C.4 [[Performance tuning|Performance of systems]]

| last5 = Mead | first5 = Nancy

::C.5 [[Implementation|Computer system implementation]]

| last6 = Ralston | first6 = Anthony

:D. [[Software]]

| last7 = Rada | first7 = Roy

::D.1 Programming techniques

| last8 = Rodkin | first8 = Craig

::D.2 [[Software engineering]]

| last9 = Rous | first9 = Bernard

::D.3 [[Programming language]]s

| last10 = Tucker | first10 = Allen

::D.4 [[Operating system]]s

| last11 = Wegner | first11 = Peter

:E. [[Data]]

| last12 = Weiss | first12 = Eric

::E.1 [[Data structure]]s

| last13 = Wierzbicki | first13 = Carol

::E.2 Data storage representations

| journal = Computing Reviews

::E.3 [[Encryption|Data encryption]]

| ___location = New York, NY, USA

::E.4 [[Coding theory|Coding]] and [[information theory]]

| publisher = ACM

::E.5 [[Computer file|File]]s

| date = January 21, 1998

:F. [[Theory of computation]]

| pages = 1–5

::F.1 [[Abstract machine|Computation by abstract devices]]

| title = Computing Classification System 1998: Current Status and Future Maintenance Report of the CCS Update Committee

::F.2 [[Analysis of algorithms]] and [[Complexity theory|problem complexity]]

| url = http://www.acm.org/about/class/ccsup.pdf}}.

::F.3 [[Formal methods|Logics and meanings of programs]]

* {{citation

::F.4 [[Mathematical logic]] and [[formal language]]s

| last1 = Mirkin | first1 = Boris

:G. Mathematics of Computing

| last2 = Nascimento | first2 = Susana

::G.1 [[Numerical analysis]]

| last3 = Pereira | first3 = Luis Moniz

::G.2 [[Discrete mathematics]]

| contribution = Representing a Computer Science Research Organization on the ACM Computing Classification System

::G.3 [[Probability and statistics]]

| editor1-last = Eklund | editor1-first = Peter

::G.4 [[Mathematical software]]

| editor2-last = Haemmerlé | editor2-first = Ollivier

:H. [[Information Systems]]

| pages = 57–65

::H.1 Models and principles

| publisher = RWTH Aachen University

::H.2 [[Database|Database management]]

| series = CEUR Workshop Proceedings

::H.3 Information storage and [[Information retrieval|retrieval]]

| title = Supplementary Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Conceptual Structures (ICCS-2008)

::H.4 Information systems applications

| url = http://ftp.informatik.rwth-aachen.de/Publications/CEUR-WS/Vol-354/p19.pdf

::H.5 Information interfaces and presentation (e.g., [[Human-computer interaction|HCI]])

| volume = 354

:I. Computing Methodologies

| year = 2008}}.

::I.1 [[Symbolic mathematics|Symbolic and algebraic manipulation]]

::I.2 [[Artificial intelligence]]

::I.3 [[Computer graphics]]

::I.4 [[Image processing]] and [[computer vision]]

::I.5 [[Pattern recognition]]

::I.6 [[Computer simulation|Simulation and modeling]]

::I.7 [[Document processing|Document and text processing]]

:J. Computer Applications

::J.1 Administrative data processing

::J.2 [[Scientific computing|Physical sciences and engineering]]

::J.3 [[Bioinformatics|Life and medical sciences]]

::J.4 Social and behavioral sciences

::J.5 [[Digital art|Arts]] and [[The Digital Humanities|humanities]]

::J.6 [[Computer-aided engineering]]

::J.7 Computers in other systems

:K. Computing Milieux

::K.1 [[Computer industry|The computer industry]]

::K.2 [[History of computer science|History of computing]]

::K.3 [[Educational technology|Computers and education]]

::K.4 Computers and society

::K.5 [[Legal aspects of computing]]

::K.6 Management of computing and information systems

::K.7 The computing profession

::K.8 [[Personal computer|Personal computing]]

==External links==

* [httphttps://wwwdl.acm.org/classccs dl.acm.org/ ACM Computing Classification Systemccs] is the homepage of the system, including links to threefour complete versions of the system, for 1964 [http://www.acm.org/class/1964/], 1991 [http://www.acm.org/class/1991/], and the current 1998 version [http://www.acm.org/class/1998/overview.html]

** the [http://www.acm.org/about/class/cr64 1964 version] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201090453/http://www.acm.org/about/class/cr64 |date=2016-12-01 }}

* [http://www.acm.org/class/1998/acmccs98-1.2.3.xml XML version of the ACM Computing Classification System version 1998]

** the [http://www.acm.org/about/class/class91-toc 1991 version] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921173850/http://www.acm.org/about/class/class91-toc |date=2017-09-21 }}

** the [https://www.acm.org/publications/computing-classification-system/1998 1998 version]

** the [http://www.acm.org/about/class/2012 current 2012 version].

* The [https://arxiv.org/corr/home ACM Computing Research Repository] uses a [https://arxiv.org/corr/subjectclasses classification scheme] that is much coarser than the ACM subject classification, and does not cover all areas of CS, but is intended to better cover active areas of research. In addition, papers in this repository are classified according to the ACM subject classification.

* The [https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3664191 ACM/IEEE/AAAI Computer Science Curriculum Guidance 2023] describes a body of knowledge for computer science divided into 17 knowledge areas, similar to the above classifications.

[[Category:{{Computer science]]}}

[[Category:Association for Computing Machinery|*Computing Classification System]]

[[Category:Classification systems]]

[[Category:Computer science literature]]

[[Category:1964 in computing]]

[[Category:Computer-related introductions in 1964]]

[[Category:Association for Computing Machinery publications|Computing Classification System]]

{{comp-sci-stub}}