|
:''"Spurn" can have other meanings, see the [[wikt:spurn|Wiktionary entry]].''
{{otheruses4|the author|the rock group|H.P. Lovecraft (rock group)}}
{{Infobox Writer
| name = Howard Phillips Lovecraft
| image = H. P. Lovecraft.jpg
| birth_date = [[August 20]], [[1890]]
| birth_place = [[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]], [[Rhode Island]], [[United States|U.S.]]
| death_date = [[March 15]], [[1937]]
| death_place = Providence, Rhode Island, U.S.
| occupation = short story writer
| genre = [[Horror fiction|Horror]], [[Science fiction|SF]]
| movement =
| magnum_opus =
| influences = [[Lord Dunsany]], [[Edgar Allan Poe]]
| influenced = [[Stephen King]], [[Alan Moore]], [[Anne Rice]], [[Clive Barker]]
| footnotes =
}}
[[Image:Spurn_point_with_lighthouse.kirin.jpeg|thumb|right|A photograph of Spurn in May, showing the lighthouse and sand-dunes.]]
'''Howard Phillips Lovecraft''' ([[August 20]], [[1890]] – [[March 15]], [[1937]]) was an [[United States|America]]n author of [[fantasy fiction|fantasy]], [[horror fiction|horror]] and [[science fiction]], noted for combining these three [[genre]]s within single [[narrative]]s. Lovecraft's readership was limited during his life, but his works have become highly important and influential among writers and fans of modern horror fiction.
'''Spurn''' is a narrow sand [[spit (landform)|spit]] on the tip of the coast of [[Yorkshire]], [[England]] that reaches into the [[North Sea]] and forms the north bank of the mouth of the [[Humber]] estuary. It is over 3 miles (5 km) long, almost half of the width of the estuary at that point, and as little as 50 yards (45 metres) wide in places. The southernmost tip is known as '''Spurn Head''' or '''Spurn Point''' and is the home to an [[RNLI]] lifeboat station and disused lighthouse. It forms part of the [[civil parish]] of [[Easington, East Riding of Yorkshire|Easington]], [[East Riding of Yorkshire]].
Spurn, owned since 1960 by the [[Yorkshire Wildlife Trust]] and covering 113 [[hectare]]s (1.13 km²) above high water and 181 hectares (1.81 km²) of foreshore. It is a designated [[National Nature Reserve]], [[Heritage Coast]] and is part of the Humber Flats, Marshes and Coast [[Special Protection Area]].
==Biography==
Lovecraft was born on [[20 August]] [[1890]] at 9:00 a.m. in his family home at 194 (now 454) Angell Street in [[Providence, Rhode Island]]. He was the only child of Winfield Scott Lovecraft, a traveling salesman of jewelry and precious metals, and Sarah Susan Phillips Lovecraft, who could trace her ancestry in America back to the [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] in 1630. Unusually for the time, both of his parents were in their thirties when they married, and it was the first marriage for both. When Lovecraft was three, his father became acutely [[psychotic]] at a hotel in [[Chicago, Illinois]] where he was on a business trip. He was brought back to Butler Hospital in Providence, where he remained for the rest of his life. His affliction was [[General paresis of the insane|general paresis]], which may have been caused by [[syphilis]]. He died when Lovecraft was eight years old.
==Wildlife==
Lovecraft was thereafter raised by his mother, two aunts (Lillian Delora Phillips and Annie Emeline Phillips), and his grandfather, Whipple Van Buren Phillips, with whom Lovecraft and his female relatives lived until Phillips' death. Lovecraft was a [[child prodigy]], reciting poetry at age two and writing complete poems by six. His grandfather encouraged his reading, providing him with classics such as ''[[The Book of One Thousand and One Nights|The Arabian Nights]]'', ''[[Thomas Bulfinch|Bulfinch's Age of Fable]]'', and children's versions of The ''[[Iliad]]'' and The ''[[Odyssey]]''. His grandfather also stirred young Howard's interest in [[Speculative fiction|the weird]] by telling him original tales of [[Gothic horror]]. His mother, on the other hand, worried that these stories would upset him.
The mud flats are an important feeding ground for [[wader|wading birds]], and the area has a [[bird observatory]], for monitoring [[bird migration|migrating]] [[bird]]s and providing accommodation to visiting birdwatchers. Their migration is assisted by east winds in autumn, resulting in [[drift migration]] of [[Scandinavia]]n migrants, sometimes leading to a spectacular "fall" of thousands of birds. Many uncommon species have been sighted there, including a [[Cliff Swallow]] from North America, a [[Lanceolated Warbler]] from Siberia and a [[Black-browed Albatross]] from the Southern Ocean. More commonly, birds such as [[Wheatear]]s, [[Whinchat]]s, [[Common Redstart]]s and [[Old World flycatcher|flycatcher]]s alight at Spurn on their way between breeding and wintering grounds elsewhere. When the wind is in the right direction migrants are funnelled down Spurn Point and are counted at the Narrows Watchpoint, more than 15000 birds can fly past on a good morning in autumn with 3000 quite normal.Spurn point is one of the spcialist places that was ever made
[[Image:Spurn_point_lighthouse.jpg|thumb|left|Spurn Point Lighthouse in the distance]]
==Geography==
Lovecraft was frequently ill as a child, and because of his sickly condition and his undisciplined, argumentative nature, he did not attend school until he was eight, and then was withdrawn after a year. He read voraciously and studied chemistry in the meantime. He produced several [[hectograph]]ed publications with a limited circulation, beginning in 1899 with ''The Scientific Gazette''. Four years later, he returned to public school.
The peninsula is made up from sand and shingle eroded from the [[Holderness]] coastline washed down the coastline from [[Flamborough Head]]. Material is washed down the coast by [[longshore drift]] and accumulates to form the long, narrow embankment in the sheltered waters inside the mouth of the Humber estuary. It is maintained by plants, especially [[Marram grass]] (''Ammophila arenaria''). Waves carry material along the peninsula to the tip, continually extending it; as this action stretches the peninsula it also narrows it to the extent that the sea can cut across it in severe weather. When the sea cuts across it permanently, everything beyond the breach is swept away, only to eventually reform as a new spit pointing further south. This cycle of destruction and reconstruction occurs approximately every 250 years.
The second of the ''Six Studies in English Folk Song for Cello'' composed in 1926 by [[Ralph Vaughan Williams]], the ''Andante sostenuto'' in E flat "Spurn Point" celebrates this peninsula.
