Hangul consonant and vowel tables: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Components of the Korean alphabet}}

{{UnreferencedMore citation needed|date=DecemberJune 20092025}}

The following tables of [[consonants]] and [[vowels]] (''jamo'') of the [[Korean alphabet]] (''[[Hangul]]'') display (in blue) the basic forms in the first row and their derivatives in the following row(s). They are separateddivided into tables of initials (leading consonants), vowels (medialmiddle), and finals tables (trailing consonants).

The ''jamo'' shown below are individually [[romanized]] according to the [[Revised Romanization of Hangeul]] (''RR Transliteration''), which is a system of [[transliteration]] rules between the Korean and [[Latin script|Roman]] alphabets, originating from [[South Korea]]. However, the tables below are not sufficient for normal [[Transcription (linguistics)|transcription]] of the [[Korean language]] as the overarching ''Revised Romanization of Korean'' system takes [[Revised Romanization of Korean#Special provisions|contextual sound changes]] into account.

== Leading consonants (''choseong'') ==

ThereCalled ''choseong'', or "initials", there are 19 initial consonants, whereof one (ㅇ) is silent, and five (ㄲ, ㄸ, ㅃ, ㅆ, ㅉ) are doubled consonants:

{|class="wikitable" style="line-height:1.6;text-align:center"

|- style="background:#E8E8FF"

Line 13:

| lang="ko" | ㄱ || lang="ko" | ㄴ || lang="ko" | ㄷ || lang="ko" | ㄹ || lang="ko" | ㅁ || lang="ko" | ㅂ || lang="ko" | ㅅ || lang="ko" | ㅇ || lang="ko" | ㅈ || lang="ko" | ㅊ || lang="ko" | ㅋ || lang="ko" | ㅌ || lang="ko" | ㅍ || lang="ko" | ㅎ

|-

!scope="row" style="text-align:left" | RomanizedRoman

| g/k || n || d || r/l || m || b || s || -/ng || j || ch || k || t || p || h

|- style="background:#EEF"

!scope="row" style="text-align:left" rowspan="2" | Composite jamo

!scope="row" style="text-align:left" | Hangul

| lang="ko" | ㄲ || || lang="ko" | ㄸ || || || lang="ko" | ㅃ || lang="ko" | ㅆ || || lang="ko" | ㅉ || || || || ||

|-

!scope="row" style="text-align:left" | RomanizedRoman

| gg / kk || || tt || || || bb / pp || ss || || jj || || || || ||

|}

== Medial vowels (''jungseong'') ==

ThereCalled ''jungseong'', or "vowels", there are 21 medial vowels:

{|class="wikitable" style="line-height:1.6;text-align:center"

|-

!colspan="2"|

!scope="col" colspan="7"| Basic form

!scope colspan="col3" colspanscope="5col" | +e/i

|- style="background:#E8E8FF"

!scope="row" style="text-align:left" rowspan="2" | Basic jamo

!scope="row" style="text-align:left" | Hangul

| lang="ko" | ㅏ || lang="ko" | ㅓ || lang="ko" | ㅗ || lang="ko" | ㅜ || lang="ko" | ㅡ || lang="ko" colspan=2 | ㅣ

| lang="ko" | ㅐ || lang="ko" | ㅔ || lang="ko" | ㅚ{{efn|name=oe}} || lang="ko" | ㅟ{{efn|name=wi}} || lang="ko" | ㅢ

|-

!scope="row" style="text-align:left" | RomanizedRoman

| a || eo || o || u || eu || colspan=2 | i

| ae || e || oe || wi || ui

|- style="background:#E8E8FF"

!scope="row" style="text-align:left" rowspan="2" | y+

!scope="row" style="text-align:left" | Hangul

| lang="ko" | ㅑ || lang="ko" | ㅕ || lang="ko" | ㅛ || lang="ko" | ㅠ || || colspan=2 |

| lang="ko" | ㅒ || lang="ko" | ㅖ || || ||

|-

!scope="row" style="text-align:left" | RomanizedRoman

| ya || yeo|| yo || yu || || colspan=2 |

| yae || ye || || ||

|- style="background:#E8E8FF"

!scope="row" style="text-align:left" rowspan="2" | w+

!scope="row" style="text-align:left" | Hangul

| lang="ko" | ㅘ || lang="ko" | ㅝ || || || || ㅚ{{efn|name=oe}} || ㅟ{{efn|name=wi}}

| lang="ko" | ㅙ || lang="ko" | ㅞ || || ||

|-

!scope="row" style="text-align:left" | RomanizedRoman

| wa || wo || || || || oe || wi

| wae || we || || ||

|}

{{notelist|refs=

{{efn|name=oe|These two are identical.}}

{{efn|name=wi|These two are identical.}}

}}

== Trailing consonants (''jongseong'') ==

InCalled addition''jongseong'', or "finals", there are 27 final consonants; towith the additional case of ''no final consonant'', there are 27 final consonants, foris a total of 28 possibilities:

{|class="wikitable" style="line-height:1.6;text-align:center"

|- style="background:#E8E8FF"

