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{{Software development process}}
'''Integration testing''' is a form of [[software testing]] in which multiple software components, modules, or services are tested together to verify they work as expected when combined. The focus is on testing the interactions and data exchange between integrated parts, rather than testing components in isolation.
Integration testing describes tests that are run at the integration-level to contrast testing at the [[unit testing|unit]] or [[system testing|system]] level.
Often, integration testing is conducted to evaluate the [[regulatory compliance|compliance]] of a component with [[functional requirement]]s.<ref>{{Cite book|title=ISO/IEC/IEEE International Standard - Systems and software engineering|publisher=ISO/IEC/IEEE 24765:2010(E)|year=2010|pages=vol., no., pp.1–418, 15 Dec. 2010}}</ref>
In a structured development process, integration testing takes as its input [[module (programming)|modules]] that have been unit tested, groups them in larger aggregates, applies tests defined in an integration [[test plan]], and delivers as output test results as a step leading to system testing.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=utFCImZOTEIC&dq=integration+test&pg=PA73 Martyn A Ould & Charles Unwin (ed), ''Testing in Software Development'', BCS (1986), p71]. Accessed 31 Oct 2014</ref>
== Approach ==
Some different types of integration testing are big-bang, mixed (sandwich), risky-hardest, [[top-down and bottom-up design|top-down, and bottom-up]]. Other Integration Patterns<ref>Binder, Robert V.: ''Testing Object-Oriented Systems: Models, Patterns, and Tools''. Addison Wesley 1999. {{ISBN|0-201-80938-9}}</ref> are: collaboration integration, backbone integration, layer integration, client-server integration, distributed services integration and high-frequency integration.
In big-bang testing, most of the developed modules are coupled together to form a complete software system or major part of the system and then used for integration testing. This method is very effective for saving time in the integration testing process {{cn|date=May 2024}}. However, if the test cases and their results are not recorded properly, the entire integration process will be more complicated and may prevent the testing team from achieving the goal of integration testing.
In bottom-up testing, the lowest level components are tested first, and are then used to facilitate the testing of higher level components. The process is repeated until the component at the top of the hierarchy is tested. All the bottom or low-level modules, procedures or functions are integrated and then tested. After the integration testing of lower level integrated modules, the next level of modules will be formed and can be used for integration testing. This approach is helpful only when all or most of the modules of the same development level are ready. This method also helps to determine the levels of software developed and makes it easier to report testing progress in the form of a percentage.
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Sandwich testing combines top-down testing with bottom up testing. One limitation to this sort of testing is that any conditions not stated in specified integration tests, outside of the confirmation of the execution of design items, will generally not be tested.
<gallery>
Top Down Approach.png|Top-down approach
Bottom Up Approach.png|Bottom-up approach
Sandwich Approach.png|Sandwich approach
Bing Bang Approach.png|Big bang approach
</gallery>
=== Test Data Management ===
Integration tests that alter any [[persistent storage|persistent store]] or database should always be designed carefully with consideration of the initial and final state of the files or database, even if any test fails. This is often achieved using some combination of the following techniques:
* The <code>TearDown</code> method, which is integral to many test frameworks.
* <code>try...catch...finally</code> [[exception handling]] structures where available.
* [[Database transactions]] where a transaction [[atomicity (database systems)|atomically]] includes perhaps a write, a read and a matching delete operation.
* Taking a "snapshot" of the database before running any tests and rolling back to the snapshot after each test run. This may be automated using a framework such as [[Apache Ant|Ant]] or [[NAnt]] or a [[continuous integration]] system such as [[CruiseControl]].
* Initialising the database to a clean state ''before'' tests, rather than cleaning up ''after'' them. This may be relevant where cleaning up may make it difficult to diagnose test failures by deleting the final state of the database before detailed diagnosis can be performed.
==See also==
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