Whipple Van Buren Phillips died in 1904, after his business suffered severe losses, and the family was subsequently impoverished by mismanagement of his property and money. The family was forced to move down the street to 598 Angell Street, accommodations which were much smaller and less comfortable. Lovecraft was deeply affected by the loss of his home, and birthplace and even contemplated suicide for a time. He suffered a nervous breakdown in 1908, and as a result never received his high school diploma. This failure to complete his education was a source of disappointment and shame, in part because he was never able to study at [[Brown University]].
It was featured on the television programme ''[[Seven Natural Wonders]]'' as one of the wonders of Yorkshire.
Lovecraft wrote fiction as a youth, but then set it aside for some time in favour of poetry and essays, before returning to fiction in 1917 with more polished stories such as "The Tomb" and "Dagon". The latter was his first professionally published work, appearing in ''Weird Tales'' in 1923. Also around this time he began to build up his huge network of correspondents. His lengthy and frequent missives would make him one of the great letter writers of the century. Among his correspondents were the young [[Forrest J. Ackerman]], [[Robert Bloch]] (''[[Psycho]]'') and [[Robert E. Howard]] (''[[Conan the Barbarian]]'' series).
== History ==
Lovecraft's mother was committed to the Butler Hospital for the Insane, where her husband had died, after suffering from hysteria and depression for a long period of time. Nevertheless, she wrote frequent letters to Lovecraft, and they remained very close until her death on [[May 21]], [[1921]], the result of complications with her gall bladder surgery. Lovecraft was devastated by the loss.
The [[lifeboat]] station at Spurn Head was built in 1810. Due to the remote ___location, houses for the lifeboat crew and their families were added a few years later. The station is now the only one in the UK which has full-time paid staff.
In [[World War I]] two [[coastal artillery]] 9.2" [[Artillery battery|batteries]] were added at either end of Spurn Head, with 4" and 4.7" QF guns in between. The emplacements can be clearly seen, and the northern ones are particularly interesting as coastal erosion has partly toppled them onto the beach, revealing the size of the concrete foundations very well. The Information Centre has a leaflet describing the defences.
Shortly after, he attended an amateur journalist convention where he met [[Sonia Greene]]. She was of [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] [[Jew]]ish ancestry, and, having been born in 1883, seven years older than Lovecraft. They married in 1924, and the couple moved to the [[Political subdivisions of New York State#Borough|borough]] of [[Brooklyn, New York|Brooklyn]] in [[New York City]]. Lovecraft's aunts may have been unhappy with this arrangement, and, although initially enthralled, Lovecraft himself came to intensely dislike New York life.<ref>This situation is closely paralleled in the semi-autobiographical "He", as noted by Michel Houellebecq in ''H. P. Lovecraft: Against the World, Against Life''</ref> A few years later he and Greene, who by this time had already been living separately, agreed to an amicable divorce, which was never fully completed, and he returned to Providence to live with his aunts during their remaining years. Due to the unhappiness of their marriage, some biographers have speculated that Lovecraft could have been [[asexual]], though Greene is often quoted as referring to him as "an adequately excellent lover" [http://www.hplovecraft.com/life/myths.asp#homosexual].
{{commonscat|Spurn}}
Lovecraft's stay in New York came to be marred by financial difficulty, because his efforts to find employment failed. Indeed, this daunting reality of failure to secure ''any'' work in the midst of a large immigrant population—especially irreconcilable with his opinion of himself as a privileged Anglo-Saxon—has been theorized as galvanizing his racism to the point of fear, resulting eventually in repeated literary themes of complete alienation within massive, "cyclopean" architectural environs and teeming hordes of nebulous entities.<ref>''H. P. Lovecraft: Against the World, Against Life'', Michel Houellebecq</ref>
Back in Providence, Lovecraft lived in a "spacious brown Victorian wooden house" at 10 Barnes Street until 1933. (This is the address given as the home of Dr. Willett in ''[[The Case of Charles Dexter Ward]]''.) The period after his return to Providence—the last decade of his life—was Lovecraft's most prolific. During this time period he produced almost all of his best known short stories for the leading [[pulp magazine|pulp publications]] of the day (primarily ''[[Weird Tales]]'') as well as longer efforts like ''[[The Case of Charles Dexter Ward]]'' and ''[[At the Mountains of Madness]]''. He frequently revised work for other authors and did a large amount of [[ghost-writing]], including "The Mound", "Winged Death", and "The Diary of Alonzo Typer".
Despite his best writing efforts, however, he grew ever poorer. He was forced to move to smaller and meaner lodgings with his surviving aunt. He was also deeply affected by [[Robert E. Howard]]'s [[suicide]]. In 1936 he was diagnosed with [[cancer (medicine)|cancer]] of the intestine and he also suffered from [[malnutrition]]. He lived in constant pain until his death on [[March 15]], [[1937]] in [[Providence, Rhode Island]].
Lovecraft was listed along with his parents on the Phillips family monument. That was not enough for his fans, so in 1977 a group of individuals raised the money to buy him a headstone of his own, on which they had inscribed Lovecraft's name, the dates of his birth and death and the phrase, "I AM PROVIDENCE," a line from one of his personal letters. Lovecraft's grave in [[Swan Point Cemetery]] in Providence is occasionally marked with [[graffiti]] quoting his famous phrase from "[[The Call of Cthulhu]]" (originally from "The Nameless City"):
:''"That is not dead which can eternal lie,''
:''And with strange aeons even death may die."''
==Background of Lovecraft's work==
Lovecraft's fiction has been grouped into three categories by some critics. While Lovecraft did not refer to these categories himself, he did once write, "There are my '[[Edgar Allan Poe|Poe]]' pieces and my '[[Edward Plunkett, 18th Baron Dunsany|Dunsany]] pieces' — but alas — where are my Lovecraft pieces?" <ref>Letter to Elizabeth Toldridge, March 8, 1929, quoted in ''Lovecraft: A Look Behind the Cthulhu Mythos''</ref>
*[[Macabre]] stories (approximately 1905–1920)
*[[Dream Cycle]] stories (approximately 1920–1927)
*[[Cthulhu Mythos]]/[[Lovecraft Mythos]] stories (approximately 1925–1935)
Some critics see little difference between the Dream Cycle and the Mythos, often pointing to the recurring ''Necronomicon'' and subsequent "gods". A frequently given explanation is that the Dream Cycle belongs more to the genre of fantasy, while the Mythos is science fiction.
