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{{Short description|Type of statistical data method}}
[[File:SCMGermany.png|thumb|right|Comparison of
The '''synthetic control method''' is an econometric method used to evaluate the effect of large-scale interventions. It was proposed in a series of articles by [[Alberto Abadie]] and his coauthors.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |
The synthetic control method combines elements from [[Matching (statistics)|matching]] and [[difference-in-differences]] techniques. Difference-in-differences methods are often-used policy evaluation tools that estimate the effect of an intervention at an aggregate level (e.g. state, country, age group etc.) by averaging over a set of unaffected units. Famous examples include studies of the employment effects of a raise in the [[Minimum wage in the United States|minimum wage]] in New Jersey fast food restaurants by comparing them to fast food restaurants just across the border in [[Philadelphia]] that were unaffected by a minimum wage raise,<ref name="CardKrueger">{{cite journal |last1=Card |first1=D. |authorlink=David Card |first2=A. |last2=Krueger |authorlink2=Alan Krueger |year=1994 |title=Minimum Wages and Employment: A Case Study of the Fast-Food Industry in New Jersey and Pennsylvania |journal=[[American Economic Review]] |volume=84 |issue=4 |pages=772–793 |jstor=2118030 }}</ref> and studies that look at [[crime rates]] in southern cities to evaluate the impact of the [[Mariel boat lift|Mariel Boatlift]] on crime.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Billy |first=Alexander |year=2022 |title=Crime and the Mariel Boatlift |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0144818822000503 |journal=[[International Review of Law and Economics]] |volume=72 |issue= |pages=106094 |doi=10.1016/j.irle.2022.106094 |s2cid=219390309 |via=Science Direct|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The control group in this specific scenario can be interpreted as a [[Weighted arithmetic mean|weighted average]], where some units effectively receive zero weight while others get an equal, non-zero weight.
The synthetic control method tries to offer a more systematic way to assign weights to the control group. It typically uses a relatively long time series of the outcome prior to the intervention and estimates weights in such a way that the control group mirrors the treatment group as closely as possible. In particular, assume we have ''J'' observations over ''T'' time periods where the relevant treatment occurs at time <math>T_{0}</math> where <math>T_{0}<T.</math> Let
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for <math>t>T_{0}</math>. So under some regularity conditions, such weights would provide estimators for the treatment effects of interest. In essence, the method uses the idea of matching and using the training data pre-intervention to set up the weights and hence a relevant control post-intervention.<ref name=":0" />
Synthetic controls have been used in a number of empirical applications, ranging from studies examining natural catastrophes and growth,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cavallo |first1=E. |first2=S. |last2=Galliani |first3=I. |last3=Noy |first4=J. |last4=Pantano |year=2013 |title=Catastrophic Natural Disasters and Economic Growth |journal=[[Review of Economics and Statistics]] |volume=95 |issue=5 |pages=1549–1561 |doi=10.1162/REST_a_00413 |s2cid=16038784 |url=http://www.economics.hawaii.edu/research/workingpapers/WP_10-6.pdf }}</ref> or civil conflicts and growth,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Costalli|first1=S. |last2=Moretti |first2=L. |last3=Pischedda |first3=C. |year=2017 |title=The Economic Costs of Civil War: Synthetic Counterfactual Evidence and the Effects of Ethnic Fractionalization. |journal=[[Journal of Peace Research]] |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=80–98 |doi=10.1177/0022343316675200 |jstor=44511197 |s2cid=151363517 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44511197|url-access=subscription }}</ref> studies that examine the effect of vaccine mandates on childhood immunization,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Ang. |last2=Toll |first2=Mathew. |title=Removing conscientious objection: The impact of 'No Jab No Pay' and 'No Jab No Play' vaccine policies in Australia |journal=Preventive Medicine |date=2020 |volume=145 |page=106406 |doi=10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106406 |issn=0091-7435 |pmid=33388333 |s2cid=230489130 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0091743520304370|url-access=subscription }}</ref> and studies linking political murders to house prices.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gautier |first1=P. A. |first2=A. |last2=Siegmann |first3=A. |last3=Van Vuuren |year=2009 |title=Terrorism and Attitudes towards Minorities: The effect of the Theo van Gogh murder on house prices in Amsterdam |journal=[[Journal of Urban Economics]] |volume=65 |issue=2 |pages=113–126 |doi=10.1016/j.jue.2008.10.004 |s2cid=190624 }}</ref>
<!-- THE CITATION AT THE END OF THIS SENTENCE IS FOR A PAPER ABOUT "synthetic cohort models" (a.k.a. "pseudo-panel approach," using repeated cross-sections), WHICH IS NOT THE SAME AS "synthetic control": Yet, despite its intuitive appeal, it may be the case that synthetic controls could suffer from significant finite sample biases.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Devereux |first=P. J. |year=2007 |title=Small-sample bias in synthetic cohort models of labor supply |journal=[[Journal of Applied Econometrics]] |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=839–848 |doi=10.1002/jae.938 }}</ref> -->
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