Hangul consonant and vowel tables: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 15:56, 5 February 2022

Latest revision as of 06:06, 3 June 2025

(43 intermediate revisions by 23 users not shown)

Line 1:

{{Short description|Components of the Korean alphabet}}

{{UnreferencedMore citation needed|date=DecemberJune 20092025}}

The following tables of [[consonants]] and [[vowels]] (''jamo'') of the [[Korean alphabet]] ('''jamo'[[Hangul]]'') display (in blue) the basic forms in blue in the first row, and their derivatives in the following rowsrow(s). They are separateddivided into tablesinitials of(leading [[#Initials|initials]]consonants), [[#Vowels|vowels]] (middle), and [[#Finals|finals]] tables (trailing consonants).

JamoThe not''jamo'' shown below are individually [[romanized]] according to the [[Revised Romanization of Hangeul]] (''RR Transliteration''), which is a system of [[transliteration]] rules between the Korean and [[Latin script|Roman]] alphabets, originating from [[South Korea]]. However, the tables below are not sufficient for normal [[Transcription (linguistics)|transcription]] of the [[Korean language]] peras the relatedoverarching [[''Revised Romanization of Korean]]'' system, which takes [[Revised Romanization of Korean#Special provisions|contextual sound changes]] into account.

== Leading consonants (''choseong'') ==

ThereCalled ''choseong'', or "initials", there are 19 initial consonants, whereof one (ㅇ) is silent, and five (ㄲ, ㄸ, ㅃ, ㅆ, ㅉ) are doubled consonants:

{|class="wikitable" style="line-height:1.6;text-align:center"

|- style="background:#E8E8FF"

Line 13:

| lang="ko" | ㄱ || lang="ko" | ㄴ || lang="ko" | ㄷ || lang="ko" | ㄹ || lang="ko" | ㅁ || lang="ko" | ㅂ || lang="ko" | ㅅ || lang="ko" | ㅇ || lang="ko" | ㅈ || lang="ko" | ㅊ || lang="ko" | ㅋ || lang="ko" | ㅌ || lang="ko" | ㅍ || lang="ko" | ㅎ

|-

!scope="row" style="text-align:left" | RomanizedRoman

| g/k || n || d || r/l || m || b || s || -/ng || j || ch || k || t || p || h

|- style="background:#EEF"

!scope="row" style="text-align:left" rowspan="2" | Composite jamo

!scope="row" style="text-align:left" | Hangul

| lang="ko" | ㄲ || || lang="ko" | ㄸ || || || lang="ko" | ㅃ || lang="ko" | ㅆ || || lang="ko" | ㅉ || || || || ||

|-

!scope="row" style="text-align:left" | RomanizedRoman

| gg / kk || || tt || || || bb / pp || ss || || jj || || || || ||

|}

== Medial vowels (''jungseong'') ==

ThereCalled ''jungseong'', or "vowels", there are 21 medial vowels:

{|class="wikitable" style="line-height:1.6;text-align:center"

|-

!colspan="2"|

!scope="col" colspan="7"| Basic form

!scope colspan="col3" colspanscope="5col" | +e/i

|- style="background:#E8E8FF"

!scope="row" style="text-align:left" rowspan="2" | Basic jamo

!scope="row" style="text-align:left" | Hangul

| lang="ko" | ㅏ || lang="ko" | ㅓ || lang="ko" | ㅗ || lang="ko" | ㅜ || lang="ko" | ㅡ || lang="ko" colspan=2 | ㅣ

| lang="ko" | ㅐ || lang="ko" | ㅔ || lang="ko" | ㅚ{{efn|name=oe}} || lang="ko" | ㅟ{{efn|name=wi}} || lang="ko" | ㅢ

|-

!scope="row" style="text-align:left" | RomanizedRoman

| a || eo || o || u || eu || colspan=2 | i

| ae || e || oe || wi || ui

|- style="background:#E8E8FF"

!scope="row" style="text-align:left" rowspan="2" | y+

!scope="row" style="text-align:left" | Hangul

| lang="ko" | ㅑ || lang="ko" | ㅕ || lang="ko" | ㅛ || lang="ko" | ㅠ || || colspan=2 |

| lang="ko" | ㅒ || lang="ko" | ㅖ || || ||

|-

!scope="row" style="text-align:left" | RomanizedRoman

| ya || yeo|| yo || yu || || colspan=2 |

| yae || ye || || ||

|- style="background:#E8E8FF"

!scope="row" style="text-align:left" rowspan="2" | w+

!scope="row" style="text-align:left" | Hangul

| lang="ko" | ㅘ || lang="ko" | ㅝ || || || || ㅚ{{efn|name=oe}} || ㅟ{{efn|name=wi}}

| lang="ko" | ㅙ || lang="ko" | ㅞ || || ||

|-

!scope="row" style="text-align:left" | RomanizedRoman

| wa || wo || || || || oe || wi

| wae || we || || ||

|}

{{notelist|refs=

{{efn|name=oe|These two are identical.}}

{{efn|name=wi|These two are identical.}}

}}

== Trailing consonants (''jongseong'') ==

InCalled addition''jongseong'', or "finals", there are 27 final consonants; towith the additional case of ''no final consonant'', there are 27 final consonants, foris a total of 28 possibilities:

{|class="wikitable" style="line-height:1.6;text-align:center"

|- style="background:#E8E8FF"