Much of Lovecraft's work was directly inspired by his [[nightmare]]s, and it is perhaps this direct insight into the [[unconscious]] and its [[symbolism]] that helps to account for their continuing resonance and popularity. All these interests naturally led to his deep affection for the works of [[Edgar Allan Poe]], who heavily influenced his earliest macabre stories and writing style. Lovecraft's discovery of the stories of [[Edward Plunkett, 18th Baron Dunsany|Lord Dunsany]] moved his writing in a new direction, resulting in a series of imitative fantasies in a "Dreamlands" setting. It was probably the influence of [[Arthur Machen]], with his carefully constructed tales concerning the survival of ancient evil, and his mystic beliefs in hidden mysteries which lay behind reality, that finally helped inspire Lovecraft to find his own voice from 1923 onwards.
This took on a dark tone with the creation of what is today often called the [[Cthulhu Mythos]], a pantheon of alien extra-dimensional deities and horrors which predate humanity, and which are hinted at in aeon-old myths and legends. The strangeness of the mythos' style may have been influenced, and was certainly foreshadowed, by the paintings of [[Hieronymus Bosch]]. The term "Cthulhu Mythos" was coined by Lovecraft's correspondent and fellow author, [[August Derleth]], after Lovecraft's death; Lovecraft jocularly referred to his artificial mythology as "Yog-Sothothery"[http://www.sff.net/people/timpratt/611.html].
His stories created one of the most influential plot devices in all of horror: the ''[[Necronomicon]]'', the secret [[grimoire]] written by the mad [[Arab]] [[Abdul Alhazred]]. The resonance and strength of the Mythos concept have led some to believe that Lovecraft had based it on actual myth, and [[faux]] editions of the ''Necronomicon'' have also been published over the years.
His prose is somewhat [[antiquarian]]. Often he employed archaic vocabulary or spelling which had already by his time been replaced by contemporary coinages; examples including electric torch (flashlight), Esquimau, and Comanchian. He was fond of heavy use of unfamiliar adjectives such as "[[wikt:eldritch|eldritch]]", "[[wikt:rugose|rugose]]", "[[wikt:noisome|noisome]]", "[[wikt:squamous|squamous]]", and "[[wikt:cyclopean|cyclopean]]", and of attempts to transcribe dialect speech which have been criticized as inaccurate. His works also featured [[British English]] (he was an admitted [[Anglophile]]), and he sometimes made use of anachronistic spellings, such as "compleat/complete" and "lanthorn/lantern".
Lovecraft was a prolific letter writer, inscribing multiple pages to his group of correspondents in small longhand. He sometimes dated his letters 200 years before the current date, which would have put the writing back in U.S. colonial times, before the [[American Revolution]] that offended his [[Anglophile|Anglophilia]]. He explained that he thought that the 18th and 20th centuries were the best; the former being a period of noble grace, and the latter a [[century]] of [[science]]. In his view, the 19th century, particularly the [[Victorian era]], was a "mistake".
==Themes==
Several themes recur in Lovecraft's stories:
===Forbidden knowledge===
In "[[The Call of Cthulhu]]" (1926), Lovecraft wrote: "The most merciful thing in the world, I think, is the inability of the human mind to correlate all its contents... some day the piecing together of dissociated knowledge will open up such terrifying vistas of reality, and of our frightful position therein, that we shall either go mad from the revelation or flee from the light into the peace and safety of a new dark age."
Many of his stories deal with the idea that the human mind is too fragile to learn the truths of the Mythos without being destroyed. The ability of the [[Necronomicon]] to cause insanity in those who read it is particularly well-known to Lovecraft's devotees, but any exposure to such knowledge is likely to cause similar effects; those who actually encounter the beings of the Mythos are particularly likely to go mad, although some of them seem to be less harmful than others.
Those characters who attempt to make use of such knowledge are almost invariably doomed. Sometimes their work attracts the attention of malevolent beings; sometimes, in the spirit of [[Frankenstein]], they are destroyed by monsters of their own creation.
===Nonhuman influences on humanity===
The Beings of Lovecraft's mythos often have human (or mostly-human) servants; Cthulhu, for instance, is worshipped by [[cult]]s amongst both the [[Eskimo]]s of [[Greenland]] and [[voodoo]] circles of [[Louisiana]], and in many other parts of the world.
These worshippers served a useful narrative purpose for Lovecraft. Many Beings of the Mythos were too powerful to be defeated by human opponents, and so horrific that direct knowledge of them meant insanity for the victim. When dealing with such beings, Lovecraft needed a way to provide [[Dramatic_structure#Exposition|exposition]] and build tension without bringing the story to a premature end. Human followers gave him a way to reveal information about their 'gods' in a diluted form, and also made it possible for his protagonists to win temporary victories.
In several stories, such as "[[The Horror at Red Hook]]" and "[[The Shadow Over Innsmouth]]", the ''only'' interaction Lovecraft's protagonists have with his inhuman creatures is via their human cultists; the godlike creatures they worship are never directly experienced. Even in stories such as "[[The Call of Cthulhu]]" and "[[The Whisperer in Darkness]]" where the Great Old Ones appear directly, Lovecraft uses their human followers to introduce them and establish an air of menace.
===Atavistic guilt===
Another recurring theme in Lovecraft's stories is the idea that descendants in a bloodline can never escape the stain of crimes committed by their forebears, at least if the crimes are atrocious enough. Descendants may be very far removed, both in place and in time (and, indeed, in culpability), from the act itself, and yet blood will tell ("[[The Rats in the Walls]]", "[[Facts Concerning the Late Arthur Jermyn and His Family]]", "[[The Shadow Over Innsmouth]]" and ''[[The Case of Charles Dexter Ward]]''). An example of a crime that Lovecraft apparently considered heinous enough for this consequence is cannibalism ("[[The Picture in the House]]", and, again "The Rats in the Walls").
===Inability to escape fate===
Often in Lovecraft's works the protagonist is not in control of his own actions, or finds it impossible to change course. Many of his characters would be free from danger if they simply managed to run away, however this possibility either never arises or is somehow curtailed by some outside force, as in "[[The Colour Out of Space]]". As with the inevitability of one's ancestry, eventually even running away, or death itself, provides no safety ("[[The Thing at the Doorstep]]", "[[The Case of Charles Dexter Ward]]", etc.).