Line 72 ⟶ 68:

| lang="ko" | ㄱ || lang="ko" | ㄴ || lang="ko" | ㄷ || lang="ko" | ㄹ || lang="ko" | ㅁ || lang="ko" | ㅂ || lang="ko" | ㅅ || lang="ko" | ㅇ || lang="ko" | ㅈ || lang="ko" | ㅊ || lang="ko" | ㅋ || lang="ko" | ㅌ || lang="ko" | ㅍ || lang="ko" | ㅎ

|-

!scope="row" style="text-align:left" | RomanizedRoman

| g || n || d || r/l|| m || b || s || ng || j || ch || k || t || p || h

|- style="background:#EEF"

!scope="row" style="text-align:left" rowspan="16" | Composite jamo

!scope="row" style="text-align:left" | Hangul

| lang="ko" | ㄲ || lang="ko" | ㄵ || || lang="ko" | ㄺ || || lang="ko" | ㅄ || lang="ko" | ㅆ || || || || || || ||

|-

!scope="row" style="text-align:left" | RomanizedRoman

| kk || nj || || lg || || bs || ss || || || || || || ||

Line 87 ⟶ 83:

| lang="ko" | ㄳ || lang="ko" | ㄶ || || lang="ko" | ㄻ || || || || || || || || || ||

|-

!scope="row" style="text-align:left" | RomanizedRoman

| gs || nh || || lm || || || || || || || || || ||

Line 94 ⟶ 90:

| || || || lang="ko" | ㄼ || || || || || || || || || ||

|-

!scope="row" style="text-align:left" | RomanizedRoman

| || || || lb || || || || || || || || || ||

Line 101 ⟶ 97:

| || || || lang="ko" | ㄽ || || || || || || || || || ||

|-

!scope="row" style="text-align:left" | RomanizedRoman

| || || || ls || || || || || || || || || ||

Line 108 ⟶ 104:

| || || || lang="ko" | ㄾ || || || || || || || || || ||

|-

!scope="row" style="text-align:left" | RomanizedRoman

| || || || lt || || || || || || || || || ||

Line 115 ⟶ 111:

| || || || lang="ko" | ㄿ || || || || || || || || || ||

|-

!scope="row" style="text-align:left" | RomanizedRoman

| || || || lp || || || || || || || || || ||

Line 122 ⟶ 118:

| || || || lang="ko" | ㅀ || || || || || || || || || ||

|-

!scope="row" style="text-align:left" | RomanizedRoman

| || || || lh || || || || || || || || || ||

|}

== Collation ==

Several [[collation]] sequences are used to order words. The first sequence is official in South Korea (andlike is the basic binary[[Alphabetical order|alphabetical of codepoints in Unicodesorting]]);. sequencesThe ofNorth theand secondSouth typediffer areon common in North Korea, differing on(a) the treatment of composite jamo consonants in syllable-leading (''choseong'') and -trailing (''jongseong'') position, and (b) on the treatment of composite jamo vowels in syllable-medial (''jungseong'') position.

This first sequence is official in South Korea (and is the basic binary order of codepoints in Unicode):

{|class="wikitable" style="line-height:1.6"

Line 182 ⟶ 180:

<span style="margin:.1em;border:1px solid #AAA;padding:.1em">ㅎ</span>

|}

Sequences of this second type are common in North Korea:

{|class="wikitable" style="line-height:1.6"

|+ North Korean collation

Line 208 ⟶ 206:

|}

== Consonant letters'Letter names ==

=== Consonants ===

<!-- Variants are given in brackets. -->

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"

|-

!colspan="2" scope="col"| ConsonantsConsonant

!colspan="2" scope="col"| South Korean namesname

|-

!scope="col" style="font-weight:normal"| Hangul !!scope="col" style="font-weight:normal"| Romanized

Line 276 ⟶ 275:

|}

<nowiki>*</nowiki> Consonant names in the 15th century seem to have ended in a vowel (without adding the last consonant repeating a shortened version of the initial), judging from 1451 Hunmin Jeongeum Eonhae's forms such as "{{lang|ko|ㄱ는}}", which may have been pronounced ''geuneun''.

=== Vowels ===

The "names" of the vowels are given according to the sound they make (their pronunciation). To be technical, the silent consonant would be added before the sound (e.g., ㅏ becomes 아).

==Hangul syllables==

{{redirect|Hangul syllables|the Unicode block|Hangul Syllables}}

{{See also|List of modern Hangul characters in ISO/IEC 2022–compliant national character set standards}}

With 19 possible initial consonants, 21 possible medial (one- or two-letter) vowels, and 28 possible final consonants (of which one corresponds to the case of no final consonant), there are a total of {{math|1=19 × 21 × 28 = 11,172}} permutations of ''theoretically'' possible "Korean syllable letters" ({{Korean|hangul=글자|rr=geulja|lit=letter}}),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.korean.go.kr/nkview/news/12/128.htm |script-title=ko:한글 자모의 배열 순서 |trans-title=The order of Korean alphabet |last=Lee |first=Sung-jae |work=[[National Institute of Korean Language]] |access-date=3 June 2025 |language=ko}}</ref> which are contiguously encoded in the 11,172 Unicode code points from U+AC00 (decimalDecimal: {{Base|44,032|10}}) through U+D7A3 (decimalDecimal: {{Base|55,203 |10}}= 44,032 + 11,171) within the [[Hangul Syllables]] Unicode block. (However, the majority of these theoretically possible syllables do not correspond to syllables found in actual Korean words and/or proper names.)

Jump to tables with initial letter:

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* [[Korean alphabet]]

* [[List of Hangul jamo]]

==References==

{{reflist}}

{{Hangul Jamo}}