Line 72 ⟶ 68:

| lang="ko" | ㄱ || lang="ko" | ㄴ || lang="ko" | ㄷ || lang="ko" | ㄹ || lang="ko" | ㅁ || lang="ko" | ㅂ || lang="ko" | ㅅ || lang="ko" | ㅇ || lang="ko" | ㅈ || lang="ko" | ㅊ || lang="ko" | ㅋ || lang="ko" | ㅌ || lang="ko" | ㅍ || lang="ko" | ㅎ

|-

!scope="row" style="text-align:left" | RomanizedRoman

| g || n || d || r/l|| m || b || s || ng || j || ch || k || t || p || h

|- style="background:#EEF"

!scope="row" style="text-align:left" rowspan="16" | Composite jamo

!scope="row" style="text-align:left" | Hangul

| lang="ko" | ㄲ || lang="ko" | ㄵ || || lang="ko" | ㄺ || || lang="ko" | ㅄ || lang="ko" | ㅆ || || || || || || ||

|-

!scope="row" style="text-align:left" | RomanizedRoman

| kk || nj || || lg || || bs || ss || || || || || || ||

Line 87 ⟶ 83:

| lang="ko" | ㄳ || lang="ko" | ㄶ || || lang="ko" | ㄻ || || || || || || || || || ||

|-

!scope="row" style="text-align:left" | RomanizedRoman

| gs || nh || || lm || || || || || || || || || ||

Line 94 ⟶ 90:

| || || || lang="ko" | ㄼ || || || || || || || || || ||

|-

!scope="row" style="text-align:left" | RomanizedRoman

| || || || lb || || || || || || || || || ||

Line 101 ⟶ 97:

| || || || lang="ko" | ㄽ || || || || || || || || || ||

|-

!scope="row" style="text-align:left" | RomanizedRoman

| || || || ls || || || || || || || || || ||

Line 108 ⟶ 104:

| || || || lang="ko" | ㄾ || || || || || || || || || ||

|-

!scope="row" style="text-align:left" | RomanizedRoman

| || || || lt || || || || || || || || || ||

Line 115 ⟶ 111:

| || || || lang="ko" | ㄿ || || || || || || || || || ||

|-

!scope="row" style="text-align:left" | RomanizedRoman

| || || || lp || || || || || || || || || ||

Line 122 ⟶ 118:

| || || || lang="ko" | ㅀ || || || || || || || || || ||

|-

!scope="row" style="text-align:left" | RomanizedRoman

| || || || lh || || || || || || || || || ||

|}

== Collation ==

Several [[collation]] sequences are used to order words. The first sequence is official in South Korea (andlike is the basic binary[[Alphabetical order|alphabetical of codepoints in Unicodesorting]]);. sequencesThe ofNorth theand secondSouth typediffer areon common in North Korea, differing on(a) the treatment of composite jamo consonants in syllable-leading (''choseong'') and -trailing (''jongseong'') position, and (b) on the treatment of composite jamo vowels in syllable-medial (''jungseong'') position.

This first sequence is official in South Korea (and is the basic binary order of codepoints in Unicode):

{|class="wikitable" style="line-height:1.6"

Line 182 ⟶ 180:

<span style="margin:.1em;border:1px solid #AAA;padding:.1em">ㅎ</span>

|}

Sequences of this second type are common in North Korea:

{|class="wikitable" style="line-height:1.6"

|+ North Korean collation

Line 208 ⟶ 206:

|}

== Consonant letters'Letter names ==

=== Consonants ===

<!-- Variants are given in brackets. -->

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"

|-

!colspan="2" scope="col"| ConsonantsConsonant

!colspan="2" scope="col"| South Korean namesname

|-

!scope="col" style="font-weight:normal"| Hangul !!scope="col" style="font-weight:normal"| Romanized

Line 276 ⟶ 275:

|}

<nowiki>*</nowiki> Consonant names in the 15th century seem to have ended in a vowel (without adding the last consonant repeating a shortened version of the initial), judging from 1451 Hunmin Jeongeum Eonhae's forms such as "{{lang|ko|ㄱ는}}", which may have been pronounced ''geuneun''.

=== Vowels ===

The "names" of the vowels are given according to the sound they make (their pronunciation). To be technical, the silent consonant would be added before the sound (e.g., ㅏ becomes 아).

==Hangul syllables==

{{redirect|Hangul syllables|the Unicode block|Hangul Syllables}}

{{See also|List of modern Hangul characters in ISO/IEC 2022–compliant national character set standards}}

With 19 possible initial consonants, 21 possible medial (one- or two-letter) vowels, and 28 possible final consonants (of which one corresponds to the case of no final consonant), there are a total of {{math|1=19 × 21 × 28 = 11,172}} permutations of ''theoretically'' possible "Korean syllable letters" ({{Korean|hangul=글자|rr=geulja|lit=letter}}),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.korean.go.kr/nkview/news/12/128.htm |script-title=ko:한글 자모의 배열 순서 |trans-title=The order of Korean alphabet |last=Lee |first=Sung-jae |work=[[National Institute of Korean Language]] |access-date=3 June 2025 |language=ko}}</ref> which are contiguously encoded in the 11,172 Unicode code points from U+AC00 (decimalDecimal: {{Base|44,032|10}}) through U+D7A3 (decimalDecimal: {{Base|55,203 |10}}= 44,032 + 11,171) within the [[Hangul Syllables]] Unicode block. (However, the majority of these theoretically possible syllables do not correspond to syllables found in actual Korean words and/or proper names.)

Jump to tables with initial letter:

Line 289 ⟶ 291:

==See also==

* [[Korean alphabet]]

* [[List of Korea-related topics]]

* [[List of Hangul jamo]]

==References==

{{reflist}}

{{Hangul Jamo}}