===Civilization under threat===
Lovecraft frequently dealt with the idea of [[civilization]] struggling against more barbaric, primitive elements. In some stories this struggle is at an individual level; many of his protagonists are cultured, highly-educated men who are gradually corrupted by some evil influence.
In such stories, the "curse" is often a hereditary one, either because of interbreeding with non-humans (e.g. "Facts Concerning the Late Arthur Jermyn and His Family" (1920), "The Shadow over Innsmouth" (1931)) or through direct magical influence (''The Case of Charles Dexter Ward''). Physical and mental degradation often come together; this theme of 'tainted blood' may represent concerns relating to Lovecraft's own family history, particularly the death of his father due to what Lovecraft must have suspected to be a [[syphilis|syphilitic]] disorder.
In other tales, an entire society is threatened by barbarism. Sometimes the barbarism comes as an external threat, with a civilized race destroyed in war (e.g. "Polaris"). Sometimes, an isolated pocket of humanity falls into decadence and [[atavism]] of its own accord (e.g. "The Lurking Fear"). But most often, such stories involve a civilized culture being gradually undermined by a malevolent underclass influenced by inhuman forces.
Some scholars have seen in this theme a similarity to the aristocratic, Aryanist anti-modernism of [[Julius Evola]].[http://www.centrostudilaruna.it/schwarzlovecraft.html]
===Racial attitudes===
The distinction between the civilized element and the underclass, or between 'tainted' and 'pure' blood, is often a racial one. The narrators in "The Street", "Herbert West: Reanimator", "He", "The Call of Cthulhu," "The Horror at Red Hook" and many other tales express sentiments which could be considered hostile towards [[Jews]] (although several of Lovecraft's closer friends and correspondents were Jewish), [[Italians]], [[Poles]], Mediterraneans and Afro-Asians collectively. Racist views can also be found in his poetry, particularly in ''On the Creation of Niggers,'' and ''New England Fallen'' (both 1912). He expressed racist and ethnocentric beliefs in his personal correspondence. <ref>See letter to J. Vernon Shea, [[September 25]], 1933, No. 648, ''Selected Letters IV'', [[Arkham House]].</ref> He married a woman of [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] [[Jewish]] ancestry, Sonia Greene, who later said she had to repeatedly remind Lovecraft of her background when he would make anti-Semitic remarks. <ref>''Lovecraft: A Look Behind the Cthulhu Mythos'', Lin Carter, p. 45.</ref>
Lovecraft's blunt expressions of his views on race and class may shock the early 21st century reader, but his attitudes and the frankness with which he expressed them were not at all unusual during his own lifetime. Indeed, these positions were quite mainstream; official [[eugenics]] laws and bans of [[miscegenation]] were at the time legally binding in many parts of the [[United States]] and non-[[Catholic]] areas of [[Europe]], while [[racial segregation]] was legally enforced throughout much of the United States. A popular movement during the 1920s succeeded in drastically restricting [[immigration to the United States]], culminating in the [[Immigration Act of 1924]], which featured expert testimony to the [[United States Congress]] on the threat to American society from the assimilation of more "inferior stock" from eastern and southern Europe. The depth of Lovecraft's feelings on these issues can be difficult to understand by the denizens of anti-traditionalist modernity. "Whenever we found ourselves in the racially mixed crowds which characterize New York," Greene wrote after her divorce from Lovecraft, "Howard would become livid with rage. He seemed almost to lose his mind." <ref>Quoted in ''Lovecraft'', Carter, p. 45.</ref>
He was an avowed [[Anglophile]], and held archaic [[England|English]] culture to be the comparative pinnacle of civilization, with the descendants of the English in America as something of a second-class offshoot, and everyone else below them (see, for example, his poem "[http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/An_American_to_Mother_England An American to Mother England]"). His love for English history and culture is often-times repeated in his work (such as King [[Kuranes]]' nostalgia for England in "[[The Dream-Quest of Unknown Kadath]]").
However, he was not always hostile to non-English peoples. "[[Cool Air]]" places class above race: the narrator speaks disparagingly of the poor [[Hispanic]]s of his neighborhood, but respects the wealthy and aristocratic [[Spaniard]] Dr. Muñoz, "a man of birth, cultivation, and discrimination." In ''[[At the Mountains of Madness]]'', explorers discover evidence of a completely alien race (the [[Elder Things]]) that were eventually destroyed by their brutish [[shoggoth]] servants. Even after several members of the party are killed by revived Elder Things, Lovecraft's narrator expresses sympathy for them: "They were the men of another age and another order of being... what had they done that we would not have done in their place? God, what intelligence and persistence! What a facing of the incredible... Radiates, vegetables, monstrosities, star spawn — whatever they had been, they were men!"
Other stories present white characters in an unflattering light. The degenerate descendants of [[Dutch people|Dutch]] immigrants in the [[Catskill Mountains]], "who correspond exactly to the decadent element of [[white trash]] in the [[Southern United States|South]]," ("Beyond the Wall of Sleep", 1919) are common targets. In "The Temple", Lovecraft's narrator is a highly unsympathetic figure: a [[World War I]] [[U-boat]] captain whose faith in his "iron German will" and the superiority of the [[Fatherland]] lead him to machine-gun survivors in lifeboats and, later, kill his own crew, while blinding him to the curse he has brought upon himself.
In a letter of [[January 23]], [[1920]], Lovecraft stated the following:
<blockquote>
''For evolved man -- the apex of organic progress on the Earth -- what branch of reflection is more fitting than that which occupies only his higher and exclusively human faculties? The primal savage or ape merely looks about his native forest to find a mate; the exalted Aryan should lift his eyes to the worlds of space and consider his relation to infinity!!!!''
</blockquote>
===Absence of female characters===
Women in Lovecraft's fiction are rare, and sympathetic women virtually non-existent; the few leading female characters in his stories — like Asenath Waite<ref>Indeed, Asenath Waite is arguably not female at all</ref> in "[[The Thing on the Doorstep]]" and Lavinia Whateley in "[[The Dunwich Horror]]" — are invariably servants of sinister forces. Romance is likewise almost absent from his stories; where he touches on love, it is usually a [[platonic love]] (e.g. "The Tree").
==The "Undescribable"==
Often in Lovecraftian horror (which of course is not limited to literature alone) the reader is subject to scenes that are frightening merely because they are filled with the unkown. Lovecraft constantly infused his own stories with such things by always keeping the reading without enough description to really make anything whole. For as Lovecraft once put it, "The oldest and strongest emotion of mankind is fear, and the oldest and strongest kind of fear is fear of the unknown." Most of the time he would lable different feelings, experiences, or even entities as "undescribable." In fact, he even once took it upon himself to explain his rationale behind such a tactic by writing of a fictional debate that he has with a supposed friend of his on the very assumption that the character in the short story had read some of his writting in reality. As a sort of "so there", the short story "The Unnamable" ends with Lovecraft himself and his fictional friend being attacked by some sort of creature, and when they both come to hours later, the only thing his friend can say is, "Howard, it was the ''unnamable.''"
==Lovecraft's influence in popular culture==
:''Main articles: [[Lovecraftian horror]] and [[Cthulhu Mythos in popular culture]]''
Beyond direct adaptation, Lovecraft and his stories have had a profound impact on popular culture, and has been praised by many modern writers of horror, science fiction, and fantasy. Much of his influence is secondary, as he was a friend, inspiration, and correspondent to many authors who would gain fame through their creations, such as [[Conan the Barbarian]] creator [[Robert E. Howard]] and [[Robert Bloch]], author of ''[[Psycho]]''. <!-- DOES NOT FIT HERE; COULD BE ADDED ELSEWHERE and [[Frank Belknap Long]], Lovecraft's biographer and contributor to the Mythos. -->
Many later creators of horror writing, films and art were influenced by Lovecraft, including author and artist [[Clive Barker]], [[Stephen King]], film director [[John Carpenter]], game designer [[Sandy Petersen]], and artist [[H. R. Giger]]. Many authors have written stories that are explicitly set in the same reality as Lovecraft's original stories.
Lovecraft [[pastiche]]s are common, and his "universe" is so distinctive that he is an [[eponym]], describing things which are so abstract to human understanding, that merely seeing them is often enough to cause terror and insanity. In stark contrast, things in mainstream horror tend to be more recognizable and familiar to the average person.
He also held responsibility for the invention of the philosophy "[[Cosmicism]]" which was reflected in many works beyond his own, including the ''[[Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy]]'' series, movies like ''The Day the Earth Stood Still'' and video games such as "Eternal Darkness: Sanity's Requiem".
==Survey of the work==
For most of the 20th century, the definitive editions (specifically ''At the Mountains of Madness and Other Novels'', ''Dagon and Other Macabre Tales'', ''The Dunwich Horror and Others'', and ''The Horror in the Museum and Other Revisions'') of his prose fiction were published by [[Arkham House]], a publisher originally started with the intent of publishing the work of Lovecraft, but which has since published a considerable amount of other literature as well. With the demise of Arkham House, however, [http://www.penguinclassics.com Penguin Classics] has at present issued three volumes of Lovecraft's works - [http://us.penguinclassics.com/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,10_0141182342,00.html ''The Call of Cthulhu and Other Weird Stories''], [http://us.penguinclassics.com/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,10_0142180033,00.html ''The Thing on the Doorstep and Other Weird Stories''], and most recently [http://us.penguinclassics.com/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,10_0142437956,00.html ''The Dreams in the Witch House and Other Weird Stories''] - which collect the "standard" texts as edited by [[S. T. Joshi]], most of which were heretofore available in the Arkham House editions, with the exception of the restored text of "[[The Shadow Out of Time]]", currently included in ''The Dreams in the Witch House'', which had been previously released by small-press publisher [http://www.hippocampuspress.com/ Hippocampus Press]). In 2005 the prestigious [[Library of America]] canonized Lovecraft with a volume of his stories edited by [[Peter Straub]], and Random House's [http://www.randomhouse.com/modernlibrary/ Modern Library] line just released the "definitive edition" of Lovecraft's ''[[At the Mountains of Madness]]'' (also including "[[Supernatural Horror in Literature]]").
Lovecraft's poetry is collected in ''The Ancient Track: The Complete Poetical Works of H. P. Lovecraft'', while much of his juvenilia, various essays on philosophical, political and literary topics, antiquarian travelogues, and other things, can be found in ''Miscellaneous Writings''. Lovecraft's essay "Supernatural Horror in Literature", first published in 1927, is a historical survey of horror literature available with endnotes as ''The Annotated Supernatural Horror in Literature''.
===Letters===
Despite the fact that Lovecraft is mostly known for his works of weird fiction, the bulk of Lovecraft's writing mainly consists of voluminous letters about a variety of topics, from weird fiction and art criticism to politics and history. S. T. Joshi estimates that Lovecraft wrote about 87,500 letters from 1912 until his death in 1937 — one famous letter from [[November 9]], [[1929]] to Woodburn Harris being 70 pages in length.
Lovecraft was not a very active letter-writer in youth. In 1931 he admitted: "In youth I scarcely did any letter-writing - thanking anybody for a present was so much of an ordeal that I would rather have written a two hundred fifty-line pastoral or a twenty-page treatise on the rings of Saturn." (SL 3.369–70). The initial interest in letters stemmed from his correspondence with his cousin Phillips Gamwell but even more important was his involvement in the amateur journalism movement, which was responsible for the enormous number of letters Lovecraft produced.
Lovecraft clearly states that his contact to numerous different people through letter-writing was one of the main factors in broadening his view of the world: "I found myself opened up to dozens of points of view which would otherwise never have occurred to me. My understanding and sympathies were enlarged, and many of my social, political, and economic views were modified as a consequence of increased knowledge." (SL 4.389).
Today there are four publishing houses that have released letters from Lovecraft — Arkham House with its five-volume edition ''Selected Letters'' being the most prominent. Other publishers are Hippocampus Press (''Letters to Alfred Galpin'' et al.), Night Shade Books (''Mysteries of Time and Spirit: The Letters of H. P. Lovecraft and Donald Wandrei'' ''et al''.) and Necronomicon Press (''Letters to Samuel Loveman and Vincent Starrett'' et al).
===Intellectual property===
There exists much controversy over the [[copyright]] status of many of Lovecraft's works, especially his later works. Lovecraft had specified that the young [[Robert Barlow]] would serve as executor of his literary estate, but these instructions had never been incorporated into his will. Nevertheless his surviving aunt carried out his wishes and Barlow was given charge of the massive and complex literary estate upon Lovecraft's death. Barlow deposited the bulk of the papers, including the voluminous correspondence, with the John Hay Library. However, as a young writer with no legal training, his efforts to organize and maintain Lovecraft's other writing stood little chance of success. [[August Derleth]], an older and more established writer than Barlow, vied for control of the literary estate. One result of these conflicts was the legal confusion over who owned what copyrights.
All works published before 1923 are [[public ___domain]] in the US. However, there is some disagreement over who exactly owns or owned the copyrights and whether the copyrights for the majority of Lovecraft's works published post-1923 — including such prominent pieces as "[[The Call of Cthulhu]]" and "[[At the Mountains of Madness]]" — have now expired.
Questions center over whether copyrights for Lovecraft's works were ever renewed under the terms of the [[United States|U.S.]] [[Copyright Act of 1976]] for works created prior to [[January 1]] [[1978]]. If Lovecraft's work had been renewed, they would be eligible for protection for 70 years after the life of the author, according to the [[Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act]] of 1998. Works which he wrote as "work for hire" would be under copyright by the publishers for 95 years after publication. This means the copyrights would not expire on some of Lovecraft's works until the end of 2007, providing that no further laws extend the periods of copyrights within the US. Similarly, the [[European Union]] [[Directive on harmonising the term of copyright protection]] of 1993 extended the copyrights to 70 years after the author's death, which would be 2007.
In those [[Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works|Berne Convention]] countries who have implemented only the minimum copyright period, copyright expires 50 years after the author's death.
Lovecraft protégés and part owners of Arkham House, August Derleth and [[Donald Wandrei]], often claimed copyrights over Lovecraft's works. On [[October 9]], [[1947]], Derleth purchased all rights to ''[[Weird Tales]]''. However, since April 1926 at the latest, Lovecraft had reserved all second printing rights to stories published in ''Weird Tales''. Hence, ''Weird Tales'' may only have owned the rights to at most six of Lovecraft's tales. Again, even if Derleth did obtain the copyrights to Lovecraft's tales, no evidence as yet has been found that the copyrights were renewed.[http://phantasmal.sourceforge.net/Innsmouth/LovecraftCopyright.html]
Prominent Lovecraft scholar S. T. Joshi concludes in his biography, ''H.P. Lovecraft: A Life'', that Derleth's claims are "almost certainly fictitious" and that most of Lovecraft's works published in the amateur press are most likely now in the public ___domain. The copyright for Lovecraft's works would have been inherited by the only surviving heir of his 1912 will: Lovecraft's aunt, [[Annie Gamwell]]. Gamwell herself perished in 1941 and the copyrights then passed to her remaining descendants, [[Ethel Phillips Morrish]] and Edna Lewis. Morrish and Lewis then signed a document, sometimes referred to as the Morrish-Lewis gift, permitting [[Arkham House]] to republish Lovecraft's works but retaining the copyrights for themselves. Searches of the [[Library of Congress]] have failed to find any evidence that these copyrights were then renewed after the 28-year period and, hence, it is likely that these works are now in the public ___domain.
According to an essay by [[Peter Ruber]], the current editor of Arkham House, called "The Un-Demonizing of August Derleth", certain letters obtained in June 1998 detail the Derleth-Wandrei acquisition of Lovecraft's estate. It is unclear whether these letters contradict Joshi's views on Lovecraft's copyrights.[http://www.epberglund.com/RGttCM/nightscapes/NS15/ns15nf01.htm]
[[Chaosium]], publishers of the [[Call of Cthulhu (role-playing game)|Call of Cthulhu role-playing game]], have a [[trademark]] on several Lovecraftian phrases and creations, including "The Call of Cthulhu", for use in game products. Another RPG publisher, [[TSR, Inc.]], original publisher of [[Dungeons and Dragons|Advanced Dungeons & Dragons]], included in one of that game's earlier supplements, ''[[Deities & Demigods]]'', a section on the Cthulhu Mythos; TSR, Inc. later agreed to remove this section from subsequent editions because of Chaosium's intellectual property interests in the work.
Regardless of the legal disagreements surrounding Lovecraft's works, Lovecraft himself was extremely generous with his own works and actively encouraged others to borrow ideas from his stories, particularly with regard to his Cthulhu mythos. By "wide citation" he hoped to give his works an "air of verisimilitude", and actively encouraged other writers to reference his creations, such as the ''Necronomicon'', Cthulhu and Yog-Sothoth. After his death, many writers have contributed stories and enriched the shared mythology of the Cthulhu Mythos, as well as making numerous references to his work. (See [[Cthulhu Mythos in popular culture]].)
== Locations featured in Lovecraft stories ==
Lovecraft drew extensively from his native New England for settings in his fiction. Numerous real historical locations are mentioned, and several fictional New England locations make frequent appearances. (See [[Lovecraft Country]].)
=== Historical locations ===
* [[Copp's Hill]], [[Boston, Massachusetts]]
* [[Red Line (MBTA)]]
* [[Cranston, Rhode Island|Pawtuxet]] (not extant)
* [[Newburyport, Massachusetts]]
* [[Ipswich, Massachusetts]]
* [[Salem, Massachusetts]]
* Many locations within his hometown of [[Providence, Rhode Island]], including the (then purportedly haunted) Halsey House, Prospect Terrace, and [[Brown University|Brown University's]] John Hay Library and John Carter Brown Library.
=== Fictional locations ===
* [[Miskatonic University]] in the fictional [[Arkham]], [[Massachusetts]]
* [[Dunwich (Lovecraft)|Dunwich]]
* [[Innsmouth]], [[Massachusetts]]
* [[Kingsport (Lovecraft)|Kingsport]]
* [[Aylesbury]], [[Massachusetts]]
== Bibliography ==
{{Wikisource author}}
See: [[List of Works by H. P. Lovecraft]]
== Works relating to Lovecraft ==
===Academia===
* McInnis, John L. (1975). ''H.P. Lovecraft: The maze and the minotaur''. (Doctoral dissertation, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge).
===Books===
*From Fenham Publishers:
**''[[The Gentleman From Angell Street: Memories of H.P. Lovecraft]]'' (ISBN 0970169914)
*From Hippocampus Press:
**''[[Lovecraft's New York Circle: The Kalem Club, 1924-1927]]'' (ISBN 0976159295)
**''[[The Annotated Supernatural Horror in Literature]]'' (ISBN 0967321506)
**''[[H. P. Lovecraft: Letters to Alfred Galpin]]'' (ISBN 096732159X)
**''[[H. P. Lovecraft: Letters To Rheinhart Kleiner]]'' (ISBN 0974878952)
**''[[Lovecraft's Library: A Catalogue]]'' (ISBN 0967321573)
**''[[Primal Sources: Essays on H. P. Lovecraft]]'' (ISBN 0972164405)
**''[[An H. P. Lovecraft Encyclopedia]]'' (ISBN 097487891X)
===Documentary films===
*''The Eldritch Influence:The Life, Vision, and Phenomenon of H.P. Lovecraft'' (2003), Hermetic Productions Looks at the influence of Lovecraft on art and culture. ([http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0388914/ IMDb entry])
==Adaptations==
===Television===
*[[Rod Serling]]'s 1969-73 series, ''Night Gallery'', adapted at least two Lovecraft stories, "Pickman's Model" and "Cool Air". The episode "Professor Peabody's Last Lecture", concerning the fate of a man who read the ''Necronomicon,'' includes a student named "Mr. Lovecraft". Another five-minute short is called "Ms. Lovecraft Sent Me", about a babysitter and her strange client.
*''Out of Mind: The Stories of H.P. Lovecraft'' (1998), a Lovecraft sampler shown on ''[[Bravo!]]'' ([http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0213968/ IMDb entry: Available on DVD])
*''Rough Magik'' (2000), [[BBC]] pilot for a Call of Cthulhu show starring Paul Darrow, a la ''[[The X-Files]].'' ([http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0459531/ IMDb entry: Available on DVD])
===Music===
A Band Named after H.P Lovecraft was together from 1966 thru 1969 when it disbanded.
===Movies===
<!-- ***PLEASE***, do not add movies here which are merely "Lovecraftian" (see "Lovecraftian horror") or which make references to the Mythos (see "Cthulhu Mythos in popular culture"), as those are cataloged elsewhere already. This section is purely for adaptations of Lovecraft's work or biographical films. If you're not sure, check the above-mentioned two pages and see if the film is listed there. Then check the IMDB to see if Lovecraft is given story credit for the film. -->
Films based (generally ''very'' loosely) on specific Lovecraft works (partial list only; see [http://www.thelurker.com The Lurker in the Lobby] and [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0522454/ Lovecraft's IMDb entry] for a more complete selection):
*''Beyond the Wall of Sleep'' (2006), set in the Catskill Mountains and based on the story of the same name about an asylum intern who becomes obsessed with a convicted murderer who was raised in a remote mountain community. ([http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0279688/ IMDb entry: Available on DVD])
*''The Call of Cthulhu'' (2005), a short, silent, black-and-white film that faithfully adapts the short story. ([http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0478988/ IMDb entry: Available on DVD])
*''The Dreams in the Witch House'' (2005) Based on the story of the same name. Premiered on Showtime's [[Masters of Horror]] film series.
*''Cool Air'' (1998), adaptation by Bryan Moore starring Jack Donner ([http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0200546/ IMDb entry] [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B0006HCT3S Available on DVD])
*''The Curse'' (1987), adaptation of "[[The Colour out of Space]]" ([http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0092809/ IMDb entry])
*''Dagon'' (2001), based less on Lovecraft's vignette of the same name than on "The Shadow over Innsmouth" transplanted to a modern Spanish fishing village. ([http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0264508/ IMDb entry])
*''Die, Monster, Die!'' (1965), another adaptation of "The Colour out of Space" ([http://imdb.com/title/tt0059465/ IMDb entry])
*''The Dream-Quest of Unknown Kadath'' (2003), an animated adaptation ([http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0384057/ IMDb entry])
*''[[The Dunwich Horror]]'' (1970) ([http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0065669/ IMDb entry])
*''From Beyond'' (1986) ([http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0091083/ IMDb entry])
*''The Haunted Palace'' (1963), an adaptation of ''The Case of Charles Dexter Ward'' ([http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0057128/ IMDb entry])
*''[[Necronomicon (film)|Necronomicon]]'' (1994), three short films based on Lovecraft stories ("The Rats in the Walls", "Cool Air", "The Whisperer in Darkness") ([http://imdb.com/title/tt0107664/ IMDb entry]). This film depicts Lovecraft ([[Jeffrey Combs]]) stealing the ''Necronomicon'' from a religious order.
*''[[Re-Animator]]'' (1985), adaptation of "Herbert West, Re-Animator" that has two sequels ([http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0089885/ IMDb entry])
*''The Resurrected'' (1992), adaptation of ''The Case of Charles Dexter Ward'' ([http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0105242/ IMDb entry])
===Radio production===
*''The Call of Cthulhu'' (Broadcast in Tasmania on Lovecraft's 100th birthday)
*''Jeffrey Combs reads Herbert West—Reanimator'' (Audio book CD by Beyond Books/Lurker Films)
*''At the Mountains of Madness'' ([[Atlanta Radio Theater Company]])
*''The Dunwich Horror'' (Atlanta Radio Theater Company)
*''The Rats in the Walls'' (Atlanta Radio Theater Company)
*''The Shadow Over Innsmouth'' (Atlanta Radio Theater Company)
==Further reading==
In the past few decades, the quantity of books ''about'' Lovecraft has increased considerably. Also, Lovecraft's stories themselves have enjoyed a veritable publishing renaissance in recent years. The titles mentioned below are a small sampling.
''Lovecraft, a Biography'', written by [[L. Sprague de Camp]], published in 1975, and now [[out of print]], was Lovecraft's first full-length biography. [[Frank Belknap Long]]'s ''Howard Phillips Lovecraft: Dreamer on the Night Side'' ([[Arkham House]], 1975) presents a more personal look at Lovecraft's life, combining reminiscence, biography, and literary criticism. Long was a friend and correspondent of Lovecraft, as well as a fellow fantasist who wrote a number of Lovecraft-influenced Cthulhu Mythos stories (including ''The Hounds of Tindalos''). A newer, more extensive biography is ''H. P. Lovecraft: A Life,'' written by Lovecraft scholar [[S. T. Joshi]]. It was for a long time [[out of print]], but has recently been republished by [[Necronomicon Press]], with a new afterword by the author. Used copies of the first edition are rare. An adequate alternative is Joshi's abridged ''A Dreamer & A Visionary: H. P. Lovecraft in His Time''. Most recently, an English translation of [[Michel Houellebecq]]'s ''HP Lovecraft: Against the World, Against Life'' was published by Believer Books in 2005. Well worth reading for the Lovecraft enthusiast, Houellebecq offers an interesting interpretation of the source of Lovecraft's creative genius.
Other significant Lovecraft-related works are ''An H. P. Lovecraft Encyclopedia'' (informative but expensive) and ''Lovecraft's Library: A Catalogue'' (a meticulous listing of many of the books in Lovecraft's now scattered library), both by Joshi, and also ''Lovecraft at Last,'' an account by [[Willis Conover]] of his teenage correspondence with Lovecraft. For those interested in studying in detail Lovecraft's writings and philosophy, Joshi's ''A Subtler Magick: The Writings and Philosophy of H. P. Lovecraft'' is useful both for the analysis it provides and for the thorough bibliography appended to it. [[Andrew Migliore]] and John Strysik's ''Lurker in the Lobby: A Guide to the Cinema of H.P. Lovecraft'' and [[Charles P. Mitchell]]'s ''The Complete H. P. Lovecraft Filmography'' are both practicable for their discussion of films containing Lovecraftian elements.
Lovecraft's prose fiction has been published numerous times, but, even ''after'' the "corrected texts" were released by Arkham House in the 1980s, many non-definitive collections of his stories have appeared, including Ballantine Books editions and, also, three popular Del Rey editions, which nonetheless have interesting introductions. The three collections published by Penguin, ''The Call of Cthulhu and Other Weird Stories'', ''The Thing on the Doorstep and Other Weird Stories'', and ''Dreams in the Witch House and Other Weird Stories'', incorporate the modifications made in the corrected texts as well as the thorough annotation provided by Joshi.
Others may further be interested in Lovecraft's "revisions" or ghost-written works, compiled most authoritative in ''The Horror in the Museum and Other Revisions'', edited again by Joshi.
Many readers, when they first encounter Lovecraft's works, find his writing style difficult to read — owing, no doubt, to his fondness for adjectives, long paragraphs, and archaic diction. This characteristic style differs greatly from the fashion standards in literature of the early 21st century, most notably the emphasis on transparency. Also, Lovecraft's early 20th century perspective yielded references in his works to objects and ideas that may be unfamiliar to modern readers. Some of Lovecraft's writings, however, are annotated with [[footnote]]s or [[endnote]]s. In addition to the Penguin editions mentioned above and ''The Annotated Supernatural Horror in Literature'', Joshi has produced ''The Annotated H. P. Lovecraft'' as well as ''More Annotated H. P. Lovecraft'', both of which are footnoted extensively.
Lastly, ''The Philosophy of H. P. Lovecraft'' presents an excellent and extensive study of Lovecraft's use of language to analyze the psychology of Lovecraft's writings.
==Notes==
<references/>
==External links==
* [http://www.britainexpress.com/countryside/coast/spurn.htm Spurn Head Heritage Coast]
{{wikiquote}}
* [http://www.fortunecity.com/greenfield/ecolodge/25/spurn.htm Spurn Point- A cyclic coastal landform], showing an excellent aerial photograph
{{wikisource author}}
*[ http://www.hplovecrafteastcoastline.comco.uk/ The H. P. Lovecraft Archive]
* http://www.spurnpoint.com/
*[http://www.themodernword.com/scriptorium/lovecraft.html Essay on Lovecraft by S. T. Joshi]
* [http://www.spurnbirdobservatory.co.uk/ Spurn Bird Observatory]
*[http://books.guardian.co.uk/extracts/story/0,6761,1498708,00.html Extract from Michel Houellebecq's ''HP Lovecraft: Against the World, Against Life'']
*[http://www.noveltynet.org/content/books/lovecraft/works.html The Complete (?) Works of H.P. Lovecraft in PDF format]
*[http://www.cthulhulives.org The HP Lovecraft Historical Society]
*[http://www.forteantimes.com/articles/184_lovecraft1.shtml Dreamer of the Dark] Fortean Times on Lovecraft and the paranormal
*[http://mysite.verizon.net/hplovecraft/ A Pictorial Bibliography]
* {{isfdb name|id=H._P._Lovecraft|name=H. P. Lovecraft}}
*{{cite web | title=Observer review of Houellebecq's "HP Lovecraft: Against the World, Against Life".| url=http://observer.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,,1820489,00.html}}
[[Category:H.P. Lovecraft| ]]
[[Category:American fantasy writers|Lovecraft, H. P.]]
[[Category:American horror writers|Lovecraft, H. P.]]
[[Category:American science fiction writers|Lovecraft, H. P.]]
[[Category:Cthulhu Mythos|Lovecraft, H. P.]]
[[Category:American atheists|Lovecraft, H. P.]]
[[Category:Autodidacts|Lovecraft, H. P.]]
[[Category:People from Providence, Rhode Island|Lovecraft, H.P.]]
[[Category:1890 births|Lovecraft, H. P.]]
[[Category:1937 deaths|Lovecraft, H. P.]]
<!--Categories-->
[[bg:Хауърд Лъвкрафт]]
[[Category:National Nature Reserves in England]]
[[da:H.P. Lovecraft]]
[[Category:Special Protection Areas in England]]
[[de:H. P. Lovecraft]]
[[Category:Peninsulas of England]]
[[el:Χάουαρντ Φίλιπς Λάβκραφτ]]
[[Category:Holderness]]
[[es:Howard Phillips Lovecraft]]
[[eo:H. P. Lovecraft]]
[[fr:Howard Phillips Lovecraft]]
[[gl:H.P. Lovecraft]]
[[ko:하워드 필립스 러브크래프트]]
[[it:Howard Phillips Lovecraft]]
[[he:הווארד פיליפס לאבקרפט]]
[[hu:Howard Phillips Lovecraft]]
[[nl:Howard Phillips Lovecraft]]
[[ja:ハワード・フィリップス・ラヴクラフト]]
[[pl:Howard Phillips Lovecraft]]
[[pt:Howard Phillips Lovecraft]]
[[ro:H. P. Lovecraft]]
[[ru:Лавкрафт, Говард Филлипс]]
[[sco:H. P. Lovecraft]]
[[simple:H. P. Lovecraft]]
[[fi:H. P. Lovecraft]]
[[sv:H.P. Lovecraft]]
[[tr:Howard Phillips Lovecraft]]
[[zh:霍华德·菲利普·洛夫克拉夫特]]
| 